Anthropogenic contamination

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as well as the aliphatic profiles of surface water at the Okpu and Iyiowa-Odekpe sections of the River Niger in South-Eastern Nigeria were determined. Composites samples taken from surface water at three different locations (ST-1, ST-2, & ST-3) for the months of June, September, December and February, were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) by liquid-liquid partition and analyzed for TPH and aliphatic components using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The results reveal a TPH range of 1658.475-5435.742 µg/L with a mean of 2596.523±492.466 µg/L. The mean value for the raining season (3283.783±1253.99 µg/L) was significantly higher than that of the dry season (1909.429±190.866 µg/L). Values for all the months at all sampled locations were also much higher than the European Union (EU) standard limit of 300 µg/L. Aliphatic hydrocarbon source diagnostics ratios gave range of: even to odd numbered n-alkanes ratio (0.162–2.371), ca...

Among other emerging contaminants in water, per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered international attention from the scientific community on a global scale. Some countries, such as the United States, have found that PFASs are present in humans on a wide scale. Although two PFASs have been widely studied—Perfluorooctanoic acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid—many more PFASs are being created by industry and are either not known, not studied, or both. The objective of this literature review on PFASs is to give an overview of the information available about PFASs related to human exposure. The information from this literature review on the exposure of humans to PFASs through drinking water and the lack of many conventional drinking water treatment systems’ ability to remove PFASs (particularly short-chain PFASs) suggests that current regulatory limits are insufficient to adequately protect humans. This is especially true for particularly vulnerable populations such as...

Background PFAS are persistent, bioaccumulative compounds repelling water, oil and stains which are widely used. There is mounting evidence linking exposure to a range of adverse health outcomes including renal, hepatic, immunotoxic, reproductive, endocrine disrupting and carcinogenic effects. PFAS possibly also induce neurobehavioral and developmental effects. Within Flanders Environment and Health Studies (FLEHS) internal exposure to PFAS and relevant health effects are assessed since 2008. Results Adolescents 14–15 y (2010–2011) living in an industrially contaminated area (without known PFAS contamination) and adults 50–65 y (2014) randomly sampled from the general Flemish population using a stratified clustered multi-stage design, were recruited. For the adolescents perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were measured in serum, for the adults PFOS, PFOA, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PF...

Background: Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are man-made compounds that are persistent in the environment and highly bioaccumulative in the body. Humans are exposed to a mixture of these substances, and the effects of these mixtures may be different than the effects noted for individual compounds. Prenatal exposure to PFAAs has been associated with decreased birth weight. The objective of the present study is to evaluate concurrent serum PFAA levels, as single compounds and as mixtures, in relation to anthropomorphic measures in children. Methods: Using multivariate linear regression, we evaluated the association between single or PFAA mixtures and with height-forage (HAZ), weight-forage (WAZ), and BMI (BMIZ) z-scores in children (ages 3-11 years) participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013-2014. Analyses were also stratified by sex. The PFAA mixture was based on relative potency factors express in terms of PFOA equivalency (CmixRPFi) or as molar sum of the PFAA congeners (∑molPFAA). Results: There was a statistically significant association of PFHxS and PFOS with decreased HAZ in boys. The significantly decreased HAZ in boys was also found when the PFAAs were analyzed as mixtures: CmixRPFi (β = −0.33; 95%CI: 0.63, −0.04) or ΣmolPFAAs (β = −0.30; 95%CI: 0.56, −0.04). In boys, PFHxS was also associated with decreased WAZ and BMIZ. The only statistically significant association found in girls was between decreased HAZ and PFHxS. Conclusions: We found sex differences in the association between concurrent serum PFAA levels and anthropomorphic measures in children 3-11 years old. PFAA levels, as single congeners or as mixture concentrations were associated with decreased height-forage z-score in boys.

To test whether effects of multiple (up to 5) disasters on mental health responses were cumulative (additive effects), or whether an earlier disaster produced sensitization (higher) or habituation (lower) responses to a later one. Method: The GROWH study interviewed 1366 southern Louisiana women regarding their exposure to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Gustav, and Ike and the Gulf oil spill (measured several ways), and administered validated measures of symptoms of depression and PTSD. Multiple linear and logistic regression with disaster exposures entered singly, combined, and as an interaction were used to model mental health. Results: Both exposure to the oil spill and hurricane disaster exposure were associated with likely depression and PTSD, consistent with a cumulative model, but we did not find statistical interactions that would suggest sensitization or habituation. When results were examined with continuous symptom measures of depression and PTSD, they were similar, with the exception that exposure to the oil spill and experiencing illness or injury due to the hurricane disaster showed a significant interaction (p<0.05) in a manner consistent with a sensitization effect when predicting PTSD symptoms. The results of this study point mainly to a cumulative risk for the mental health effects of multiple disasters, although some indication of sensitization occurred among those with particularly severe experiences. There was no evidence for habituation. Conclusions: These findings may guide efforts to assist those in regions experiencing multiple disasters that occur in close sequence.

