Animal Nutrition Biochemistry

Climate change is one of the biggest environmental problems facing the world today. It is caused mainly by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial pollution. These actions have led to rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, droughts, floods, and extreme weather conditions. In a country like India, where agriculture is the main source of livelihood for more than half of the population, climate change has a serious impact on farming and food security. This research aims to study how climate change is affecting agriculture in India. It focuses on the changes in climate patterns and their impact on crop production, soil health, water availability, and farmers' income. The study also looks at how different regions and major crops like rice, wheat, and pulses are being affected. It also explores the struggles of small and marginal farmers who are the most vulnerable to climate changes. The research uses existing reports, data, and studies by government bodies, scientists, and environmental organizations. It also discusses how farmers are adapting to the situation by changing cropping patterns, using modern techniques, and relying on government support like crop insurance and irrigation schemes. Some successful adaptation strategies and policies are highlighted in the study. The findings show that climate change is reducing crop yields and affecting the stability of the agricultural system in India. However, with the right planning, policy support, and use of climate-smart practices, the impact can be reduced. This study helps in understanding the deep connection between climate and farming and provides suggestions to make agriculture in India more climateresilient. It is important for protecting farmers' livelihoods and ensuring food for future generations.

128 Unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308) were used to assess the effect of restricted feeding on compensatory growth and performance of broiler chicks. Four experimental treatments (32 chicks/treatment), consisting of 4 levels of feed restriction were applied using standard broiler starter diet formulated according to the recommended nutrient composition of starter diets. All the experimental chicks were fed starter diet ad-libitum for an adaptation period from three weeks of age. The control group was fed Ad-libitum throughout the experimental period, while the other groups were restricted to 80, 70, or 60% of the Ad-libitum consumption of the control group of birds in the previous day. Feed restriction of the respective groups of birds continued for two weeks followed by Ad-libitum refeeding for two weeks again. The results indicated a significant (P 0.05) in the fat pad weight and viscera weight among the feed restricted birds and the birds that fed ad-libitum.

This paper provides an overview of climate change and agriculture, while paying some specific attention to the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture. This broad-brush account covers both the agronomic and economic aspects of the impact of climate change, as well as a critique of the methodologies used to estimate them. The paper ends with some comments on Indian agricultural policy in the era of climate change. An extended annotated bibliography provides a compendium of the likely impact of climate change on the yield and productivity of several major crops in India; on water-related parameters such as evaporation, water runoff and soil moisture; and on soil productivity, pests and crop diseases.

It is now a known fact that in the modern high-density production systems reared animals' environment need to be highly sanitized to avoid being invaded by pathogens or disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria. Domesticated animals, particularly non-ruminants, such as the pig and poultry have inherent immune system that is primarily concerned with the protection of the animals, in terms of their welfare and well-being. However, protecting the animals immune system can be very expensive economically. To this therefore, a number of studies have provided empirical evidences that animals reared in unsanitary environments usually lead to a high level of host-pathogen interactions. This results in such animals growing more slowly and consume less feed than animals reared in more sanitary conditions. This is primarily due to the fact that nutrients that ought to be used to supporting growth and skeletal muscle development are redirected or sequestered to support the host's defenses against pathogenic microorganisms. The overall effect of this result is poor animal growth, performance indices, and profit the margin is significantly reduced.

Climate change and associated increase in climatic variability is projected to increase risks to our food security. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), which includes several technological, institutional and policy interventions, can help us increase production and adapt to climate change with significant greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation co-benefits. Several policy and institutional initiatives in the past have promoted greater adoption of CSA practices and technologies, which have helped reduce the impact of rainfall deficit on an aggregate scale. There is a need to invest in developing a better understanding of the adoption domains of CSA interventions, their linkages with demand and supply of food, and appropriate ‘business models’ to scale them out. Climate-Smart Village approach is one such strategy to facilitate this. Increased focus on new digital and genetic technologies, improved early warning systems of weather and production risks, redesigned agricultural insurance programm...

The study was on 120 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were housed in the well-ventilated hall already antiseptic. Studied the frequency of feeding at different times in the broiler field at Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Sulaimani,. In the first two weeks, all chicks were fed a regular starter diet contains 21.8% crude protein and 3049 kcal metabolizable energy/kg feed. At the start of the third week, all chicks were weighed and divided randomly into four experimental groups, each with 3-replicates (10 birds/replicate). The first group was control (ad libitum feeding) (T1), while the second group (T2) was fed 4 times a day. The third group (T3) was fed 3 times a day, and the fourth group (T4) was fed 2 times a day. The light was kept at 16L: 8D. All the birds were fed a regular standard feed as described in the recommended protocol (NRC, 1994). There are significant differences at the end of the experiment between transactions, and the third transaction is superior to other transactions in the qualities of final weight gain, nutritional conversion efficiency, and final body weight.

