Aerobic Reactor

Background: This study aimed to explore the feasibility of producing compost fertilizer through co-composting solid waste materials and dewatered sludge from the domestic wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) at Gole-Gohar Mining and Industrial Company, employing the windrow method with various treatments. Methods: In this experimental study, three windrow piles were established, each with a volume of 0.3 m 3 and weight ratios of 1:2 (food waste:dewatered sludge) and 1:4 (garden waste:dewatered sludge), along with a control group without sewage sludge (SS) modification. The parameters influencing the compost production process, including temperature, moisture content, volatile solids, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon, organic matter, C/N ratio, heavy metals, density, alkalinity, phosphorus content, microbial load, cations and anions were examined. Results: The results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals and pH levels in all three compost piles fell within acceptable ranges. EC values fluctuated between 2 and 6 mS/cm across all piles. The C/N ratio decreased, with the pile containing sewage treatment plant sludge and food waste achieving the optimal range of 15-25. The germination index (GI) for lettuce, cress, and mung bean seeds was higher than the standard in all three piles. The produced compost was classified as Class A in terms of microbial load. Conclusion: Overall, the physicochemical parameters of the produced composts met standard limits. According to the results, compost-containing food waste emerged as the most suitable for agricultural use.

One of the wastes associated with leather production in tannery industries is the hair residue generated during the dehairing process. Hair wastes are mainly dumped or managed through composting but recent studies propose the treatment of hair wastes through solid state fermentation (SSF) to obtain proteases and compost. These enzymes are suitable for its use in an enzymatic dehairing process, as an alternative to the current chemical dehairing process. In the present work, two different scenarios for the valorization of the hair waste are proposed and assessed by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): composting and SSF for protease production. Detailed data on hair waste composting and on SSF protease production is gathered from previous studies performed by our research group and from a literature survey. Background inventory data is mainly based on Ecoinvent version 3 from software SimaPro® 8. The main aim of this study was to identify which process results in the highest environmental impact. The SSF process was found to have lower environmental impacts than composting, due to the fact that the enzyme use in the dehairing process prevents the use of chemicals traditionally used in the dehairing process. This permits to reformulate an industrial process from the classical approach of waste management to a novel alternative based on circular economy.

Background: Backward walking also known as ‘Retro’ walking has shown to have many health benefits. Backward walking is found to be beneficial in improving the body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness than forward walking on treadmill. Walking on a level surface requires no sophisticated equipment’s and can be done according to subject’s convenience. However no study till date was found comparing forward walking versus backward walking on level surface in pre obese individuals. Hence the objectives of the study were to assess and compare the effects of forward walking and backward walking on level surface on BMI, waist to hip ratio (WHR) & percent body fat in pre obese individuals Methodology : 30 pre obese subjects with BMI 25.029.9 between 2040 years of age were selected . All the outcome measures (body weight, BMI, WHR % Body fat) were measured on the first day. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A walked forwards while group B walked backwards on a 30 metre...

Environmental Engineering Cell, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103, West Bengal, India E-mail: cbiswabandhu@yahoo.com Manuscript received online 01 February 2019, accepted 14 March 2019 Due to the inert nature of cellulose, decomposition of cellulose present in food processing industry wastewater and digestate generating from organic solid waste treatment units is a key aspect in abetting global industrial pollution. The present study describes the performance of an aerobic bioreactor treating cellulose bearing synthetic wastewater. Complete acclimation with cellulose bearing synthetic wastewater was achieved within 10–12 weeks of initiating the acclimation batch runs. Maximum removal of the introduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) was recorded to be 70.4% mid-way through the acclimation phase. An average COD removal percentage in between 64% and 67% was noticed at the end of the acclimation phase. Inhibition ...

The stability of twenty-seven composts and organic substrates (including raw, less stable and stable materials) was assessed using two different liquid phase tests. One of the tests was introduced in 1998 and was based on the calculation of a Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR). The newly introduced liquid phase test presented here is simpler to setup and to perform than the older liquid phase test and is more representative of the composting process due to its longer experimental duration. It is based on the quantification of oxygen consumption in the headspace of a BOD bottle that contains the liquid-solid solution. The results indicate that a marginal correlation does exist between the main indices calculated from both tests. The correlation was slightly stronger for the indices calculated from the raw materials than from the processed ones. The correlation calculated from the processed substrates was statistically insignificant. The SOUR ranged from 1520 to 3650 mg O 2 /kg VS-h for the raw materials and from 110 to 1150 mg O 2 /kg VS-h for the processed materials, respectively. The corresponding stability rate related index (LSRI 24) of the new liquid phase test introduced here ranged from 240 to 1180 mg O 2 /dry kg-h for the raw materials and from 64 to 792 mg O 2 /dry kg-h for the processed ones.

