Agency (Psychology)

En la conciencia ordinaria, el tiempo y el espacio son considerados dimensiones fundamentales de la experiencia. Sin embargo, diversos estados alterados-como la meditación profunda, la despersonalización y los estados inducidos por psicodélicos-revelan que estas dimensiones pueden desaparecer sin pérdida completa de conciencia. Este artículo explora las bases biológicas de la conciencia pre-conceptual, un estado caracterizado por la ausencia de representaciones espacio-temporales, y argumenta que tanto el tiempo como el espacio son constructos emergentes del cerebro, no propiedades inherentes de la conciencia. Se revisan datos empíricos de neuroimagen, modelos teóricos y perspectivas fenomenológicas para proponer una visión en la que la conciencia puede existir sin las estructuras cognitivas que normalmente la acompañan.

Using data from 1361 students we validate the Meta Evaluador Web where: a) the bank of Study and Self-Regulation Strategies used 50 items calibrated for confirmatory factor analysis. The results of their banks (Cognitive Strategies; Person and Self-Regulation Task and Materials) showed higher rates to 0.90 and RMSEA less than 0.07, with Cronbach alpha’s > 0.83. The fit between the theoretical and empirical models validated their constructs; b) the Personal Epistemology bank, used 12 item calibrated and its adjustment index confirms construct validity (0.90, RMSEA = 0.07) and c) Reading Comprehension bank used 18 calibrated items with convergent validity (CFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.03), all of them, with an acceptable homogeneity.

This paper develops Construction Theory from the foundations of Epistemic Illusionism, which holds that neither self-knowledge nor knowledge of others is genuinely attainable - what we call “knowing” is instead an adaptive illusion. Construction Theory reframes interpersonal and intrapersonal understanding as systematic mental constructions: narratives, models, and predictions that function pragmatically despite lacking epistemic accuracy. Applied to developmental psychology, this perspective reveals that research does not uncover genuine cognitive or emotional growth, but rather documents how adults construct children, how children learn to join cultural construction systems, and how alignment between constructions enables social functioning. Major domains - including stage theories, theory of mind, attachment, language, moral reasoning, and cognition - are reinterpreted as constructional processes rather than authentic psychological developments. This reframing transforms education, parenting, and therapy into practices of construction alignment and coordination rather than developmental optimization. Ultimately, Construction Theory positions childhood as the period in which humans learn to master the cultural machinery of meaning-making, shifting the central question from “how children develop” to “how they learn to participate in the construction systems that sustain human social reality".

Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich den Übersetzer:innen chinesischer Literatur in der DDR, deren Geschichte bisher weitgehend unbekannt ist und sucht ihre Leistung als Entdecker:innen und Vermittler:innen der Literatur und Kultur Chinas in der DDR und darüber hinaus zu dokumentieren und zu würdigen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden zahlreiche Befragungen mit Übersetzer:innen, Herausgeber:innen und Lektor:innen geführt, die seltene Einblicke in das Leben und Wirken der Übersetzer:innen gewährten. Entlang der Punkte Ausbildung und beruflicher Werdegang, Motivation und Selbstverständnis, finanzielle Situation und translatorische Praxis werden im Folgenden die Rahmenbedingungen des Literaturübersetzens aus Sicht der Übersetzer:innen skizziert. Die Rückschau veranschaulicht, dass die Übersetzungen chinesischer Literatur von einigen wenigen Personen angefertigt wurden und diese aufgrund der fehlenden Sprach-und Landeskenntnisse in den Verlagen über das Übersetzen hinaus eine zentrale Rolle im gesamten Publikationsprozess innehatten. Des Weiteren werden Einsichten in einzelne Übersetzer:innenbiographien präsentiert und wichtige Hinweise für die Bedeutung von Netzwerken sichtbar. Im größeren Rahmen sollen die Ergebnisse beitragen zu einer noch zu schreibenden Übersetzungsgeschichte der DDR, insbesondere hinsichtlich der sogenannten "exotischen" Sprachen.

La creciente atención que prestamos a las pantallas genera nuevas tensiones entre los cuerpos, las máquinas y sus propietarios. A nuestras relaciones directas, o corporales, se les superponen cada vez más dimensiones relacionales que están mediadas por algoritmos. Las formas de relación "intercorporales" y las "algorítmicas" parecen entremezclarse, pero mantienen potenciales muy diferentes para la concentración de poder. En este contexto, la neurociencia, la computación y los negocios convergen para poner nuestros cuerpos, y en concreto nuestros cerebros, al servicio de las nuevas formas digitales de producción y acumulación de capital. Parafraseando a Marx desde la era de la computación, en este texto especulo con la idea de "modos de atención" para identificar el hecho de que, desde la perspectiva de las grandes empresas tecnológicas contemporáneas, el cerebro parece haberse convertido en el principal modo de producción de la era digital: un modo de producción que produce atención.

Who are we

Most so-called quote-unquote normal folk usually live under the illusion that when they use the word “I” they are referring to some presence which is inside of the body.

I can feel this, I can feel that, I can sense this, and perhaps for those with the rare neurological phenomenon, synesthete, hear what they smell and smell what they see.