Climate change has far-reaching global implications, evidenced by the significant disruptions in weather patterns. South Asia, a region highly susceptible to climate change, is witnessing a profound impact on its agricultural sector. The rising temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions have become a defining characteristic of the changing climate, posing challenges to crop growth, yield, and quality, thereby affecting the agrarian economies of South Asia. South Asia encompasses diverse geographical landscapes and climatic conditions, with varying degrees of vulnerability to climate change. The Indo-Gangetic Plains, coastal regions of Bangladesh, and the Himalayan foothills as particularly susceptible areas. These regions heavily depend on agriculture and face numerous challenges due to rising temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, and an increased frequency of extreme weather events. For instance, Bangladesh, highly vulnerable to cyclones and flooding, has experienced significant agricultural losses and food shortages due to climate change-induced disasters. Similarly, in the Indian state of Bihar, changes in precipitation patterns and prolonged droughts have severely impacted crop production, leading to food insecurity among vulnerable communities.

The differences in the performance, carcass parts, and internal organs of broiler chicken females and males fed ad libitum or restricted by 80 and 65% ad libitum were evaluated. Ross 308 males and females (2430 chickens) were fed ad libitum (ADL) or were restricted in days 8–14 of age by 80% ADL (R1) and 65% ADL (R2), respectively. Feed restriction depressed the live weight (P ≤ 0.001) in both sexes. Both sexes compensated for growth, and at the end of the fattening at 35 days, the restricted males (–3% R1 and –6% R2) and females (–3% R1 and –4% R2) were not significantly lighter than the ADL chickens. Feed intake was lower (P ≤ 0.001) in females than in males, and feed restriction and sex did not affect the feed conversion ratio. The growth of internal organs as early-developing tissues (heart, gizzard, liver) was less affected than the growth of late-developing tissues (breast, thigh, abdominal fat). Restricted males and females had more abdominal fat than the ad libitum chickens ...

Climate change and associated increase in climatic variability is projected to increase risks to our food security. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), which includes several technological, institutional and policy interventions, can help us increase production and adapt to climate change with significant greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation co-benefits. Several policy and institutional initiatives in the past have promoted greater adoption of CSA practices and technologies, which have helped reduce the impact of rainfall deficit on an aggregate scale. There is a need to invest in developing a better understanding of the adoption domains of CSA interventions, their linkages with demand and supply of food, and appropriate ‘business models’ to scale them out. Climate-Smart Village approach is one such strategy to facilitate this. Increased focus on new digital and genetic technologies, improved early warning systems of weather and production risks, redesigned agricultural insurance programm...

Like many other countries, Bangladesh will face a tremendous challenge from the climate changes. Among other sectors, its agriculture will face the deadliest experience from floods, droughts, tornados, cyclones, tidal surges and soil salinities. The risk associated with climate change lie in the interaction of several systems with many variables that must be collectively considered. Agriculture, including crop production, animal husbandry, forestry and fisheries, can be defined as one of the systems that will be affected adversely due to climate change. Natural disasters like high soil salinity, frequent floods and droughts, tornado and cyclonesall affect directly or indirectly agricultural operations and productions. In many of the agricultural operations like quick harvest and seeding, intercultural operations, irrigation and water management, disease and pest management, agricultural engineers have to contribute to work out solutions matching the nature of the problems in the above sub-sectors of agriculture.

Climate change and associated increase in climatic variability is projected to increase risks to our food security. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA), which includes several technological, institutional and policy interventions, can help us increase production and adapt to climate change with significant greenhouse gases (GHG) mitigation co-benefits. Several policy and institutional initiatives in the past have promoted greater adoption of CSA practices and technologies, which have helped reduce the impact of rainfall deficit on an aggregate scale. There is a need to invest in developing a better understanding of the adoption domains of CSA interventions, their linkages with demand and supply of food, and appropriate ‘business models’ to scale them out. Climate-Smart Village approach is one such strategy to facilitate this. Increased focus on new digital and genetic technologies, improved early warning systems of weather and production risks, redesigned agricultural insurance programm...