The stability of twenty-seven composts and organic substrates (including raw, less stable and stable materials) was assessed using two different liquid phase tests. One of the tests was introduced in 1998 and was based on the calculation of a Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR). The newly introduced liquid phase test presented here is simpler to setup and to perform than the older liquid phase test and is more representative of the composting process due to its longer experimental duration. It is based on the quantification of oxygen consumption in the headspace of a BOD bottle that contains the liquid-solid solution. The results indicate that a marginal correlation does exist between the main indices calculated from both tests. The correlation was slightly stronger for the indices calculated from the raw materials than from the processed ones. The correlation calculated from the processed substrates was statistically insignificant. The SOUR ranged from 1520 to 3650 mg O 2 /kg VS-h for the raw materials and from 110 to 1150 mg O 2 /kg VS-h for the processed materials, respectively. The corresponding stability rate related index (LSRI 24) of the new liquid phase test introduced here ranged from 240 to 1180 mg O 2 /dry kg-h for the raw materials and from 64 to 792 mg O 2 /dry kg-h for the processed ones.

One of the wastes associated with leather production in tannery industries is the hair residue generated during the dehairing process. Hair wastes are mainly dumped or managed through composting but recent studies propose the treatment of hair wastes through solid state fermentation (SSF) to obtain proteases and compost. These enzymes are suitable for its use in an enzymatic dehairing process, as an alternative to the current chemical dehairing process. In the present work, two different scenarios for the valorization of the hair waste are proposed and assessed by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): composting and SSF for protease production. Detailed data on hair waste composting and on SSF protease production is gathered from previous studies performed by our research group and from a literature survey. Background inventory data is mainly based on Ecoinvent version 3 from software SimaPro® 8. The main aim of this study was to identify which process results in the highest environmental impact. The SSF process was found to have lower environmental impacts than composting, due to the fact that the enzyme use in the dehairing process prevents the use of chemicals traditionally used in the dehairing process. This permits to reformulate an industrial process from the classical approach of waste management to a novel alternative based on circular economy.

Composting is a biological solid waste treatment technology with potential use in the management of organic solid wastes generated within advanced life support (ALS) systems, such as planetary bases with extensive plant production. Composting can serve to decrease mass, volume and water content, as well as stabilize and sanitize waste materials. Composting may also serve as a pre-treatment system prior to aqueous extraction (for nutrient recovery) or incineration. Additionally, the compost produced may serve as a nutrient-rich plant growth substrate. Each of these treatment objectives exerts different compost quality requirements. It is necessary to accurately determine the processing time required for the specified treatment objectives prior to system design and analysis. For example, waste stabilization will require less processing time than production of composts suitable for plant growth.

A maioria dos modelos hidrodinâmicos para reatores de leito fluidizado por jatos de ar utiliza um coeficiente global de perda de carga, sem levar em conta os efeitos do intercâmbio de energia entre as fases líquida e gasosa. Essa abordagem dificulta a generalização dos resultados experimentais e abriga inconsistências que podem levar a valores absurdos de perda de carga, conforme é demonstrado por este trabalho, que se vale de levantamentos experimentais em modelos de reatores em escala de laboratório. Merchuck et al. (1995) propuseram um modelo matemático para descrever as perdas nas diversas regiões dos reatores, que leva em consideração o intercâmbio de energia entre as fases gasosa e líquida, proporcionando um avanço na modelagem dos reatores aeróbios de leito fluidizado com circulação. Apesar de mais realista, a aplicação do modelo de Merchuck aos dados obtidos neste trabalho em um reator de tubos concêntricos com 6 m de altura, diâmetro interno de 0,10 m e externo de 0,20 m, revelou que os resultados dependem fortemente da vazão de recirculação de gás para o tubo de subida. Portanto, a correta avaliação das perdas depende da medição precisa da vazão de ar no tubo de descida, uma variável de difícil determinação experimental. Conclui-se que, apesar do avanço representado pelos modelos que consideram as trocas de energia entre as fases, é desejável o desenvolvimento de equações mais gerais para a obtenção das perdas de carga, em função da geometria do reator e dinâmica do escoamento e sua validação com resultados experimentais.