This presence of self is associated with the state of awareness - that fundamental part of the human experience involving consciousness, mindfulness, and cognizant of both one's external surroundings as well as internal experiences.

La sincronicidad, entendida como la coincidencia significativa de eventos sin una relación causal aparente, ha sido ampliamente difundida desde su formulación por Carl Gustav Jung. Aunque su interpretación ha sido acogida como una forma profunda de conexión entre mente y realidad, este ensayo sostiene que la sincronicidad constituye una forma sofisticada de superstición.

ideología es una cuestión hormonal" , nos invita a reflexionar sobre la profunda conexión entre la biología humana y las creencias que guían nuestras posturas sociales y políticas. En este ensayo, exploraremos cómo el sistema neuroendocrino, en particular las alteraciones hormonales del eje hipotálamo-hipofisiario, puede influir no solo en nuestra salud física y emocional, sino también en nuestra reacción ante las injusticias del mundo. A través de esta perspectiva, analizaremos cómo las ideologías que luchan por la equidad social y la transformación radical del sistema pueden estar profundamente enraizadas en nuestras respuestas biológicas a la desigualdad y el sufrimiento colectivo.

Hyperscanning approaches to human neuroscience aim to uncover the neural mechanisms of social interaction. They have been largely guided by the expectation that increased levels of engagement between two persons will be supported by higher levels of inter-brain synchrony (IBS). A common approach to measuring IBS is phase synchrony in the context of EEG hyperscanning. Yet the growing number of experimental findings does not yield a straightforward interpretation, which has prompted critical reflections about the field’s theoretical and methodological principles. In this perspective piece, we make a conceptual contribution to this debate by considering the role of a possibly overlooked effect of inter-brain desynchronization (IBD), as for example measured by decreased phase synchrony. A principled reason to expect this role comes from the recent proposal of irruption theory, which operationalizes the efficacy of a person’s subjective involvement in behavior generation in terms of increased neural entropy. Accordingly, IBD is predicted to increase with one or more participant’s socially motivated subjective involvement in interaction, because of the associated increase in their neural entropy. Additionally, the relative prominence of IBD compared to IBS is expected to vary in time, as well as across frequency bands, depending on the extent that subjective involvement is elicited by the task and/or desired by the person. If irruption theory is on the right track, it could thereby help to explain the notable variability of IBS in social interaction in terms of a countertendency from another factor: IBD due to subjective involvement.

Con datos de 1361 estudiantes, validamos el metaevaluador web donde: a) el banco de estrategias de estudio y autorregulación usó 50 ítems calibrados para realizar análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los resultados de sus bancos (estrategias cognitivas; de autorregulación de persona y de tarea y materiales) mostraron índices mayores de .90 y RMSEA menores de .07, con alfas de Cronbach > 0.83. El ajuste entre los modelos teóricos y empíricos validaron sus constructos; b) el banco, epistemología personal, utilizó 12 ítems calibrados y su índice de ajuste confirma validez de constructo (.90, RMSEA =.07) y c) el de comprensión de textos utilizó 18 reactivos calibrados, con validez convergente (CFI=.96; RMSEA =.03). Todos con una homogeneidad aceptable. Palabras clave: Validación de constructo, agencia académica, aprendizaje académico autorregulado, evaluación en línea.

Se describe una línea de investigación enfocada a identificar atributos de la formación del psicólogo mexicano y los efectos que producen éstos sobre resultados del aprendizaje académico. Se presentan y discuten aspectos críticos de la formación del psicólogo, como también se describen avances teóricos y evidencias empíricas derivadas de este empeño. Se enfatiza incluir atributos y mecanismos que promueven mejores resultados de aprendizaje y una mejora sensible al currículo.

Se describe una línea de investigación enfocada a identificar atributos de la formación del psicólogo mexicano y los efectos que producen éstos sobre resultados del aprendizaje académico. Se presentan y discuten aspectos críticos de la formación del psicólogo, como también se describen avances teóricos y evidencias empíricas derivadas de este empeño. Se enfatiza incluir atributos y mecanismos que promueven mejores resultados de aprendizaje y una mejora sensible al currículo.

Social media platforms offer convenient, instantaneous social sharing on a mass scale with tremendous impact on public perceptions, opinions, and behavior. There is a need to understand why information spreads including the human motivations, cognitive processes, and neural dynamics of large-scale sharing. This study introduces a novel approach for investigating the effect social media messaging and in-person discussion has on the inter-brain dynamics within small groups of participants. The psychophysiological impact of information campaigns and narrative messaging within a closed social media environment was assessed using 24-channel wireless EEG. Data were acquired from three- or four-person groups while subjects debated contemporary social issues framed by four scenarios of varying controversy: (a) investing in ethical vs. unethical corporations, (b) selecting travel destination based on social awareness, (c) determining verdict in a murder trial and the punishment of life in pr...

