Analytical Evaluation

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memvalidasi metode analisis kadar amonium klorida (NH4Cl) dalam obat batuk hitam menggunakan titrasi argentometri Mohr. Amonium klorida merupakan zat aktif dalam obat batuk hitam yang berfungsi sebagai pengencer dahak. Validasi diperlukan untuk memastikan metode analisis ini memenuhi parameter seperti akurasi, presisi, linearitas, batas deteksi, dan estimasi ketidakpastian pengukuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode ini memiliki akurasi 99,97–104,85% dan linearitas dengan R² = 0,9985. Namun, presisi antar-analis belum memenuhi syarat keberterimaan dengan nilai %RSD > 2/3 CV Horwitz. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode ini belum dapat dinyatakan valid sepenuhnya untuk analisis NH4Cl dalam obat batuk hitam.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memvalidasi metode analisis kadar amonium klorida (NH4Cl) dalam obat batuk hitam menggunakan titrasi argentometri Mohr. Amonium klorida merupakan zat aktif dalam obat batuk hitam yang berfungsi sebagai pengencer dahak. Validasi diperlukan untuk memastikan metode analisis ini memenuhi parameter seperti akurasi, presisi, linearitas, batas deteksi, dan estimasi ketidakpastian pengukuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode ini memiliki akurasi 99,97–104,85% dan linearitas dengan R² = 0,9985. Namun, presisi antar-analis belum memenuhi syarat keberterimaan dengan nilai %RSD > 2/3 CV Horwitz. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode ini belum dapat dinyatakan valid sepenuhnya untuk analisis NH4Cl dalam obat batuk hitam.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memvalidasi metode analisis kadar amonium klorida (NH4Cl) dalam obat batuk hitam menggunakan titrasi argentometri Mohr. Amonium klorida merupakan zat aktif dalam obat batuk hitam yang berfungsi sebagai pengencer dahak. Validasi diperlukan untuk memastikan metode analisis ini memenuhi parameter seperti akurasi, presisi, linearitas, batas deteksi, dan estimasi ketidakpastian pengukuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode ini memiliki akurasi 99,97-104,85% dan linearitas dengan R² = 0,9985. Namun, presisi antar-analis belum memenuhi syarat keberterimaan dengan nilai %RSD > 2/3 CV Horwitz. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, metode ini belum dapat dinyatakan valid sepenuhnya untuk analisis NH4Cl dalam obat batuk hitam.

Bovine colostrum is potentially valuable source of essential fatty acids (FAs), but so far only few studies have made the effort to estimate FA composition of this potential resource. The aim of current research was to fill this gap with selecting and validating an accurate procedure for the analysis of the composition of the FAs in bovine colostrum. We used colostrum samples of Holstein-Friesian cattle from Märja experimental farm as a test material. The validated method includes derivatization, in which FAs are sent through esterification with the acidic catalyst boron trifluoride. Formed methyl esters of fatty acids (FAMEs) were analysed using GC-FID. The obtained LOD and the LOQ of FAMEs were 0.11-0.68 and 0.37-2.27 ppm, respectively. The analysis of fortified samples showed very good and similar recoveries, indicating that the method proposed here can be routinely used for determination and investigation of the fatty acids in dairy products.

A new set of cryptographic algorithms is being proposed for inclusion in the "4G" mobile standard called LTE (Long Term Evolution), and the algorithms are open for public evaluation. The new set of confidentiality and integrity algorithms EEA3/EIA3 is based on the new stream cipher ZUC. In the present paper, we are interested in making the verification and the implementation as well as performing the analytical analysis of the two algorithms, as we have done, in previous works, with the first two sets of the LTE cryptographic algorithms EEA1/EIA1 and EEA2/EIA2. The verification of the confidentiality algorithm results on a correction of the proposed 3GPP algorithm code to meet the specifications requirements.