Composting is one of the applied methods to organic waste disposal methods. In this study, some agricultural and industrial organic wastes of agricultural sector are composted, as different compositions, to see whether they are usable as agricultural aids. To this end, apple juice factory waste (AW), cigarette factory waste (TW), leather processing factory waste (LW), organic wastes, namely wheat stalk (WW) and corn stalk (CW) material are used as composted material. Indore method of composting process was adopted; seven different compositions prepared from the aforementioned organic wastes were prepared. Laboratory experiments were carried out in conditions according to a pattern of coincidence plot experiment that was carried out by three replications. Prepared at room temperature, the mixtures (20-25 °C) were left to decompose for six months. Compost mixtures were mixed carefully every 10 to 15 days. Finally after 6 months compost mixtures were found to be fully composted. Obtained 7 different composts, yield analysis were determined and the effects of these mixtures on soil when applied in certain proportions in previously unused pots and on oat plant (Avena sativa L.) which was cultivated were determined. Plants were allowed to grow for a period of 45 days and then they were harvested to determine their dry weight and N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn contents. Results of the statistical analysis in terms of variance analysis and Duncan test were obtained. According to the results; N, P, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn contents of seven different compost mixtures were found to be between 4.03 and 9.24 g kg-1 ;0.09 and 0.92 g kg-1 ;10.0 and 24.2 and g kg-1 ; 5.3 and 14.2 mg kg-1 ; 1.50 and 2.80 mg kg-1 ;6.20 and 12.3 mg kg-1 ; 19.7 and 27.2 mg kg-1 , respectively. Electrical conductivity of seven different compost mixtures was measured between 1,750 and 11,100 μmhos cm-1 ; pH was found to be between 6.85 and 8.32 and C/N was detected to be between 8.9 and 28.2. Compared to the control, all seven compost mixtures were found to increase plant yield and this increase was found to be between 6% and 45%. Based on the results, all compost mixtures, especially three compost mixtures (since they gave statistically significant difference), were found to increase soil fertility as well as plant yield being as useful in agriculture.

Biodegradation kinetics of 4-nitrophenol (4NP) was investigated in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor fed with the compound as the sole carbon source. The experimental results showed that complete 4NP removal can be easily achieved with acclimatized biomass, even if an inhibition kinetics is observed; furthermore, an improvement in the removal kinetics is obtained if the substrate concentration peak, reached in the reactor at the end of the filling time, is maintained to quite a low value. Both long feed phase and high biomass concentration are effective in reducing the substrate concentration peak and then improving the process efficiency. Kinetic test data are well correlated by the Haldane equation, with a saturation constant K s and an inhibition constant K I ; of 17.6 and 30.7 (mg l À1 4NP), respectively, whereas the maximum removal rate was in the range of 3.3-8.4 (mg 4NP mg VSS À1 d À1) depending on the substrate concentration peak reached in the reaction phase.

Environmental Engineering Cell, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103, West Bengal, India E-mail: cbiswabandhu@yahoo.com Manuscript received online 01 February 2019, accepted 14 March 2019 Due to the inert nature of cellulose, decomposition of cellulose present in food processing industry wastewater and digestate generating from organic solid waste treatment units is a key aspect in abetting global industrial pollution. The present study describes the performance of an aerobic bioreactor treating cellulose bearing synthetic wastewater. Complete acclimation with cellulose bearing synthetic wastewater was achieved within 10–12 weeks of initiating the acclimation batch runs. Maximum removal of the introduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) was recorded to be 70.4% mid-way through the acclimation phase. An average COD removal percentage in between 64% and 67% was noticed at the end of the acclimation phase. Inhibition ...

The effect of initial moisture content (MC) on the composting of poultry manure with wheat straw in terms of the temperature of the compost, its emission of carbon dioxide and ammonia, and the rate of conversion of organic matter were investigated. Three experiments were carried out in closed laboratory-scale reactors under adiabatic conditions. The initial MC of the mixture of poultry manure and wheat straw showed a significant effect on aerobic composting process. The results demonstrated that for composting poultry manure with wheat straw, relatively high MCs are better at achieving higher temperatures and retaining them for longer times. However, high MCs can lead to increased losses of ammonia, which need be controlled by the addition of suitable additives. The results of this study suggest that an initial MC of around 69% can be considered as being suitable for the efficient composting of poultry manure mixed with wheat straw.