Se presenta una revisión sobre las creencias en lo paranormal de una muestra de estudiantes de psicología (n = 360) pertenecientes a diversas universidades Estatales y Privadas (tradicionales y no tradicionales). La psicología durante décadas ha luchado por el reconocimiento de su estatuto científico, lo que en principio se opondría a la creencia en la magia y otras formas de superstición, así como un firme compromiso con la evidencia empírica y la racionalidad argumentativa. Este estudio revela cómo una proporción importante de los estudiantes mantiene creencias supersticiosas o tiene dudas sobre la ocurrencia de dichos fenómenos. El estudio de estas creencias es de suma relevancia pues podría llegar a tener efectos sobre las prácticas clínicas y la calidad de las prestaciones que reciben las personas.

In times of dramatic social change, new career options emerge and old options may become obsolete. We investigated predictors of change in general career aspirations and of plans to attend a university of East German adolescents from 1989 (before German unification) to 1991 and 1995, respectively, after German unification. Higher pre-unification self-efficacy beliefs were associated with an increase in general career aspirations and a higher probability of switching from non-college-bound vocational training to attending a university. In addition, better pre-unification school grades and having parents who graduated from a university increased adolescents' probability to switch to a university. Furthermore, interaction effects of selfefficacy with grades and cognitive abilities appeared, indicating that for individuals with high self-efficacy, cognitive abilities became more important and grades less important in predicting the wish to pursue university studies. We concluded that beliefs in one's capabilities, and high academic

Competition is a common occurrence in life, but the influence of intimate relationships on people's competitiveness remains unknown. Grounded in Darwin's theory of sexual selection, this study utilized EEG hyperscanning technology to investigate the influence of the presence of romantic partners and the gender of competitors on the interbrain synchronization of female individuals during competitive contexts. The research results showed that in competitive interactions, there was a significant increase in Theta and Alpha frequency band activity between females and their competitors. Interbrain synchronization was strongest when their partners were not nearby and females competed with same gender competitors. The research results indicate that intimate companionship has an impact on the early alertness and late cognitive execution mechanisms of female individuals in competition, and due to intimate relationships, females pay more attention to same-gender competitors. This study demonstrates that the presence of intimate partners can affect a female's competitive state and brain synchronization with opponents of different genders, improving the theoretical explanation of intimate relationships and competitive interactions.

This study presents, for the first time, (a) the analysis of the modern literature on the reciprocal impact of emotional arousal and interactional synchrony that creates the synergy of this tandem increasing group productivity; (b) the empirical results of 10 online experiments with 41 dyads. These online experiments in different languages found a 54% increase in group productivity (41% above chance, the p-value < 0.001). The research question of the study is to understand why individuals look for synchrony. A highlight of the article is the hypothesis about the emergence of coherence of emotional arousal and interactional synchrony, the outcome of which enhances group performance. This Model of Coherent Intelligence is supported by laws of Physics and arguments of Social Sciences which are strictly based on experimental data in the modern literature. The study proposes directions for improving e-learning, using Coherent Intelligence.

Many people share the philosophical intuition that subjectivity underpins all conscious experiences. Based on this, people think their phenomenally conscious mental states have a distinctive subjective character, reflective of their respective points of view. In recent years, this intuition has found a stronghold in what Billon and Kriegel (2015) call subjectivity theories of consciousness. What all such theories share in common is their commitment to the Subjectivity Principle (SP), according to which a mental state M exhibits phenomenal consciousness only if M exhibits subjectivity (Billon & Kriegel, 2015). It follows, there is a necessary and constitutive connection between phenomenal consciousness and subjectivity. Moreover, SP takes self-awareness to be essential to having conscious experiences, whereby it is not only the case that the phenomenally conscious mental state belongs to the subject, but, more importantly, the mental state is experienced as belonging to the subject (Letheby, 2020). As such, SP provides the conceptual framework that underpins subjectivity theories of consciousness. If SP is taken to be true, then, it follows, it should be impossible to have a phenomenally conscious mental state that lacks subjectivity (Metzinger & Milliére, 2020). Nevertheless, over the past years, a number of empirical cases have surfaced, which seemingly point to the occurrence of phenomenal consciousness without subjectivity. These include cases of patients suffering from schizophrenic thought insertion, depersonalization, and somatoparaphrenia as well as people in psychedelic states, dreamless sleep, and meditation. Such events seem to pose a threat to subjectivity theories, for people that are in such alien and altered states deny that certain actions, mental states, or body parts belong to themselves (Gennaro, 2015). In other words, although the patients seem to have phenomenally conscious mental states, these states lack a subjective character, or mineness. My intention is to take a closer look at such cases in the hopes of uncovering whether they pose a real threat to subjectivity theory. Accordingly, I intend to develop a response to the question, "Is it possible for there to be phenomenal consciousness without subjectivity?" Personally, I don't think it is possible for a person to have a phenomenally conscious mental state that lacks a subjective character, for I think subjectivity is an integral and, therefore, a necessary feature of phenomenal consciousness. A number of philosophers and scientists have led a similar inquiry. In an effort to ground my position, I will refer to a range of responses that have been developed by some of these philosophers and scientists, including Billon, Kriegel, and Sebastián-all of whom make a serious effort to accommodate these cases while still defending a form of SP. As such, my aim is to show how and why these cases do not pose a real threat to subjectivity theories.