SpiNNaker is a massively parallel architecture designed to model large-scale spiking neural networks in (biological) real-time. Its design is based around ad-hoc multi-core System-on-Chips which are interconnected using a two-dimensional toroidal triangular mesh. Neurons are modeled in software and their spikes generate packets that propagate through the on-and inter-chip communication fabric relying on custom-made on-chip multicast routers. This paper models and evaluates large-scale instances of its novel interconnect (more than 65 thousand nodes, or over one million computing cores), focusing on real-time features and fault-tolerance. The key contribution can be summarized as understanding the properties of the feasible topologies and establishing the stable operation of the SpiNNaker under different levels of degradation. First we derive analytically the topological characteristics of the network, which are later confirmed by experimental work. With the computational model developed, we investigate the topology of SpiNNaker, and compare it with a standard 3-dimensional torus. The novel emergency routing mechanism, implemented within the routers, allows the topology of SpiNNaker to be more robust than the 3-dimensional torus, regardless of the latter having better topological characteristics. Furthermore, we obtain optimal values of two router parameters related with livelock and deadlock avoidance mechanisms.

University of SilesiaInstitute of Library and information Science40–032 Katowice, Pl. Sejmu Śl. 1, PolandE-mail: gebolys@us.edu.plZdzisławas Gębołyśas aptaria kultūrų pari­bio temą Silezijos universiteto Katovicuose Bibliotekininkystės ir informacijos mokslų instituto mokslininkų leidybinėje veikloje 1974–2007 metais. Jis surinko visas publi­kacijas, pasirodžiusias Lenkijoje ir užsieny­je. Šis darbas – tai daugiau negu tradicinė literatūros apžvalga, pristatanti mokslinio tyrimo būklę. Surinkta bibliografinė me­džiaga yra susisteminta ir aprašyta pagal formalius (data, leidimo vieta, autorius) ir dalykinius (tema, aprėptis) požymius. Iš viso pateikiamos 152 publikacijos: 13 kny­gų, 4 kolektyviniai darbai, 133 straipsniai ir 1 recenzija. Produktyviausi autoriai yra Mariola Jarczyk, Edwardas Różyckis, Jolan­ta Gwioździk ir Zdzisłavas Gębołyśas. Pu­blikacijas kultūrų paribio tema apibūdina platus dalykų, chronologijos ir teritorijos mastas. Būtinai reikia atsižvelgti į atstumą tarp Kat...

A new set of cryptographic algorithms is being proposed for inclusion in the "4G" mobile standard called LTE (Long Term Evolution), and the algorithms are open for public evaluation. The new set of confidentiality and integrity algorithms EEA3/EIA3 is based on the new stream cipher ZUC. In the present paper, we are interested in making the verification and the implementation as well as performing the analytical analysis of the two algorithms, as we have done, in previous works, with the first two sets of the LTE cryptographic algorithms EEA1/EIA1 and EEA2/EIA2. The verification of the confidentiality algorithm results on a correction of the proposed 3GPP algorithm code to meet the specifications requirements.

El presente artículo presenta los datos de una investigación sobre las diferencias observadas en el comportamiento y los resultados de cuatro grupos al evaluar dos tipos de textos diferentes en cuanto a su materia. Los sujetos tuvieron que evaluar las traducciones según su conocimiento e intuición; se tuvieron en cuenta diversos parámetros surgidos del análisis de sus evaluaciones. Los textos técnicos contienen menos actuaciones, pero más cambios orientados a la retroalimentación y más glosas dirigidas al investigador. Los fenómenos opinables son más frecuentes en los textos divulgativos. El tipo de texto parece no afectar a la calificación asignada. Dos factores parecen incidir en la evaluación de los textos técnicos con respecto a la de los divulgativos: el conocimiento sobre la materia y la distinta complejidad de las prosas técnica y divulgativa.