Center provided essential assistance with sample analysis and database management. James Kingsbury, Bruce Lindsey, and Laura Bexfield of the USGS National Water Quality Program-Groundwater Assessments Project provided permission to describe and use results from sequential samples collected from the same wells and their associated data.

Contaminated drinking water (DW) is a major source of exposure to per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at locations around PFAS production/use facilities and military airports. This study aimed to investigate quantitative relationships between concentrations in DW and serum of nine perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in Swedish adult populations living near contamination hotspots. Short-chained (PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFBS) and long-chained PFAAs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS and PFOS) were measured in DW and serum. We matched DW and serum concentrations for a total of 398 subjects living or working in areas receiving contaminated DW and in one non-contaminated area. Thereafter, linear regression analysis with and without adjustments for co-variates was conducted. This enabled to derive (i) serum concentrations at background exposure (C B) from sources other than local DW exposure (i.e. food, dust and textiles) at 0 ng/L DW concentration, (ii) population-mean PFAA serum:water ratios (SWR) and (iii) PFAA concentrations in DW causing observable elevated serum PFAA concentrations above background variability. Median concentrations of the sum of nine PFAAs ranged between 2.8 and 1790 ng/L in DW and between 7.6 and 96.9 ng/mL in serum. DW concentration was the strongest predictor, resulting in similar unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficients. Mean C B ranged from <0.1 (PFPeA, PFHpA, PFBS) to 5.1 ng/mL (PFOS). Serum concentrations increased significantly with increasing DW concentrations for all PFAAs except for PFPeA with SWRs ranging from <10 (PFHxA, PFHpA and PFBS) to 111 (PFHxS). Observed elevated serum concentrations above background variability were reached at DW concentrations between 24 (PFOA) and 357 ng/L (PFHxA). The unadjusted linear regression predictions agreed well with serum concentrations previously reported in various populations exposed to low and high DW levels of PFOA, PFHxS and PFOS. The quantitative relationships derived herein should be helpful to translate PFAA concentrations in DW to concentrations in serum at the population level.

Introduction: Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were detected in the community water supply of Paulsboro New Jersey in 2009. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 192 claimants from a class-action lawsuit, not affiliated with this study, who had been awarded a blood test for 13 PFAS. Study participants provided their blood test results and completed a survey about demographics; 105 participants also completed a health survey. Geometric means, 25 th , 50 th , 75 th and 95 th percentiles of exposure of PFNA blood serum concentrations were compared to that of the 2013-2014 NHANES, adjusted for reporting level. Associations between PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS and self-reported health outcomes were assessed using logistic regression. Results: PFNA serum levels were 285% higher in Paulsboro compared with U.S. residents. PFNA serum levels were higher among older compared with younger, and male compared to female, Paulsboro residents. After adjustment for potential confounding, there was a significant Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

An increasing number of studies established unequivocal relationships between exposure to pharmaceutical drugs and toxicity in wildlife. However, few studies investigated physiological alterations caused by such compounds in polychaetes. Thus, in this study, the effects of increasing concentrations of paracetamol were studied in the polychaete Diopatra neapolitana using tissue regenerative capacity as a biomarker. The obtained results revealed that individuals exposed to ecologically relevant concentrations (namely, 25 μg/L) of paracetamol exhibited significantly lower capacity to regenerate their body in comparison with control organisms. This study evidenced that paracetamol can induce significant physiological alterations in D. neapolitana resulting in an overall diminished regenerative capacity, which is of significance to a species with high ecological and economic relevance. Additionally, this study indicates the promise of D. neapolitana as a test organism in laboratory-based bioassays, but also as an adequate sentinel species to pharmaceutical drugs.