Advanced functional neuroimaging approaches dealing with motor imagery have disclosed covert cognitive processes in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). However, motor impairment and cognitive-motor dissociation can bias such approaches. Fourteen patients with post-traumatic DoC and ten healthy controls (HC) were provided with three motor tasks related to mirror neuron system (MNS) activation (movement observation, movement execution, and passive motor imagery of a movement) while recording electroencephalographic (EEG) metrics [EEG power and Granger Casualty Index (GCI)] to detect residual signs of conscious awareness. The most relevant finding was that all HCs, all patients with Minimally Conscious State and one with Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome demonstrated an event-related synchronization in the gamma range over left frontal regions, with high GCI values, in the passive motor imagery condition. These data significantly correlated with the level of behavioral resp...

The way people interact can be examined by looking at the way they move relative to each other. Seeking the principles behind those interactions have consequences potentially related to any type of interpersonal function, far beyond the so-called &quot;motor&quot; processes typically associated with the study of movements, be it perceptive, cognitive, affective, pragmatic, or epistemic. Here, we present the way the framework of coordination dynamics define and addresses the interactive actions in a dyad. We first introduce the basics of pattern formation as the roots of the theoretical approach of coordination dynamics, and then the way this framework may contribute to establish a solution to classify behaviors. Thereafter we review promising empirical results on the dynamics of interpersonal coordination, and finally discuss were to go next to decipher the way the coordination between two people and the way each individual contribute may be disentangled.

EEG Hyperscanning is a method for studying two or more individuals simultaneously with the objective of elucidating how co-variations in their neural activity (i.e., hyperconnectivity) are influenced by their behavioral and social interactions. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of different hyper-connectivity measures using (i) simulated data, where the degree of coupling could be systematically manipulated, and (ii) individually recorded human EEG combined into pseudo-pairs of participants where no hyper-connections could exist. With simulated data we found that each of the most widely used measures of hyperconnectivity were biased and detected hyper-connections where none existed. With pseudo-pairs of human data we found spurious hyper-connections that arose because there were genuine similarities between the EEG recorded from different people independently but under the same experimental conditions. Specifically, there were systematic differences between experi...

Common coding is a functional principle that underlies the mirror neuron paradigm. It insures actual parity between perception and action, since the perceived and performed actions are equivalently and simultaneously represented within the mirror neuron system. Based on the parity of this representation we show how the mirror neuron system may facilitate the interaction between two robots. Synchronization between neuron groups in different structures of the mirror neuron system are on the basis of the interaction behavior. The robotic simulation is used to illustrate several interactions. The resulting synchronization and turn taking behaviors show the potential of the mirror neuron paradigm for designing of socially meaningful behaviors.

One approach to assess neural networks underlying the cognitive processes is to study Electroencephalography (EEG). It is relevant to detect various mental states and characterize the physiological changes that help to discriminate two situations. That is why an EEG (amplitude, synchrony) classification procedure is described, validated. The two situations are "eyes closed" and "eyes opened" in order to study the "alpha blocking response" phenomenon in the occipital area. The good classification rate between the two situations is 92.1 % (SD = 3.5%) The spatial distribution of a part of amplitude features that helps to discriminate the two situations are located in the occipital regions that permit to validate the localization method. Moreover amplitude features in frontal areas, "short distant" synchrony in frontal areas and "long distant" synchrony between frontal and occipital area also help to discriminate between the two situations. This procedure will be used for mental fatigue detection.

Inspired by studies of interpersonal coordinations, we assumed that unintentional synchrony is a fundamental parameter to initiate and maintain Human Machine interactions. We developed a neural model allowing a robot to synchronize its behavior depending on human movement frequency, and thus to choose this partner on the basis of synchrony detection between its own learned dynamic and the visual stimuli induced by the human. To confirm or deny our assumptions we presented here a psychological study to measure unintentional synchronization during Unidirectional and Bidirectional Human Robot Interaction using our previously proposed model for initiating the interaction and focusing the robot attention on a selected partner. The experimental results demonstrated that bidirectional intuitive interaction leading to possible unintentional synchronization is primordial to obtain natural human robot interactions using minimal cognitive load (unintentional behavior).

With technology and artificial intelligence advancements, the notion of professional service robots has emerged. Consequently, robots must share their physical and social space with human beings. How can robots select a partner among many interactants and how can they focus their attention on regions of interest? As psychologists consider synchrony as an important parameter for social interaction, we hypothesize that in the case of social interaction, people focus their attention on regions of interest where the visual stimuli are synchronized with their inner dynamics. Then, we assume that a mechanism able to detect synchrony between internal dynamics of a robot and external visual stimuli (optical flow) can be used as a starting point for human robot interaction. This kind of mechanism can also be involved in more complex tasks of interaction such as partner selection. Inspired by human psychological and neurobiological data, we propose a synchrony-based neural network architecture capable of selecting the robot partner and of locating focus of attention.