Concerning quiet areas, the definition provided by the Environmental Noise Directive (END) is intended to preserve the acoustic environment in those areas where it is considered good, according to general indicators and limits. However, the END is not clear enough to allow appropriate assessment and management in urban environments. The aim of QUADMAP project was to deliver a method and guidelines for the identification, delineation, characterization, improvement and management of Quiet Urban Areas (QUAs) as defined by the END. The Project also wanted to help clarify the definition of a QUA, its meaning and its added value for cities in terms of health, safety and lowering stress levels. In this article, after an introduction of the current European scenario on QUAs, the main aspects of the methodology introduced for the selection, analysis and management of QUAs are described. Eventually, the major results achieved by the Project, in terms of the guideline onQUAs, the implemented i...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) of (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) is one of the modern steps in series of mobile telecommunications systems. That appears to be a strong technology that meets the requirements of fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks and supports authentication and encryption mechanisms between User Equipment (UE) and Message Management Entity (MME). This paper provides an overview of the three most important algorithms that are considered the heart of LTE cryptographic algorithms (SNOW3G, AES, and ZUC) and a comparison between cipher key length and initial vector length to generate keystream depending on the structure used for each algorithm as each algorithm has a time of complexity and space of complexity that differs from the other security algorithm. 

Ο αυξανόμενος ρυθμός αστικοποίησης έχει επιφέρει σειρά περιβαλλοντικών πιέσεων με
επιπτώσεις στην ποιότητα της ζωής και στα επίπεδα της βιολογικής ποικιλίας. Οι ανθρώπινες
κοινωνικο-οικονομικές δραστηριότητες σε σχέση με το αστικό περιβάλλον μπορούν να
αποτελέσουν πηγές εκπομπής ρύπων μεταξύ των οποίων και ο περιβαλλοντικός θόρυβος. Οι
ήσυχες περιοχές πολεοδομικού συγκροτήματος, όπως ορίζονται στην οδηγία 2002/49/ΕΚ, έχουν
ως σκοπό την αντιμετώπιση του περιβαλλοντικού θορύβου. Μια σημαντική παρατήρηση σχετικά
με τη μέχρι τώρα προώθηση των ήσυχων περιοχών είναι η ομογενοποίηση όλων των ήχων υπό
το πρίσμα της έντασής τους, περιορίζοντας ουσιαστικά την ανάδειξη “θετικών” ήχων ασχέτως
εντάσεως. Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης έρευνας είναι η αναγνώριση των ήσυχων περιοχών του
πολεοδομικού συγκροτήματος της Μυτιλήνης με τη χρήση της πολυκριτηριακής μεθόδου
Αναλυτικής Ιεράρχησης (AHP). Παράλληλα, πραγματοποιήθηκε ο σχεδιασμός του πρωτόκολλου
δειγματοληψιών ηχητικών επιπέδων και καταγραφών ηχοτοπίου, προκειμένου να εξαχθούν οι
ακουστικοί δείκτες βιοποικιλότητας. Τα αποτελέσματα ανέδειξαν πρώτους τους χώρους πρασίνου
στην ιεράρχηση μεταξύ των υποψήφιων περιοχών, γεγονός που υποστηρίζει τη συμβιωτικότητα
μεταξύ της έννοιας της ησυχίας και των αυξημένων επιπέδων βιοποικιλότητας.