The level of contamination of Orashi River by total petroleum hydrocarbons were investigated through the collection of surface water samples and sediment samples from four locations along the river. Determination of the level of contamination was done with the use of gas chromatography-flame ionization detector after following laid down clean-up procedures. The results obtained showed that total petroleum hydrocarbons in the surface water were 10.913±2.2022mg/L, 7.645±2.683mg/L, 9.074±2.1654mg/L and 12.212±3.3034mg/L for stations 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively with a mean value of 9.961±2.5885mg/L, while in the sediment samples concentration values recorded were 22.3925±5.2104mg/Kg, 35.1071±9.9652mg/Kg, 50.4431±15.9916mg/Kg and 29.3869±8.0410mg/Kg for stations 1, 2 3 and 4 respectively with a mean value of 34.3324±9.8021mg/Kg. The partition coefficient calculations revealed that the sediment phase is more stable for total petroleum hydrocarbons as compared to the water phase. The analysis of the randomly collected samples revealed that total petroleum hydrocarbons have contaminated the river and therefore adequate steps should be taken to remedy the present condition of the Orashi River in order to mitigate any probable rise in the quantity of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the river above allowable limit.

To test whether effects of multiple (up to 5) disasters on mental health responses were cumulative (additive effects), or whether an earlier disaster produced sensitization (higher) or habituation (lower) responses to a later one. Method: The GROWH study interviewed 1366 southern Louisiana women regarding their exposure to Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, Gustav, and Ike and the Gulf oil spill (measured several ways), and administered validated measures of symptoms of depression and PTSD. Multiple linear and logistic regression with disaster exposures entered singly, combined, and as an interaction were used to model mental health. Results: Both exposure to the oil spill and hurricane disaster exposure were associated with likely depression and PTSD, consistent with a cumulative model, but we did not find statistical interactions that would suggest sensitization or habituation. When results were examined with continuous symptom measures of depression and PTSD, they were similar, with the exception that exposure to the oil spill and experiencing illness or injury due to the hurricane disaster showed a significant interaction (p<0.05) in a manner consistent with a sensitization effect when predicting PTSD symptoms. The results of this study point mainly to a cumulative risk for the mental health effects of multiple disasters, although some indication of sensitization occurred among those with particularly severe experiences. There was no evidence for habituation. Conclusions: These findings may guide efforts to assist those in regions experiencing multiple disasters that occur in close sequence.

Aims: This research is aimed at determination of the distribution, concentrations, sources and origins of petroleum hydrocarbon in sediment. Study Design: River sediment samples were collected from five sampling sites from the sediments of River Oluwa at Agbabu bitumen deposit area and analyzed for n-alkanes content. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from Agbabu bitumen deposit area, Western Nigeria, in years 2008 and 2009. Methodology: Analysis was carried out using gas-chromatography flame ionization detector. Diagnostic parameters used in identifying and estimating the origins of nalkanes in the study area included Carbon Preference Index (CPI), Average Carbon Chain (ACL) and %Plant Wax Contribution. Results: n-alkanes ranged from 54.72mg/kg to 2002.4mg/kg, which were all higher than the recommended limit of 10 mg/kg. Sampling station OLSW1 had CPI value of 1 in the two sampling seasons, showing petrogenic source. The remaining sampling stations had CPI values that ranged from 0.22 and 0.52, showing bitumen related sources. ACL values were constant at 28 in all the sampling stations, except sampling stations OLSW1 (27.19

Crude oil contaminated sites delineation by soil quality index (SQI) is presented. This study used SQI proposed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) to delineate three genuinely petroleum-contaminated sites in the Niger Delta, Nigeria to prioritise sites to inform risk decision making and/or remediation. In assessing the potential impact on human health risks at the contaminated sites, soil screening levels (SL) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) reference concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) fractions with higher exposure potential (nC 10-nC 16 , nC 16-nC 35 , nC 35-nC 40), and risk indicator compound (benzo[a]pyrene) were used in calculating the SQI scores. The sites were assessed by scoring them on a scale spanning from 0 to 100, where 0 indicates a very high level of human health risks and 100 indicates no action is required. The following results were obtained: (a) Site 1, SQI=36.9. This indicates high priority for remediation; (b) Site 2, SQI=49.1, which implies there is high priority for remediation and (c) Site 3 (SQI=45), which means site 3 requires high priority for remedial action. Thus, SQI method can be used to prioritse crude oil contaminated sites to enhance risk classification and decision-making and provide further insight to the contaminated land sector.