As psychologists considered synchrony as an important parameter for social interaction, we hypothesize that in the case of social interaction, people focus their attention on regions of interest where the visual stimuli are synchronized with their inner dynamics. Then, we assume that a mechanism able to detect synchrony between internal dynamics of a robot and external visual stimuli can be used as a starting point for human robot interaction. Inspired by human psychological and neurobiological data, we propose a synchrony based neural network architecture capable of selecting the robot interaction partner and of locating Focus of Attention.

Synchronous oscillations have become a widespread hypothetical ''mechanism'' to explain how brain dynamics give rise to neural functions. By focusing on synchrony one leaves the phase relations during moments of desynchronous oscillations either without a clear functional role or with a secondary role such as a transition between functionally ''relevant'' synchronized states. In this work, rather than studying synchrony we focus on desynchronous oscillations and investigate their functional roles in the context of a sensorimotor coordination task. In particular, we address the questions: a) how does the informational content of the sensorimotor activity present in a complete dynamical description of phase relations change as such a description is reduced to the dynamics of synchronous oscillations? and b) to what extent are desynchronous oscillations as causally relevant as synchronous ones to the generation of functional sensorimotor coordination? These questions are addressed with a model of a simulated agent performing a functional sensorimotor coordination task controlled by an oscillatory network. The results suggest that: i) desynchronized phase relations carry as much information about sensorimotor activity as synchronized phase relations; and ii) phase relations between oscillators with near-zero frequency difference carry a relatively higher causal relevance than the rest of the phase relations to the sensorimotor coordination; however, overall a privileged functional causal contribution can not be attributed to either synchronous or desynchronous oscillations.

The ability to investigate neural activity during infancy whilst partaking in social (and non-social) engagement with a caregiver in a naturalistic interaction is a key issue for advancing the developmental sciences. Understanding the neural basis of social interactions will allow us to explore how exposure to atypical parent-infant interactions, which serve as a model for socio-emotional development during infancy, can alter neural development. The current research aimed to observe the oscillatory activity of 6-monthold infants during spontaneous free-play interactions with their mother. A 5-minute unconstrained free-play session was recorded between infant-mother dyads with EEG recordings acquired from the 6-month-old infants (n=64). During the recording, social interactions and non-social behaviours were observed, with EEG assessed with these epochs. Results showed broad increases in oscillatory activity both when an infant played independently or interacted with their mother. As hypothesised, as frequency bands approached alpha and theta, oscillatory power statistically increased. In the present 6month-old cohort, no hemispheric differences were observed. Instead, differences appeared between electrode regions: frontal and parietal regions bihemispherically displayed similar estimates, which were larger than those observed centrally, whilst temporal estimates were larger and discrete from all other regions. The interactions observed between the behavioural events and frequency bands demonstrated a significant reduction in power comparative to the power observed in the gamma band during the baseline event. The interactions between the frequency bands and electrode locations uncover an increase in power comparative to that seen in the gamma band in the leftcentral region. The present research sought to explore the obstacle of artificial play paradigms for neuroscience research, whereby researchers question how much these paradigms relate to reality outside the lab. The present work highlights the strengths and limitations of taking an unconstrained free-play approach.

Humans naturally synchronize their behavior with other people. However, although it happens almost automatically, adjusting behavior and conformity to others is a complex phenomenon whose neural mechanisms are still yet to be understood entirely. The present experiment aimed to study the oscillatory synchronization mechanisms underlying automatic dyadic convergence in an EEG hyperscanning experiment. Thirty-six people performed a cooperative decision-making task where dyads had to guess the correct position of a point on a line. A reinforcement learning algorithm was used to model different aspects of the participants' behavior and their expectations of their peers. Intra-and inter-connectivity among electrode sites were assessed using inter-site phase clustering (ISPC) in three main frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta) using a two-level Bayesian mixed-effects modeling approach. The results showed two oscillatory synchronization dynamics related to attention and executive functions in alpha and reinforcement learning in theta. In addition, inter-brain synchrony was mainly driven by beta oscillations. This study contributes preliminary evidence on the phase-coherence mechanism underlying inter-personal behavioral adjustment.