To achieve successful composting, all the biological, chemical and physical characteristics need to be considered. The investigation of our study were based on various physicochemical properties, i.e., temperature, ammonia concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C/N ratio, organic matter (OM) content, moisture content, bacterial population, and seed germination index (GI), during the composting of poultry manure and sawdust for different aeration rates and reactor shapes. Three cylindrical-shaped and three rectangular-shaped pilot-scale 60-L composting reactors were used in this study, with aeration rates of low 0.3, mid 0.6, and high 0.9 L min −1 kg −1 DM(dry matter). All parameters were monitored over 21 days of composting. Results showed that the low aeration rate (0.3 L min −1 kg −1 DM) corresponded to a higher and longer thermophilic phase than did the high aeration rate (0.9 L min −1 kg −1 DM). Ammonia and carbon dioxide volatilization were directly related to the temperature profile of the substrate, with significant differences between the low and high aeration rates during weeks 2 and 3 of composting but no significant difference observed during week 1. At the end of our study, the final values of pH, EC, moisture content, C/N ratio, and organic matter in all compost reactors were lower than those at the start. The growth of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria were directly correlated with mesophilic and thermophilic condition of the compost. The final GI of the cylindrical reactor with an airflow rate of 0.3 L min −1 kg −1 DM was 82.3%, whereas the GIs of the other compost reactors were below 80%. In this study, compost of a cylindrical reactor with a low aeration rate (0.3 L min −1 kg −1 DM) was more stable and mature than the other reactors.

countries, including Morocco, due to recent irregular rainfall patterns, frequent droughts, and other environmental factors, consequently, water is becoming a precious resource. The reuse of wastewater is a menace to public health, the environment, and ecological stability. Therefore, wastewater treatment is an urgent necessity to protect water resources and reduce the water shortage problem, and it is a viable option for agriculture in developing countries. Moroccan urban areas

The stability of twenty seven composts and organic substrates (including raw, less stable and stable materials) was assessed using two different liquid phase tests were carried out. One of the tests was introduced in 1998 and was based on the calculation of a Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate (SOUR). The newly introduced liquid phase test presented here is simpler to set-up and to perform that the older liquid phase test. It is based on the quantification of oxygen consumption in the headspace of a BOD bottle that contains the liquid-solid solution. The results indicate that a marginal correlation does exist between the main indices calculated from both tests. The correlation was stronger for the indices calculated for stable-processed organics than for the raw (unprocessed materials). The SOUR ranged from 1520 to 3650mg O2/kg VS-h for the raw materials and from 110 to 1150 mg O2/kg VS-h for the processed materials, respectively. The corresponding stability rate related index (LSRI24) of ...

This study aimed to toxicity evaluate and compare the new co-composting process of pistachio dehulling waste combined with municipal sewage sludge (PW + SS) and date-palm straw combined with municipal sewage sludge (PS + SS). The process was evaluated over a 60-day period. During the process, physicochemical parameters (temperature, humidity, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), ash and organic carbon (OC)), microbial indicators (parasite eggs, salmonella, E. coli), heavy metals (copper, zinc, Iron, manganese, lead, cadmium, nickel), and germination index were measured. The results showed that in the PW + SS reactor the maximum temperature reached 59°C on the 32th day and in the PS + SS reactor reached 39°C on 18th day. The pH level in PW + SS reached a minimum of 3.2 on the 14th day and then increased and finally reached a maximum of 9.5. The pH level in PS + SS had an increasing trend and finally reached 7.1. Ash percentage had an increasing trend in P...

A home electrical composter has arisen as a popular tool to expedite the lengthy composting process. It has been conveniently selected as a compost producer in kitchen households and is especially favoured in urbanized settings. The generated composts from the electrical composter, however, are still found to be immature and would require additional curing. The quality of the compost can be improved by investigating the initial carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) of kitchen waste. It is, therefore, the aim of this paper to determine the optimum initial C/N ratio by preparing two primary samples: with and without soil. Samples of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, and 35:1 C/N ratios were fed into the electrical composter and allowed to cure for 4 weeks. The six main samples were further divided into sub-samples for replications. The phytotoxicity levels and maturity of the produced compost were assessed in terms of the germination index (GI), using a seed germination test. In addition, ...

The aim of this study was to develop process factors favourable for composting as an environmental-friendly and sustainable management for solid tannery hair waste. The experimental process conditions developed to sustain thermophilic microbial flora, responsible for degrading highly resistant organic materials, were: temperature 49°C, moisture 55% RH, pH 7 and a carbon to nitrogen ratio of 35:1. The biodegradation and structural modification of the substrate was assessed using scanning electron microscope. The results show that under these experimental conditions hair was highly degraded. The biodegradation was observed to be selective starting with the most vulnerable components, i.e. (1) cell membrane (2) endocuticle (3) medulla, and (4) the cytoplasmic material and fibrillar components of the cortex, with the cuticle being most resistant. The degradation mechanism was identified as both biochemical and mechanical. The gradual decrease in carbon and nitrogen ratio indicated progressive stabilisation of the compost.