Bitumen was discovered in some communities: Agbabu, Ilubinrin, Lodasa and Boridele in Ondo State, Nigeria around 1900 but was found inadequate for commercial exploitation. This report is on the levels of presence of bitumen in the areas and its effects on the available water sources and to make recommendations. Samples of water taken from 3 selected streams and 2 wells per location were subjected to physico-chemical analyses in line with America Public Health Association (APHA). Questionnaire were administered to sixty (60) people from bitumen-affected areas which covered sources of water, water pre-treatment measures, availability of water treatment facilities and effects of bitumen deposits on water bodies. Results obtained shown that most water users sourced water from groundwater recorded 73.33% followed by 16.67% for surface water and 9% for rain water harvesting. There might be population using a combination of the two or more sources of water. About 90% of the respondents knew that direct use of such water was harmful for drinking, washing, bathing and cooking. Water quality impairment such as colour and high level of salt are common in the water. This practice could have health implication on them if continued unabated. Pollution index for toxic metals (Pb,As and Hg) and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons(TPH) values determined were relatively high suggesting pollutant are related to the bitumen deposits in the region. For example Ilubinrin well (0.5 mg/L), and Lodasa well (0.3 mg/L) while others were at non detection level. For TPH, there were variations in the tested water samples, Lodasa well recorded the highest value of 1480 mg/L, Agbabu stream 900, Ilubinrin stream and well 240 mg/L and 120 mg/L, respectively, Agbabu well 110 mg/L, and the least at Lodasa stream 80 mg/L. This could be attributed to seasonal rain that control streamflow of water bodies in the bitumen-rich area. The study indicated that bitumen, being a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and associated metals was responsible to the pollution level in the water bodies reported

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a complex group of man-made chemicals with high stability and mobility leading to ubiquitous environmental contamination and accumulation in the food chain. In human serum/plasma samples, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are the lead compounds. They are immunotoxic in experimental animals, and epidemiological studies provided evidence of a diminished production of vaccine antibodies in young children. However, information on children of the first year of age is missing but relevant, as they have a relatively high exposure if breastfed, and may have a higher susceptibility as their immune system is developing. In a cross-sectional study with 101 healthy 1-year-old children, internal levels of persistent organic pollutants and a broad panel of biological parameters were investigated at the end of the 1990s. Additional analysis of PFASs resulted in plasma levels (mean ± SD) of PFOA and PFOS of 3.8 ± 1.1 and 6.8 ± 3...

In this work, we use stable Zn and Cu isotopes to identify the sources and timing of the deposition of these metals in a sediment core from Lake Ballinger near Seattle, Washington, USA. The base of the Lake Ballinger core predates settlement in the region, while the upper sections record the effects of atmospheric emissions from a nearby smelter and rapid urbanization of the watershed. δ 66 Zn and δ 65 Cu varied by 0.50‰ and 0.29‰, respectively, over the 500 year core record. Isotopic changes were correlated with the presmelter period (∼1450 to 1900 with δ 66 Zn) +0.39‰ (0.09‰ and δ 65 Cu) +0.77‰ (0.06‰), period of smelter operation (1900 to 1985 with δ 66 Zn) +0.14 (0.06‰ and δ 65 Cu) +0.94 (0.10‰), and postsmelting/stable urban land use period (post 1985 with δ 66 Zn) 0.00 (0.10‰ and δ 65 Cu) +0.82‰ (0.12‰). Rapid early urbanization during the post World War II era increased metal loading to the lake but did not significantly alter the δ 66 Zn and δ 65 Cu, suggesting that increased metal loads during this time were derived mainly from mobilization of historically contaminated soils. Urban sources of Cu and Zn were dominant since the smelter closed in the 1980s, and the δ 66 Zn measured in tire samples suggests tire wear is a likely source of Zn.