In diesem Beitrag soll dargestellt werden, dass zahlreich insbesondere stilistische Problemfälle im chinesisch-deutschen Übersetzungkonstext nicht adäquat erfasst werden können, solange sehr grundsätzliche sprachphilosophische Faktoren vernachlässigt werden. Es scheint daher geboten, den Blickwinkel etwas zu erweitern und übersetzerische Fragestellungen in einen größeren kulturhistorischen und-vergleichenden Kontext einzubetten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte hierzu einen Beitrag leisten und translationswissenschaftliche Probleme an den kulturvergleichenden Diskurs anschließen. Insbesondere soll gezeigt werden, wie unterschiedliche geistesgeschichtliche Traditionen die Gestaltung von Texten auf eine Art prägen, die mit Hilfe der verbreiteten Kriterien von Übersetzungsqualität nur unzureichend erfasst werden kann. Die zu diesem Zwecke eingeführte Unterscheidung zwischen dem Komitativen und Repräsentationalen Paradigma soll dazu dienen, häufig anzutreffende Übersetzungsprobleme in einen metasprachlichen Kontext zu stellen und gleichzeitig ein allgemeineres Begriffsinstrument zur Erfassung kultureller Differenzen bereitstellen.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag soll dargestellt werden, dass zahlreich insbesondere stilistische Problemfälle im chinesisch-deutschen Übersetzungkonstext nicht adäquat erfasst werden können, solange sehr grundsätzliche sprachphilosophische Faktoren vernachlässigt werden. Es scheint daher geboten, den Blickwinkel etwas zu erweitern und übersetzerische Fragestellungen in einen größeren kulturhistorischen und -vergleichenden Kontext einzubetten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte hierzu einen Beitrag leisten und translationswissenschaftliche Probleme an den kulturvergleichenden Diskurs anschließen. Insbesondere soll gezeigt werden, wie unterschiedliche geistesgeschichtliche Traditionen die Gestaltung von Texten auf eine Art prägen, die mit Hilfe der verbreiteten Kriterien von Übersetzungsqualität nur unzureichend erfasst werden kann. Die zu diesem Zwecke eingeführte Unterscheidung zwischen dem Komitativen und Repräsentationalen Paradigma soll dazu dienen, häufig anzutreffende Übers...

Intersubject electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence of 11 couples was measured during an individual and joint practice of a guided mindful breathing exercise. Additionally, the relationship of personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion with intersubject coherence was examined. There were four male-male pairs, five female-female pairs, and two male-female pairs. The age of the participants ranged between 18 and 28 (M = 22.3, SD = 2.9). During the counterbalanced joint and individual conditions, the same mindfulness listening tape (3 min) was played, while during the individual task, a screen was placed between the two participants. Results showed an increase in intersubject coherence during joint practice compared to individual practice in frontal (F8) and temporal (T5 and T6) electrodes in the alpha band. With respect to personality characteristics, higher agreeableness of a dyad was associated with an increase in intersubject coherence in in temporal (T6) theta band. The increase in intersubject coherence in the theta band in high agreeableness subjects during joint practice might be associated with theory of mind activation. This study provides new insights concerning brain coherence in healthy people during joint mindful breathing, including the association with personality characteristics.

Collective memory implies the social and psychological production of meaningful acts of memory, a special kind of truth claim about a controversial past. Memory acts are thus conceptualized as ideological positioning movements toward others, which is impossible to account for from individual cognition. What kind of psychological processes, if any, would be involved in collective memory? A threefold model is sketched to account for a whole act of memory. One analytical component is the generation of a knowledge structure about the past object. A second component is the construction of an attitude toward the theme. The third is the understanding of the ideological dimension within which the knowledge structure and the attitude under production are contextualized. An information storage-and-retrieval mechanism is not needed in this theoretical account. It is suggested that psychology of memory may contribute to accounting for these three micro-genetic levels as integrated into meaningful memory acts.

She was guest editor for the edition of Philosophical Papers titled "Rape and Its Meaning/s" in 2009. She has published on sexual violence, sexual difference, feminist legal philosophy, African feminisms, phenomenology, religion, human rights, and cultural claims. She serves on several editorial boards. Quote: "Experiences of sexual violation seriously undermine one's ability to make and shape oneself sexually, mostly with long-term effects, and this is the kernel of their harm." *** Drawing on a wealth of feminist, activist, and more broadly philosophical literature from the past forty years, Linda Martín Alcoff in this important and timely work squarely faces the full complexity of the phenomenon of sexual violence. Responding to #MeToo and the many resonances this movement has found across the globe, Alcoff intervenes at a crucial moment to alert her readers to the multiple risks and dangers (as well as potential gains) that accompany the greater visibility and audibility of victims, or rather, those whom she suggests might be better designated as "survivors of sexual victimisation" (172). Thus, a key question she puts on the table is how to "make survivor speech as politically effective as possible," for the sake of which attention must be paid to "the conditions and context of its reception, interpretation and uptake" (11). This question follows now that we seem to have reached the "unquestionably significant" historical moment when "the enforced silence around [the] topic has receded" (23). This is also the same time that feminist activists and others have come to more fully realize that the "mere" visibility and audibility of survivors, and breaking of the silence, even in great and growing numbers, may not be sufficient to effect the social transformation needed to end the pervasiveness of the phenomenon. Not only may it not be enough, though: Alcoff provides multiple examples of how this greater visibility in fact gets appropriated for a wide range of social and political agendas that work actively against women's greater sexual (and thus social and political) freedom. Thus, the emotions predictably released by the greater acknowledgment of sexual violence get harnessed for projects ranging from intensified male or institutional control over women's sexed bodies to imperialist warfare; anti-immigration policies; racist policing; homophobic, Islamophobic, and xenophobic measures; growing nationalist and masculinist rhetoric; and more. Shifting attention to how survivor speech and appearance are presented, framed, received, and interpreted, Alcoff opens up the range of practical and strategic problems faced by survivors who must decide whether, when, to whom, where, and how to speak about their traumatic experiences. These urgent matters are underpinned by complex philosophical issues related to questions about the nature of human experience, especially traumatic experience,