A home electrical composter has arisen as a popular tool to expedite the lengthy composting process. It has been conveniently selected as a compost producer in kitchen households and is especially favoured in urbanized settings. The generated composts from the electrical composter, however, are still found to be immature and would require additional curing. The quality of the compost can be improved by investigating the initial carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) of kitchen waste. It is, therefore, the aim of this paper to determine the optimum initial C/N ratio by preparing two primary samples: with and without soil. Samples of 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1, 30:1, and 35:1 C/N ratios were fed into the electrical composter and allowed to cure for 4 weeks. The six main samples were further divided into sub-samples for replications. The phytotoxicity levels and maturity of the produced compost were assessed in terms of the germination index (GI), using a seed germination test. In addition, ...

Disposal and proper management of garden waste in urban and semi - urban areas of Sri Lanka have become a problem due to several constraints. Compost production by introducing common additives to garden waste will be an effective solution to overcome this problem. It ensures good quality compost and nutrient supply for the growth of the plants in home gardening. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of different additives on the quality of composts produced from garden leaf litter. By applying a mixing formula, five additives were mixed separately keeping a constant weight of dry leaf litter and the C:N ratio as 25:1 in the compost piles except for the control treatment; (i) dry leaf litter + Gliricidia leaves ( Gliricidia sepium ) - GLL, (ii) dry leaf litter + Siam weed ( Chromolaena odorata ) - SWL, (iii) dry leaf litter + cattle manure - CML, (iv) dry leaf litter + spent poultry layer litter/poultry manure - PLL, and (v) dry leaf litter + urea...

This study aimed to determine the effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market wastes. Suitable vegetable waste, waste paper and sawdust as bulking agent were mixed with the proportion 75:10:15. Temperature inside composting reactors was measured daily time to time. Total sample and volatile solids were determined before and after composting of waste mixture with both passive and forced aeration. Temperature increased to maximum 52 ºC for passive aeration and 54 ºC for forced aeration. The percentage reduction in total sample was found to be greater for forced aeration than passive aeration. The volatile solids decreased with time at the end of both processes. The extent of volatile solids degradation of waste mixture with time was determined through forced aeration for a series of composting process. Total sample and volatile solids were determined at 2, 3 or 4 days interval. The percentage reductions in total    sample and volatile solids were found to be varied f...

Environmental Engineering Cell, Civil Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711 103, West Bengal, India E-mail: cbiswabandhu@yahoo.com Manuscript received online 01 February 2019, accepted 14 March 2019 Due to the inert nature of cellulose, decomposition of cellulose present in food processing industry wastewater and digestate generating from organic solid waste treatment units is a key aspect in abetting global industrial pollution. The present study describes the performance of an aerobic bioreactor treating cellulose bearing synthetic wastewater. Complete acclimation with cellulose bearing synthetic wastewater was achieved within 10–12 weeks of initiating the acclimation batch runs. Maximum removal of the introduced chemical oxygen demand (COD) was recorded to be 70.4% mid-way through the acclimation phase. An average COD removal percentage in between 64% and 67% was noticed at the end of the acclimation phase. Inhibition ...

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of operating conditions on palm oil mill effluent (POME) using activated sludge treatment. The operating conditions examined are initial pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), organic loading rate (OLR), initial mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), solid retention time (SRT), and molasses concentration added as a carbon source. The efficiency of activated sludge was evaluated by treating the anaerobic treated POME under aerobic conditions based on the F/M ratio of 0.3 kg BOD/kg MLVSS.day. The best operating condition for initial pH, HRT, OLR, initial MLVSS, SRT, and molasses concentration were found to be 6.5 ± 0.1, 48 hours, 650 ± 20 mg/L, 2000 ± 200 mg/L, 10 days and 50 mg/L, respectively. However, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in POME ranging from 62-68% and 60-65% respectively for all best conditions. In fact, the removal of BOD still does not meet the Department of Environment (DOE)'s discharge standard limit of 20 mg/L. Therefore, further investigation and study of POME treatment need to be carried out in order to find a better solution to meet the DOE discharge standard. 10 liter activated sludge sample from Cargill Palm Products Sdn Bhd, Gebeng Industrial Estate, Kuantan, Pahang was acclimatized with anaerobic treated POME sample. F/M Ratio was fixed at 0.3 kg BOD/kg MLVSS.day [12].