Climate change is a continuous natural process. The global climate change that we are most concerned today is the increase in the Earth's average temperature-i.e. global warming. Changing climatic conditions can have the big effect on our life and our environment. Infect, it is the greatest environmental threat faced by planet earth. The changes are causing serious problems to humans and other forms of life. Biologist and Environmentalists are constantly searching for the new solutions to combat these environmental changes. The main hypothesis of this article is to articulate the world concept of climate change with the local climate change those are seen presently. Also, to forward the environmentalist view of climate change, its causes and consequences over the Earth. "Earth provides enough to satisfy man's need but not every men's Greed." Mahatma Gandhi. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental...

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 unsexed broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments: with no feed restriction (T1), one week (T2) and two (T3) weeks of feed restriction from 22 days of age and then fed ad libitum until the age of 42 days. Treatments were replicated three times with 30 birds per replicate. Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The feed consumed and body weights were recorded every week from the third to the sixth week. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. At Week 6, body weights of T3 birds were similar (P>0.05) to those of T1 and T2 birds. There were also no treatment effects on the ADG at Week 6. In addition, no treatment effects (P>0.05) were observed on ADFI at each stage of growth. Since ADFI and FCR were similar among the three groups, it was concluded that feed restriction by limiting the time to eat was not successful. There was also no evidence of compensatory growth in the restricted groups. Keywords Compensatory growth. Feed conversion efficiency. Average daily gain Abbreviations T1 Birds fed ad libitum T2 Birds restricted of feed for one week T3 Birds restricted of feed for two weeks ADG Average daily gain ADFI Average daily feed intake FCR Feed conversion ratio

Abstract. Agricultural production is highly vulnerable to weather extremes. The changing patterns of these extreme events have significant implications on food security. Unprecedented weather extremes can strongly impact crop yield regionally and globally. The present study examines change in the frequency of extreme events (Floods, heat/cold waves, Tropical Cyclones and Lightning) over half a century from 1960 to 2016 and its effects on crop yield over India. The analysis aims at identifying the regions which are more susceptible to extreme events and the changing patterns in the occurrence of these events. Case studies to analyse the influence of the extremes on yields are also attempted for some of the regions with a high frequency of these events.

The study was on 120 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were housed in the well-ventilated hall already antiseptic. Studied the frequency of feeding at different times in the broiler field at Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Sulaimani,. In the first two weeks, all chicks were fed a regular starter diet contains 21.8% crude protein and 3049 kcal metabolizable energy/kg feed. At the start of the third week, all chicks were weighed and divided randomly into four experimental groups, each with 3- replicates (10 birds/replicate). The first group was control (ad libitum feeding) (T1), while the second group (T2) was fed 4 times a day. The third group (T3) was fed 3 times a day, and the fourth group (T4) was fed 2 times a day. The light was kept at 16L: 8D. All the birds were fed a regular standard feed as described in the recommended protocol (NRC, 1994).  There are significant differences at the end of the experiment between...

There has always been a lack of consensus on the effect of climatic change on agriculture due to inadequate knowledge on response of crops to variable climatic conditions. In Indian conditions, effects of high temperature during grain filling of wheat have been well documented but the effect of humid environment during this stage has not been adequately studied. During 2012-13, prominent wheat growing regions in the Indo-Gangetic plains of the country have experienced rise in minimum temperature along with high humidity during wheat season. The change was due to western disturbance causing snow and rains in hill areas and rains in northern plains of the country during January-March, 2013. Although, India has progressed significantly in food grain production, but the variable climatic conditions impede the trajectory of growth, and decline of 2.42 Mt of production has been reported in 2012-13. Analysis of meteorological parameters particularly minimum and maximum temperatures, relati...

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 unsexed broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments: with no feed restriction (T1), one week (T2) and two (T3) weeks of feed restriction from 22 days of age and then fed ad libitum until the age of 42 days. Treatments were replicated three times with 30 birds per replicate. Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The feed consumed and body weights were recorded every week from the third to the sixth week. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. At Week 6, body weights of T3 birds were similar (P>0.05) to those of T1 and T2 birds. There were also no treatment effects on the ADG at Week 6. In addition, no treatment effects (P>0.05) were observed on ADFI at each stage of growth. Since ADFI and FCR were similar among the three groups, it was concluded that feed restriction by limiting the time to eat was not successful. There was also no evidence of compensatory growth in the restricted groups. Keywords Compensatory growth. Feed conversion efficiency. Average daily gain Abbreviations T1 Birds fed ad libitum T2 Birds restricted of feed for one week T3 Birds restricted of feed for two weeks ADG Average daily gain ADFI Average daily feed intake FCR Feed conversion ratio