The aim of this review is to highlight the idea of grounding social cognition in sensorimotor interactions shared across agents. We discuss an action-oriented account that emerges from a broader interpretation of the concept of sensorimotor contingencies. We suggest that dynamic informational and sensorimotor coupling across agents can mediate the deployment of action-effect contingencies in social contexts. We propose this concept of socializing sensorimotor contingencies (socSMCs) as a shared framework of analysis for processes within and across brains and bodies, and their physical and social environments. In doing so, we integrate insights from different fields, including neuroscience, psychology, and research on human-robot interaction. We review studies on dynamic embodied interaction and highlight empirical findings that suggest an important role of sensorimotor and informational entrainment in social contexts. Furthermore, we discuss links to closely related concepts, such as enactivism, models of coordination dynamics and others, and clarify differences to approaches that focus on mentalizing and high-level cognitive representations. Moreover, we consider conceptual implications of rethinking cognition as social sensorimotor coupling. The insight that social cognitive phenomena like joint attention, mutual trust or empathy rely heavily on the informational and sensorimotor coupling between agents may provide novel remedies for people with disturbed social cognition and for situations of disturbed social interaction. Furthermore, our proposal has potential applications in the field of human-robot interaction where socSMCs principles might lead to more natural and intuitive interfaces for human users.

Abstract. Evolution of the human sclera: A social hypothesis. This paper argues that the function of the human eye is not only to see, but also to “be seen”. This is so inasmuch the human sclera remains white, making possible for others to perceive the orientation of the eyes and the gaze direction. Hence, the sclera has a social function. The argument is grounded in comparative, ontogenetic and theoretical considerations, which aim to establish the coevolution of a reliable and honest signal system related to the human eye’s morphology. We conclude vindicating such an integrated approach when addressing the question of human specificities. Key words. Sclera, coevolution, gaze, visual contact, human eye, vision, signal system, human specificities.

Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag soll dargestellt werden, dass zahlreich insbesondere stilistische Problemfälle im chinesisch-deutschen Übersetzungkonstext nicht adäquat erfasst werden können, solange sehr grundsätzliche sprachphilosophische Faktoren vernachlässigt werden. Es scheint daher geboten, den Blickwinkel etwas zu erweitern und übersetzerische Fragestellungen in einen größeren kulturhistorischen und -vergleichenden Kontext einzubetten. Die vorliegende Untersuchung möchte hierzu einen Beitrag leisten und translationswissenschaftliche Probleme an den kulturvergleichenden Diskurs anschließen. Insbesondere soll gezeigt werden, wie unterschiedliche geistesgeschichtliche Traditionen die Gestaltung von Texten auf eine Art prägen, die mit Hilfe der verbreiteten Kriterien von Übersetzungsqualität nur unzureichend erfasst werden kann. Die zu diesem Zwecke eingeführte Unterscheidung zwischen dem Komitativen und Repräsentationalen Paradigma soll dazu dienen, häufig anzutreffende Übers...

En Neuromarketing and cognitive psychology perspectives underlined the present research which investigated the choice and preference of consumers, by using behavioural, psychophysiological and neuropsychological measures. In particular, research found that cognitive and affective advertising elicited activity in different cortical brain areas and it was shown that the deliberative and intuitive systems were both involved in decision-making. In the present research we analyzed if the consumer and luxury goods associated with emotional stimuli (neutral, negative or positive) showed in supraliminal or subliminal condition produced variations in response time, subjective preference, autonomic measures (electrodermal activity, puls, and blood volume pressure) and ERP indexes. Emotive stimuli(high arousal with positive/negative valence) were extracted from the IAPS database. Results revealed that the SCL (skin conductance) was significantly higher for the emotive (positive and negative) s...

Se presenta una revisión sobre las creencias en lo paranormal de una muestra de estudiantes de psicología (n = 360) pertenecientes a diversas universidades Estatales y Privadas (tradicionales y no tradicionales). La psicología durante décadas ha luchado por el reconocimiento de su estatuto científico, lo que en principio se opondría a la creencia en la magia y otras formas de superstición, así como un firme compromiso con la evidencia empírica y la racionalidad argumentativa. Este estudio revela cómo una proporción importante de los estudiantes mantiene creencias supersticiosas o tiene dudas sobre la ocurrencia de dichos fenómenos. El estudio de estas creencias es de suma relevancia pues podría llegar a tener efectos sobre las prácticas clínicas y la calidad de las prestaciones que reciben las personas.