There is an increasing interest in the application of natural antimicrobials instead of chemical ones to enhance the microbiological quality of dairy products. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of some natural antimicrobial additives and protective culture for reducing the usage of chemical preservatives, shelf-life extension, retarding microbial spoilage in low-salt soft cheese. The antimicrobial agents (protective culture, nisin, lysozyme, and natamycin) were studied on the activity of 28 isolates of spore-forming bacteria. Inhibitory effect of different natural antimicrobial additives as protective culture (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 40 mg kg -1), nisin (25 mg kg -1), lysozyme (100 mg kg -1), combination of nisin and lysozyme (25 mg kg -1/100 mg kg -1), and combination of protective culture and natamycin (40 mg kg -1/25 mg kg -1) were studied on the growth of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in low-salt soft cheese during the storage period (30 days) at 4±1°C. The ...

Exercise is one of the most powerful non pharmacological strategies, which is able to affect nearly all cells and organs in the body. Changes in the behavior of adult stem cells have been shown to occur in response to exercise training. The aim of this study is to reveal the role of aerobic and anaerobic training programs on CD 34+ stem cells and some physiological parameters .20 healthy male athletes aged (18-24 yrs) were recruited for this study. Healthy low active males and BMI matched participants (n=10) aged (20-22 yrs) were recruited as controls .Aerobic and anaerobic training programs for 12 weeks were used. Vo 2max , pulse rate estimation using strand Rhyming protocol. RBCs,WBCs,Hb and hematocrit were estimated using coulter counter, Lactate by accusport,CD 34+ stem cells by flow cytometer. Results revealed: VO 2 max was increased in case of aerobic training program compared to anaerobic one .Lactate concentration was decreased in case of aerobic training programs compared t...

The CD34+ antigen is a single chain trans membrane glycoprotein, expressed on human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, endothelial progenitor cells, vascular endothelial cells, embryonic fibroblasts and some cells in fetal and adult nervous tissue. The antigen is absent in fully differentiated hematopoietic cells such as lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes, erythrocytes and platelets. Regular physical activity is related to lower rates of CVD, however the mechanisms underlying the benefits of exercise in the prevention of CVD are not fully clear. Exercise may improve the number (Laufs et al., 2005) and function (Hoetzer et al., 2007) of EPCS. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of physical activity on the support and enhance the natural behavior of stem cell CD34+ in aerobic and anaerobic exercise bouts, also after an aerobic and anaerobic training programs and the effect on some physiological parameters. - Results showed that Vo2max increased in aerobic tra...

Now-days increasing solid or liquid wastes are major problems in developing country therefore utilization of all these wastes are required because of its impact on the environment and as well as on agriculture. These wastes are decomposed and stabilized through composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic digestion, recycling and reuse. Solid wastes act as an organic fertilizer, nutrient supplier, and media for nursery and also helps in improving the physical, chemical and microbiological activity in agricultural soils. Reuse of wastewater helps in reducing water crisis in agriculture. Poultry wastes are used as organic fertilizer, feed for livestock, biogas production, products for commercial purposes.

countries, including Morocco, due to recent irregular rainfall patterns, frequent droughts, and other environmental factors, consequently, water is becoming a precious resource. The reuse of wastewater is a menace to public health, the environment, and ecological stability. Therefore, wastewater treatment is an urgent necessity to protect water resources and reduce the water shortage problem, and it is a viable option for agriculture in developing countries. Moroccan urban areas

The aim of this study is to propose kinetic models based on the change of organic matter in the process of aerobic composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) with different additives. Using nonlinear regression methods, kinetic parameters were derived from experimental ...

Many lakes, canals and wetlands in Sri Lanka are infested by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms), which is a non-indigenous invasive aquatic weed species. It causes a complete blockage of water resources that makes irrigation and fishing very difficult. Among various eradication methods of water hyacinth, composting has been extensively used in many countries. However, the degree of toxicity and the quality of compost are important for field applications. Therefore, the present study was aimed at transforming ordinary leaf litter into quality compost using water hyacinth and various other amendments, and comparing the compost quality in terms of heavy metals, pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and C: N ratio. The weeds were collected from the Moragoda canal, Galle, Sri Lanka. The compost trials were prepared using water hyacinth and different other raw materials and one compost trial was prepared using water hyacinth alone. The mixtures were decomposed aerobically for 12 weeks by windrow method and prepared composts were analysed for pH, EC, organic C %, total N %, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, and As. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the indices given for compost by the Sri Lankan standards. Considering the C: N ratio, pH, EC which obtained 17.84, 7.5, 1.95 dSm-1 , respectively and heavy metal content less than permissible limit, it revealed that compost mixture with a composition of water hyacinth and dry leaf litter was the most suitable mixture to recommend for field application.