Analisis kadar kalsium pada susu segar umumnya menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) yang relatif mahal. Salah satu metode alternatif yang dapat digunakan adalah titrasi kompleksometri. Sampai sekarang, data validasi terhadap metode tersebut pada sampel susu segar belum tersedia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memvalidasi metode analisis kadar kalsium pada susu segar secara titrasi kompleksometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan uji linearitas dengan menggunakan larutan standar kalsium pada rentang 424 mg/100 mL mempunyai nilai R 2 sebesar 0,9983, sedangkan nilai batas deteksi dan batas kuantifikasi berturut-turut adalah 0,47 mg/100 mL dan 1,57 mg/100 mL. Nilai akurasi (recovery) sebesar 99,29% pada konsentrasi spiking 60 mg/100 mL sampel. Hasil penelitian atau metode uji yang divalidasi menunjukkan nilai keterulangan dan reprodusibilitas intralab yang baik dengan nilai CV analisis berturut-turut 0,98% dan 2,59%. Hasil uji ketangguhan menunjukkan metode ini bersifat tangguh (rugged) terhadap variasi volume sampel dan konsentrasi asam etilenadiaminatetraasetat (EDTA) yang digunakan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, metode titrasi kompleksometri dapat digunakan untuk menentukan kadar kalsium pada susu segar. ABSTRACT Analysis of calcium content in fresh milk generally uses Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Alternatively, it could be analyzed using complexometric titration. The study aimed to validate the method of calcium content analysis in fresh milk by complexometric titration. The results showed that the linearity test using calcium standard solution at a working range of 4-24 mg/100 mL had R 2 of 0.9983, while the limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.47 mg/100 mL and 1.57 mg/100 mL, respectively. The accuracy by spiking method at the spiking concentration of 60 mg/100 mL sample was 99.29%. The repeatability and intra-lab reproducibility showed acceptable precision with CV value of 0.98% and 2.59%, respectively. The results of ruggedness test showed that this method was rugged to the variation of sample volume and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) concentration. This study proved that complexometric titration can be used to determine calcium content in fresh milk.

Titrasi kelatometri merupakan salah satu metode analisis kuantitatif yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisa kadar kalsium. Sampai saat ini, belum ada data validasi analisis kadar kalsium secara titrasi kelatometri pada sampel minuman yogurt. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mengevaluasi metode penetapan kadar kalsium secara titrasi kelatometri pada sampel minuman yogurt. Hasil uji recovery menunjukkan bahwa metode titrasi kelatometri mempunyai nilai akurasi yang baik, yaitu 100,94% pada konsentrasi spiking larutan standar kalsium sebesar 60 mg/100 ml sampel minuman yogurt. Ripitabilitas dan intra-lab reprodusibilitas menunjukkan hasil yang dapat diterima dengan nilai relative standard deviation (RSD) berturut-turut sebesar 1,61% dan 1,74%. Hasil uji ketangguhan metode menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan sampel awal 5,0-10,0 ml menghasilkan kadar kalsium yang sama. Berdasarkan hasil ini, metode analisis kadar kalsium secara titrasi kelatometri dapat diaplikasikan pada sampel minuman yogurt. Kata kunci: evaluasi metode, kadar kalsium, minuman yogurt, titrasi kelatometri Abstract Chelatometric titration is one of the quantitative analysis methods that can be used to analyze calcium content. This research aims to evaluate the analytical performance of calcium content analysis in the yogurt drink using chelatometric titration. The results showed that this chelatometric titration had a good accuracy, i.e. 100.94% at spiking concentration of 60 mg /100 ml sample. Repeatability and intra-lab reproducibility indicated acceptable results with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 1.61% and 1.74%, respectively. The ruggedness test also indicated that chelatometric titration was tough to the volume of initial sample used, i.e. 5.0 ml to 10.0 ml. Based on these results, calcium content analysis using chelatometric titration can be applied in yogurt drink sample.

Calcium is one of the important minerals found in fresh milk. Calcium content can be analyzed using chelatometric titration. The study aimed to determine the value of uncertainty in the analysis of calcium content by chelatometric titration in fresh milk sample. The result of identification showed that there were nine sources of uncertainty, i.e. burette used for sample titration, mohr pipette, recovery, repeatability, analytical scales, burette used for standardization, purity of ZnSO4·7H2O, molar mass of ZnSO4·7H2O and atomic mass of calcium. The major source of uncertainty was recovery. The calculation results showed that expanded uncertainty was relatively low i.e. 6.18 mg/100 mL. ABSTRAK Kalsium merupakan salah satu mineral penting yang terdapat pada susu segar. Kadar kalsium pada susu segar dapat dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode titrasi kelatometri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan nilai ketidakpastian dalam analisis kadar kalsium pada susu segar secara titrasi kelatometri. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan terdapat sembilan sumber ketidakpastian, yaitu buret yang digunakan untuk titrasi sampel, pipet mohr, recovery, ripitabilitas, timbangan, buret yang digunakan untuk titrasi larutan standar, kemurnian dari ZnSO4·7H2O, massa molekul relatif ZnSO4·7H2O dan massa atom relatif kalsium. Sumber ketidakpastian yang berkontribusi paling signifikan adalah recovery. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan nilai ketidakpastian diperluas relatif kecil, yaitu 6,18 mg/100 mL, atau 4,25% dari kadar kalsium yang teranalisa. Kata kunci: ketidakpastian, kadar kalsium, titrasi kelatometri, susu segar Taufik, Moh., Seveline, dan Emilia Ratih Saputri1 2018. Evaluasi Ketidakpastian dalam Penentuan Kadar Kalsium Secara Titrasi Kelatometri pada Sampel Susu Segar. Jurnal Agroindustri Halal 4(1): 088-093.