The current study was conducted to determine the effect of altering a starter and finisher diets of a three-phase commercial feeding program on growth performance and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of broilers in a small-scale production system. A total of 2400 unsexed day-old chicks of commercial strain (Cobb 500) were housed in an open-sided house and randomly allocated to the following three treatments. Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly starting from weeks 3 to 5. The BW, FI and the FCE were computed for each week. At week 5, the broilers on T 2 were heavier (P<0.05) than T 1 and T 3 birds and T 1 birds were heavier (P<0.05) than T 3 birds. Treatment effects (P<0.05) were observed on FI and BW at some stage of growth, as well as on FCE at all the stages of growth. It was concluded that altering dietary starter phases promised optimum production in birds fed starter diets, 0 to 15 days with feed cost per kilogram being better compared to birds fed starter diets, 0 to 18 days and starter diets, 0 to 21days.

Among the most significant impacts of climate change is the potential increase of food insecurity and malnutrition. Increasing Climate change make worse the risks of hunger and undernutrition through Extreme weather events. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of some disasters such as droughts, floods and storms. This has an adverse impact on livelihoods and food security. Climate-related disasters have the potential to destroy crops, critical infrastructure, and key community assets, therefore deteriorating livelihoods and exacerbating poverty. Long-term and gradual climate risks cause, Sea-level rise as a result of climate change, affecting livelihoods in coastal areas and river deltas. Accelerated glacial melt will also affect the quantity and reliability of water available and change patterns of flooding and drought. Climate change affects all dimensions of food security and nutrition. Changes in climatic conditions have already affected the production of some staple crops, and future climate change threatens to exacerbate this. Higher temperatures will have an impact on yields while changes in rainfall could affect both crop quality and quantity. Climate change could increase the prices of major crops in some regions. For the most vulnerable people, lower agricultural output means lower incomes. Under these conditions, the poorest people who already use most of their income on food sacrifice additional income and other assets to meet their nutritional requirements, or resort to poor coping strategies.

To cite this Article Hocking, P. M., Bernard, R. and Robertson, G. W.(2002) 'Effects of low dietary protein and different allocations of food during rearing and restricted feeding after peak rate of lay on egg production, fertility and hatchability in female broiler breeders', British Poultry Science, 43: 1, 94 -103 To link to this Article:

With a view to alleviate the feeling of hunger in broiler breeders, different types of fibre sources were used in high-fibre diets to increase feed quantity while limiting growth to industry recommended levels. Using scatter feeding, three diets (C1: commercial control diet, 1 3 fibre content, 80% insoluble fibre (ISF); H2: 2 3 fibre content, 89% ISF; and L2: 2 3 fibre content, 71% ISF) were each fed to 10 groups of 16 broiler breeder chickens. Similar growth rates were obtained on different quantities of food with all birds reaching commercial target weight at 15 weeks of age. In a hunger test, birds fed C1 ate significantly faster and showed a higher compensatory feed intake than birds on diets H2 and L2, indicating that the two high-fibre diets did reduce the level of hunger experienced by the birds. Behavioural observations carried out at 14 weeks of age showed high levels of tail pecking in birds fed C1 and almost none in birds fed L2, whereas birds fed H2 were intermediate. Stereotypic pecking at fixtures was seen twice as frequently in birds fed C1. Birds on diet L2 displayed behavioural signs indicative of discomfort, and the high water usage on this diet created problems with litter quality. Birds on diet H2 continued to show foraging behaviour throughout the day, and were more frequently engaged in dust bathing and other comfort behaviour. This experiment indicates that high-fibre diets can alleviate the feeling of hunger currently experienced by broiler breeders, and a high ratio of ISF may improve the well-being of the birds.

The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of quantitative feed restriction on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 unsexed broilers were randomly allocated to three treatments: with no feed restriction (T1), one week (T2) and two (T3) weeks of feed restriction from 22 days of age and then fed ad libitum until the age of 42 days. Treatments were replicated three times with 30 birds per replicate. Birds were fed with starter, grower and finisher diets. The feed consumed and body weights were recorded every week from the third to the sixth week. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) were computed for each week. At Week 6, body weights of T3 birds were similar (P>0.05) to those of T1 and T2 birds. There were also no treatment effects on the ADG at Week 6. In addition, no treatment effects (P>0.05) were observed on ADFI at each stage of growth. Since ADFI and FCR were similar among the three groups, it was concluded that feed restriction by limiting the time to eat was not successful. There was also no evidence of compensatory growth in the restricted groups.