Mediatorless, two-chambered microbial fuel cells were developed using activated sewage sludge as the source of exoelectrogenic microorganisms with wastewater from two Nigerian traditional food processing activities (locust Bean Processing and Sorghum processing) as the energy source. The fuel cells were operated in batch mode, with aerobic, instead of anaerobic anode chamber. Carbon felt rolled into cylindrical shapes were used for both electrodes and a Nafion® 117 (Dupont Co., USA) proton exchange membrane was used. The highest voltage (172.3 mV) was reached using Locust bean wastewater as the anolyte. A directly proportional relationship was observed between current density and power generation. These initial results demonstrate that wastewater from traditional food processing activities can be used for power generation in a mediatorless microbial fuel cell with an aerobic anode chamber.

Techno humus systems correspond to man-made topsoils under prominent man influence. They may be purposely conceived for supporting agricultural activities or dumping of waste products, sometimes abandoned to an unknown evolution. Both categories needed a more scientific frame. This is the reason we classified them as morpho-functional humus systems. Improving agricultural soils with organic waste products is an ancestral practice. We present four examples of techno humus systems purposely created for supporting plant growth. Considering a simple home-made composting pile, we give a few basic notions about the biological functioning of these artificial humus systems. Humipedon functioning and structuration are similar to those observed in natural humus systems. Using even animal manure, we illustrate how to manage larger compost piles of waste for application in farming areas. Composting waste that contains animal proteins needs a more careful measurement of the temperature of the pile and a longer period of elevated temperature in the core of the pile. Mulching of pruning residues is presented in a large urban context. The use of mulch must take into account quality and composition of woody material. The lack of nutrients in some residues has to be compensated by a moderate use of appropriate mineral fertilizers. Municipal solid waste, anaerobic digestion residues (grape remains) and spent mushroom compost, eventually mixed with mineral fertilizers, have been tested in horticulture. Benefits and drawbacks are listed for each experiment, with the evolution of carbon storage along 8 years of horticultural practice. Finally, we present an example of "dump" humus system. Mine tailing wastes represent a huge problem in many countries. Pointing on their microbial activity, we show that they must be seen as manageable living humipedons, not as piles of inert rocky material.

The study is inspired for minimization of expanding environmental pollution due to the unplanned waste management practices in order to conceptualize the influencing elements that may intervene in equipping bioreactor landfill operations worldwide. Bioreactor landfill concept is believed to change the future of all nations to achieve a sustainable waste management policy, particularly in developing nations, which are posing a significant threat to the biosphere due to their indiscriminate waste management practices. However, the outlined design framework of bioreactor landfills through reported experimental investigations and mathematical modeling simulations is found insufficient to standardize the design and operational procedures by the current study. Moreover, the persisting intrinsic factors and challenges that can arise during the implementation phase of bioreactor landfills in developing countries have not been addressed yet. This study aims to provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art and practice of bioreactor landfills in perspective of optimizing the current challenges in bioreactor landfill concept and design for attaining global environmental sustainability in waste management practices. Thus, guidelines were suggested for developing countries to overcome various site constraints. Furthermore, various geotechnical challenges and reported testing procedures in BL systems are critically synthesized in this review.

This paper discusses the composting process as one of the methods of biodegradable waste management. It presents the fundamentals of the composting process, an overview of raw materials for composting, the basic characteristics of composting products, as well as an example of composting within the public utility company “Mediana” from Niš.

A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with a working volume of 8 L and an exchange ratio of 25% was used to enrich biomass for the treatment of the anaerobically treated low pH palm oil mill effluent (POME). The influent concentration was stepwise increased from 5000 ± 500 mg COD/L to 11,500 ± 500 mg COD/L. The performance of the reactor was monitored at different organic loading rates (OLRs). It was found that approximately 90% of the COD content of the POME wastewater was successfully removed regardless of the OLR applied to the SBR. Cycle studies of the SBR show that the oxygen uptake by the biomass while there is no COD reduction may be due to the oxidation of the storage product by the biomass. Further, the growth kinetic parameters of the biomass were determined in batch experiments using respirometer. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) was estimated to be 1.143 day(-1) while the half saturation constant (Ks) with respect to COD was determined to be 0.429 g COD/L. The decay co...