The fatty acid composition of palm oil is the major factor influencing its physical and chemical properties. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the analytical performance of major fatty acids (palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid) analysis in palm oil. Triglycerides of palm oil were derivatized to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by using boron trifluoride (BF 3) in methanol. FAMEs were determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) using DB-23 capillary column as stationary phase. The studied parameters were instrument performance analysis, the efficiency of fatty acid derivatization, stability of derivatized analytes, accuracy, repeatability, intra-lab reproducibility, ruggedness, and method uncertainty. The evaluation results showed the instrument linearity at a working range of 5 to 40 mg/mL marked by coefficient of determination (R 2) between 0.991-0.995. Instrument limits of detection (LOD) and instrument limits of quantification (LOQ) for 4 major fatty acids analysis were 26-35 µg/mL and 86-128 µg/mL, respectively. The increase of fatty acid concentration led to the decrease of derivatization efficiency in the fatty acids analysis. The result also showed that derivatized analytes were stable during 24 h storage at freeze temperature. The average recovery values by spiking method with the spiking concentration at 50 and 90 mg/g sample were at 75-94 % for stearic and linoleic acids analysis, however those for palmitic and oleic acids analysis were considered very low (<40 %), due to their low derivatization efficiency. Repeatability and intra-lab reproducibility of 4 major fatty acids analysis were at acceptable ranges, 0.45-1.38 % and 1.15-2.03 %, respectively. Determination by varying the volume of derivatizing agent showed the rugged method. Uncertainty of repeatability (U r) and uncertainty of reproducibility (U r) were ranged at 1.84-9.02 mg/g and 1.40-10.65 mg/g, respectively. This method was considerably reliable for the analysis of less abundance fatty acids in palm oil, stearic and linoleic acids.

Cash flow is an important independent object of the enterprise financial management. Its precise and 360-degree evaluation encourages an enterprise to achieve set current and strategic goals and helps in forming the positive financial results. The given method of cash flow analysis gives the opportunity to evaluate the enterprise capability to repay existing debts and pay dividends, as well as determine the importance of the additional financial resources application in advance or rationally distribute temporarily monetary assets surplus in order to optimize activities.

The behavior of demanding and lenient evaluators is analyzed and discussed. Little is known about the process of translation evaluation, specifically on how different types of evaluators perform. The subjects of this study were classified as demanding or lenient on the basis of the average quality judgments they made on 48 translated texts. Their profiles were outlined according to a series of parameters and categories starting from the observation of their products, i.e. the evaluated texts. Lenient evaluators carried out more actions on the text, were fairly product-oriented, showed a more regular performance, seemed to be more confident, and were probably more committed to the evaluation assignment they were given in this research. Demanding evaluators intervened less, were usually feedback-oriented, preferred to carry out actions in certain segments and text parts, expressed less certainty, and were possibly more aware of the particular circumstances surrounding the experiment. While demanding evaluators appear better suited for professional environments and advanced level teaching, lenient evaluators seem more suitable for research and teaching at initial stages. The present work might pave the way for further research into evaluative profiles.