La Justificación-validación de la religión y espiritualidad cristiana desde el funcionamiento cerebral", aborda, primeramente, el problema de la creencia religiosa, que se activa en el cerebro triuno humano, es decir el cerebro reptil-sensorial, el emotivo y el cognitivo. La creencia religiosa no es acerebral, sino que está registrada en el área frontal de la corteza cerebral, la misma área que se ocupa del conocimiento abstracto y de las operaciones superiores; además está atravesada de una intensa actividad de la memoria-emoción. En segunda instancia se hará la justificación epistémica de las formas religiosas, sobre todo la cristiana, y se descubrirá que algunas expresiones religiosas no se justifican, en cuanto que no insertan alguna dimensiones necesarias para la validación; esas dimensiones son exterior/sensorial, la interior/emotiva y la trascendentes cognitiva. Las intercesiones entre, el mundo externo presentado por los sentidos, el sistema límbico que aporta emoción y vitalidad y, por fin, la dimensión cognitiva, hacen de la religión un acto cerebral que reclama trascendencia ; en cambio una creencia religiosa cristiana rigurosamente justificada, a través del concepto "experiencia religiosa" interseca las tres dimensiones anotadas.

The aim of this review is to highlight the idea of grounding social cognition in sensorimotor interactions shared across agents. We discuss an action-oriented account that emerges from a broader interpretation of the concept of sensorimotor contingencies. We suggest that dynamic informational and sensorimotor coupling across agents can mediate the deployment of action-effect contingencies in social contexts. We propose this concept of socializing sensorimotor contingencies (socSMCs) as a shared framework of analysis for processes within and across brains and bodies, and their physical and social environments. In doing so, we integrate insights from different fields, including neuroscience, psychology, and research on human–robot interaction. We review studies on dynamic embodied interaction and highlight empirical findings that suggest an important role of sensorimotor and informational entrainment in social contexts. Furthermore, we discuss links to closely related concepts, such a...

Although the focus of the discussion regarding the significance of the error related negatively (ERN/Ne) has been on the cognitive factors reflected in this component, there is now a growing body of research that describes influences of motivation, affective style and other factors of personality on ERN/Ne amplitude. The present study was conducted to further evaluate the relationship between affective style, error related ERP components and their neural basis. Therefore, we had our subjects fill out the Behavioral Activation System/ Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS/BAS) scales, which are based on Gray's (1987, 1989) biopsychological theory of personality. We found that subjects scoring high on the BIS scale displayed larger ERN/Ne amplitudes, while subjects scoring high on the BAS scale displayed larger error positivity (Pe) amplitudes. No correlations were found between BIS and Pe amplitude or between BAS and ERN/Ne amplitude. Results are discussed in terms of individual differences in reward and punishment sensitivity that are reflected in error related ERP components.

It is recognized that lower electroencephalographic (EEG) frequencies correspond to distributed brain activity over larger spatial regions than higher frequencies and are associated with coordination. In motor processes it has been suggested that this is not always the case. Our objective was to explore this contradiction. In our study, seven healthy subjects performed four motor tasks (execution and imagery of right hand and foot) under EEG recording. Two cortical source models were defined, model (A) with 16 regions of interest (ROIs) and model (B) with 20 ROIs over the sensorimotor cortex. Functional connectivity was calculated by Directed Transfer Function for alpha and beta rhythm networks. Four graph properties were calculated for each network: characteristic path length (CPL), clustering coefficient (CC), density (D) and small-world-ness (SW). Different network modules and in-degrees of nodes were also calculated and depicted in connectivity maps. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance of observed differences in the network properties between tasks, between rhythms and between ROI models. Consistently on both models, CPL and CC were lower and D was higher in beta rhythm networks. No statistically significant difference was observed for SW between rhythms or for any property between tasks on any model. Comparing the models we observed lower CPL for both rhythms, lower CC in alpha and higher CC in beta when the number of ROIs increased. Also, denser networks with higher SW were correlated with higher number of ROIs. We propose a non-exclusive model where alpha rhythm uses greater wiring costs to engage in local information progression while beta rhythm coordinates the neurophysiological processes in sensorimotor tasks. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neurofeedback.

A rich repertoire of oscillatory signals is detected from human brains with electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG). However, the principles underwriting coherent oscillations and their link with neural activity remain under debate. Here, we revisit the mechanistic hypothesis that transient brain rhythms are a signature of metastable synchronization, occurring at reduced collective frequencies due to delays between brain areas. We consider a system of damped oscillators in the presence of background noise – approximating the short-lived gamma-frequency oscillations generated within neuronal circuits – coupled according to the diffusion weighted tractography between brain areas. Varying the global coupling strength and conduction speed, we identify a critical regime where spatially and spectrally resolved metastable oscillatory modes (MOMs) emerge at sub-gamma frequencies, approximating the MEG power spectra from 89 healthy individuals at rest. Further, we demonstrate that the ...

A rich repertoire of oscillatory signals is detected from human brains with electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG). However, the principles underwriting coherent oscillations and their link with neural activity remain under debate. Here, we revisit the mechanistic hypothesis that transient brain rhythms are a signature of metastable synchronization, occurring at reduced collective frequencies due to delays between brain areas. We consider a system of damped oscillators – approximating the short-lived gamma-frequency oscillations generated within neuronal circuits – coupled according to the diffusion weighted tractography between brain areas. Varying only the global coupling strength and conduction speed, we identify a critical regime where spatially and spectrally resolved metastable oscillatory modes (MOMs) emerge at sub-gamma frequencies, approximating the MEG power spectra from 89 healthy individuals at rest. Further, we demonstrate that the frequency, duration, and scale ...