Introduction: Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were detected in the community water supply of Paulsboro New Jersey in 2009. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 192 claimants from a class-action lawsuit, not affiliated with this study, who had been awarded a blood test for 13 PFAS. Study participants provided their blood test results and completed a survey about demographics; 105 participants also completed a health survey. Geometric means, 25 th , 50 th , 75 th and 95 th percentiles of exposure of PFNA blood serum concentrations were compared to that of the 2013-2014 NHANES, adjusted for reporting level. Associations between PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS and self-reported health outcomes were assessed using logistic regression. Results: PFNA serum levels were 285% higher in Paulsboro compared with U.S. residents. PFNA serum levels were higher among older compared with younger, and male compared to female, Paulsboro residents. After adjustment for potential confounding, there was a significant Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Identifying sources of anthropogenic pollution, and assessing the fate and residence time of pollutants in aquifers is important for the management of groundwater resources, and the ecological health of groundwater dependent ecosystems. This study investigates anthropogenic contamination in the shallow alluvial aquifer of the Marana-Casinca, hydraulically connected to the Biguglia lagoon (Corsica, France). A multi-tracer approach, combining geochemical and environmental isotopic data (δ 18 O-H 2 O, δ 2 H-H 2 O, 3 H, δ 15 N-NO 3 − , δ 18 O-NO 3 − , δ 11 B), and groundwater residence-time tracers (3 H and CFCs) was carried out in 2016, and integrated with a study of land use evolution in the catchment during the last century. Groundwater NO 3 − concentrations, ranged between 2 mg/L and up to 30 mg/L, displaying the degradation of groundwater quality induced by anthropogenic activities (agricultural activities). Comparatively high δ 15 N-NO 3 − values (up to 19.7‰) in combination with δ 11 B values that were significantly lower (between 23‰ and 26‰) than the seawater background are indicative of sewage contamination. The ongoing deterioration of groundwater quality can be attributed to the uncontrolled urbanization development all over the alluvial plain, with numerous sewage leakages from the sanitation network and private sewage systems. Integration of contaminant and water-residence time data revealed a progressive accumulation of pollutants with time in the groundwater, particularly in areas with major anthropogenic pressure and slow dynamic groundwater flow. Our approach provides time-dependent insight into nitrogen pollution in the studied Keywords: Environmental isotopes δ 15 N-NO 3 − δ 11 B Anthropogenic contamination Groundwater residence time Corsica

Introduction: Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), were detected in the community water supply of Paulsboro New Jersey in 2009. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 192 claimants from a class-action lawsuit, not affiliated with this study, who had been awarded a blood test for 13 PFAS. Study participants provided their blood test results and completed a survey about demographics; 105 participants also completed a health survey. Geometric means, 25 th , 50 th , 75 th and 95 th percentiles of exposure of PFNA blood serum concentrations were compared to that of the 2013-2014 NHANES, adjusted for reporting level. Associations between PFNA, PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS and self-reported health outcomes were assessed using logistic regression. Results: PFNA serum levels were 285% higher in Paulsboro compared with U.S. residents. PFNA serum levels were higher among older compared with younger, and male compared to female, Paulsboro residents. After adjustment for potential confounding, there was a significant Users may view, print, copy, and download text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

Little is known about the psychosocial impact on people who live in polluted areas, and its consequences for the parental role have been neglected. This study addresses this gap, proposing qualitative research referring to the case of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) water pollution in the Veneto Region of Italy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic exposure contamination (CEC) experience of parents. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 parents living in the so-called ‘Red Area’ considered to have had maximum exposure. Grounded theory was used to analyse the data. The three themes to emerge were three phases of a dynamic process: shock around the discovery (phase 1), lifestyle change (phase 2), and living with PFAS (phase 3). The two transitions (loss of innocence and environmental adaptation) linked the phases. Our findings show that PFAS CEC experience is a process whereby parents need to move from the shock of discovery to adapting to t...

This study aimed to examine the association of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and markers of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods: Using data (n = 6652) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2012, generalized linear models were used to examine the association between PFAS and inflammatory (ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, C-reactive protein, absolute neutrophil count and lymphocyte count) and oxidative stress (serum bilirubin, albumin and iron) per unit exposure to PFAS while adjusting for covariates. Study participants were those ≥20 years of age. Outcome variables were markers of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and exposure variables were PFAS. Resullts: Percentage change in Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were all significantly associated with percentage increases in lymphocyte counts, beta (95% confidence interval); 0.

Surface water samples were collected from the Okpoka Creek, Niger-Delta using the grab samples method and were analytically investigated for petroleum contamination. The liquid-liquid extraction of petroleum hydrocarbons was carried out following standard procedures of U.S EPA 3510; 1664 method and ASTM D3695-95(2013). The US EPA 3005A method was adopted for acid wet digestion (Aqua regia mixture of concentrated HNO 3 and HCl in ratio 1:3) for toxic heavy metal (HMs) determination. Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) was analytically identified and quantified with the representative extract (sample) using Gas chromatography mass spectrometry Original Research Article