In academic environments, the question of quality is often related to that of quantity. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of translation evaluation quality by focusing on several issues: a) the amount of actions performed by evaluators as related to quality judgments; b) evaluator coincidence in mistakes detected (saliency of phenomena) as related to their nature; and c) quality judgment as related to the presence or absence of the most salient phenomena in the translated texts. Four groups of subjects evaluated 48 translations; the results discussed derive from their actual performance. Evaluators exhibiting a minimum level of detail in their work should be thorough in their evaluative work. For if they are not they run the risk of being too generous in their evaluations. Among the error judgments for which there is the highest degree of coincidence are those on divergent interpretation, terminology, syntax, use and misprints. Conversely, evaluators do not usually coincide in pointing out punctuation, format, proper nouns, clarity, cohesion or appropriateness phenomena. Finally, texts including the most salient phenomena receive worse grades than those without them; this points to an implicit hierarchy of phenomena according to the extent to which evaluators coincide in pointing them out.

The article introduces the relationship between translation evaluation and certain features on the surface of texts. The process and results from the evaluation of 48 texts by 88 subjects was analyzed to explore the following aspects: emphasized words, actions on emphasized words, text length, resemblance to original format, lexical density and readability. Analysis were conducted to examine whether these aspects may have led to an increase in evaluators’ attention levels. Data were taken from a previous study and completed with new analyses, some of which were carried out with Wordsmith Tools software. Two content-independent features emerged as significant in the translation evaluation: consistency in the decisions taken and, more especially, productivity, measured by the successful translation of as much of the text as possible. Although the results should be considered preliminary, they may inspire other studies involving control groups and enhanced experimental conditions. Much still remains to be explored in the fields of attention and translation evaluation.

Within Translation Studies, scholars have usually dealt with diverse typologies of errors; most of them distinguish between translation and language errors. It is common to identify the former with phenomena of meaning, but some authors include in this group all errors that are not strictly related to language. This chapter compares the number of translation versus language phenomena (errors and good decisions) marked, and investigates if either of them has more impact on the overall quality judgment attached to each translation. It also explores whether group differences exist regarding the two types of errors included in the research. The results show that language errors are much more common in translation evaluation; however, translation errors contribute more on the variability of the marks issued. Translation professionals and potential addressees seem to base their marks only on translation issues, whereas translation teachers and students take both types of phenomena into account. Moreover, language errors play a key role on teachers' evaluations, whereas translation errors are more decisive among students. Finally, these effects are discussed and further research is suggested so as to confirm the main findings, which might be of interest both for professional and educational contexts.

Minerals are essential nutrients for care to health and disease prevention. Complexometry titration or kelatometric titration is based on the formation of complex compounds (complex ions or salts which are difficult to ionizing). This analysis aims to analyze the content of Ca and Mg to determine the color produced when the endpoint titration using EBT indicator and EDTA with complexometric EDTA titration method. The result is the standardization of EDTA 0.0912, molarity Ca in samples 5.472x10-4, weight of Ca 0.0219 g, and weight of CaCO3 in sample 54.68 mg. These results overestimate because the level of accuracy due to small titration.

The overarching goal of the research team Expertise and Environment in Translation (PETRA, Spanish acronym) is to study as many aspects of the translation process as possible under the same scope. PETRA is interested in expertise and its development, considers intuitive problem-solving in translation as related to emergence and construction of meaning, and interprets skills acquisition and development as routine interiorization and improvement of mental efficiency. Characteristic of PETRA's approach are homogeneous research methodologies through internal standards, and theoretical feedback from cognitive linguistics, situated and embodied cognition, and social constructivism. Research methods include pilot testing, subjects' and texts' profiling, test repetition, non-invasive data collection, previous typing period, length and frequency to determine pause relevance, post-test questionnaires, data triangulation, blind product cross-evaluation, statistical and ecological validity checks. Results of Martín de León (2003), Lachat (2003), De Rooze (2003), Gómez (2006) and Conde (2009), and ongoing projects by Castro, Marín, Muñoz, and Perea are summarized.
Key Words: Translation process, expertise, problem-solving, acquisition.