This chapter reviews instructional methods (techniques, strategies, and tactics) in the literature used to promote positive affective states resulting in the acquisition of “robust” knowledge and skill development; mitigate negative...
moreThis chapter reviews instructional methods (techniques, strategies, and tactics) in the literature used to promote positive affective states resulting in the acquisition of “robust” knowledge and skill development; mitigate negative affective states, which inhibit learning; enhance and maintain learner engagement to maximize opportunities for learning; and support the development of learner perseverance or grit. For purposes of our discussion, an instructional technique is a domain-independent and largely learner-independent method used in either human- or computer-based tutoring. In other words, the technique is implemented within an ITS as a method that has been shown to have positive effect on learning across training and educational domains, and across a variety of learners and learner states and traits. Instructional techniques are best practices developed over time and include, but are not limited to error-sensitive feedback, mastery learning, adaptive spacing and repetition, ...