An increase of petroleum hydrocarbons levels in the aquatic environments has become worrisome because of their deleterious impact not only on marine organisms but also its effect on human health. In view of the devastating effect of total petroleum hydrocarbons, this study was carried out in order to ascertain the level of contamination of Cross River estuary. Total petroleum hydrocarbon levels were determined in surface water samples collected from various sampling points along Cross River estuary using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) instrument. Results obtained indicated that the surface water was contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbon with mean concentration ranging from 13.16181±1.485 to 24.85462±8.058 mg/l compared to the control sample with concentration of 9.68200±0.233 mg/l. Moderately high molecular weight hydrocarbons were dominant in all the sampling stations except in station 3. It was further observed that the level of total petroleum hydrocarbon in this study was high relative to Nigerian permissible limit of 10 mg/l in water. This poses a serious risk to the survival of aquatic organisms and also affects the quality of water used for various purposes.

Among other emerging contaminants in water, per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered international attention from the scientific community on a global scale. Some countries, such as the United States, have found that PFASs are present in humans on a wide scale. Although two PFASs have been widely studied-Perfluorooctanoic acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid-many more PFASs are being created by industry and are either not known, not studied, or both. The objective of this literature review on PFASs is to give an overview of the information available about PFASs related to human exposure. The information from this literature review on the exposure of humans to PFASs through drinking water and the lack of many conventional drinking water treatment systems&#39; ability to remove PFASs (particularly short-chain PFASs) suggests that current regulatory limits are insufficient to adequately protect humans. This is especially true for particularly vulnerable populations suc...

Among other emerging contaminants in water, per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered international attention from the scientific community on a global scale. Some countries, such as the United States, have found that PFASs are present in humans on a wide scale. Although two PFASs have been widely studied-Perfluorooctanoic acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid-many more PFASs are being created by industry and are either not known, not studied, or both. The objective of this literature review on PFASs is to give an overview of the information available about PFASs related to human exposure. The information from this literature review on the exposure of humans to PFASs through drinking water and the lack of many conventional drinking water treatment systems&#39; ability to remove PFASs (particularly short-chain PFASs) suggests that current regulatory limits are insufficient to adequately protect humans. This is especially true for particularly vulnerable populations suc...

Among other emerging contaminants in water, per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have garnered international attention from the scientific community on a global scale. Some countries, such as the United States, have found that PFASs are present in humans on a wide scale. Although two PFASs have been widely studied-Perfluorooctanoic acid and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid-many more PFASs are being created by industry and are either not known, not studied, or both. The objective of this literature review on PFASs is to give an overview of the information available about PFASs related to human exposure. The information from this literature review on the exposure of humans to PFASs through drinking water and the lack of many conventional drinking water treatment systems' ability to remove PFASs (particularly short-chain PFASs) suggests that current regulatory limits are insufficient to adequately protect humans. This is especially true for particularly vulnerable populations such as infants, young children, and developing children (pubescent). The gaps in the current knowledge and in current regulatory approaches could have long-term effects on human health.

Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) as well as the aliphatic profiles of surface water at the Okpu and Iyiowa-Odekpe sections of the River Niger in SouthEastern Nigeria were determined. Composites samples taken from surface water at three different locations (ST-1, ST-2, & ST-3) for the months of June, September, December and February, were extracted with dichloromethane (DCM) by liquid-liquid partition and analyzed for TPH and aliphatic components using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The results reveal a TPH range of 1658.475-5435.742 µg/L with a mean of 2596.523±492.466 µg/L. The mean value for the raining season (3283.783±1253.99 µg/L) was significantly higher than that of the dry season (1909.429±190.866 µg/L). Values for all the months at all sampled locations were also much higher than the European Union (EU) standard limit of 300 µg/L. Aliphatic hydrocarbon source diagnostics ratios gave range of: even to odd numbered n-alkanes ratio (0.162-2.371), carbon preference index-CPI (0.702-1.581), sum of low molecular weight to high molecular weight n-alkanes (0.0275-1.152), nC31/nC19 (0.00-49.72), sum of long chain hydrocarbons to short chain hydrocarbons (0.824-38.03), and pristane/phytane ratio (ND-0.26); indicating that the TPH in the water were from both biogenic and anthropogenic inputs with biogenic sources that are largely terrestrial. This calls for necessary actions to reduce the anthropogenic inputs of TPH in the water so as to protect the aquatic ecosystem and sustain public health.

A 24-month study aimed at assessing the physical and chemical quality of the sub-sea sediment of Sombreiro River was carried out, following field and laboratory procedures specified by standard methods. Particle size analysis of the sediment revealed that the sediment is loamy sand, with 70.