Em primeiro lugar, gostava de agradecer ao Director Comercial e Serviços, da Chemsearch, Sr Pedro Miguel Salles, por ter acreditado nesta ideia que lhe propus, e a ter comunicado à Administração da NCH, para que se pudesse realizar. Obrigada pelo empenho, dedicação permanente, incentivo e pelo voto de confiança. Agradeço a disponibilidade, dos meus professores orientadores Professora Ana Xavier e Professor João Coutinho, em proporcionarem a orientação deste mestrado desconhecendo e arriscando num projecto novo. Obrigada pela oportunidade. Agradeço também a disponibilidade do Director Técnico e de Produção da NCH, Sr Engº Rui Soares de Albergaria, pela orientação concedida neste mestrado. Obrigada pela disponibilidade e interesse. Agradeço a Walter Levi (Entidade máxima da NCH mundial), Ângelo Gaggero (Vice-Presidente de vários países europeus) e Jesus Salcedo (Country Manager Ibérico), pelo patrocínio. Obrigado por uma vez mais me transmitirem a dimensão da empresa na qual estou integrada, e não negarem um pedido à inovação, pois acreditam que somos uma empresa com destaque, quer em Portugal, quer em todo o mundo. Agradeço à Administração e ao Engº Monsanto, da empresa Probar, S.A., por terem proporcionado esta excelente oportunidade, de comprovar que este tipo de tratamento é viável, numa situação real, e não apenas numa situação piloto. Agradeço a toda a equipa da Chemsearch, destaco o Sr Alberto Ferreira, pelo seu conhecimento técnico e pelo apoio prático no local da instalação.. Agradeço aos meus pais, todo o amor e compreensão que me dedicam. Pelo empenho e esforços realizados ao longo da vida, para me transmitirem todos os valores e princípios, de modo a construírem a pessoa que sou, e apesar de todos os conselhos, sempre me terem dado liberdade para tomar as minhas decisões e seguir o meu caminho. Agradeço aos meus avós, pela preocupação e apoio, e por pedirem sempre por mim, nas suas orações. Por fim, mas não por ser menos especial, agradeço a ti, que em cada momento me fazes crescer como pessoa e mulher, e me abres os horizontes para poder ver a vida de outra maneira.

Problem statement: The current work study the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment by an aerobic reactor which could be used in small agglomerations. RBC reduced physicochemical and microbiological load of wastewater but values remain above Tunisian standard. Approach: Experiments were conducted on a sand filled PVC column fed with wastewater treated by Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) at a pulsed rhythm of 8 sequences per day. For performances study process, physicochemical and bacterial analyses effluent at inlet and outlet of column were realized. Results: The results showed that through filter mass (D10 = 0.55 mm, D60 = 1.3 mm and coefficient uniformity = 2.36) 96% of suspended solids, 99% of NH 4 +-N (during first phase), 92% of COD, 91% of BOD 5 and 46% of phosphorus are retained by surface filtration. The microbial abatement results is <1.6 Log units of indicators fecal contamination (fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and E. coli). The microbial water quality is slightly higher than Tunisian standards. The removal of microbial indicators in the considered reactor depends on the depth of the filter and negatively correlated with NO 3-N (r =-0.99, with E. coli at 3rd OPD). Conclusion/Recommendation: Results confirmed that the reactor tested is performed as an advanced treatment system for DBO, COD, SS, NH 4 +-N and NO 3-N. Despite that 96% of SS efficiency reduction, clogging is not achieved quickly that due to biofilm detachment phenomena. The removal of microbial indicators in the considered reactor depends on the depth of the filter and negatively correlated with NO 3-N. Disinfection performances for the considered reactor reduce microbial load, however chlore, ozone or UV disinfection should be considered.

Problem statement: The current work study the efficiency of biological wastewater treatment by an aerobic reactor which could be used in small agglomerations. RBC reduced physicochemical and microbiological load of wastewater but values remain above Tunisian standard. Approach: Experiments were conducted on a sand filled PVC column fed with wastewater treated by Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) at a pulsed rhythm of 8 sequences per day. For performances study process, physicochemical and bacterial analyses effluent at inlet and outlet of column were realized. Results: The results showed that through filter mass (D10 = 0.55 mm, D60 = 1.3 mm and coefficient uniformity = 2.36) 96% of suspended solids, 99% of NH 4 +-N (during first phase), 92% of COD, 91% of BOD 5 and 46% of phosphorus are retained by surface filtration. The microbial abatement results is <1.6 Log units of indicators fecal contamination (fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and E. coli). The microbial water quality is slightly higher than Tunisian standards. The removal of microbial indicators in the considered reactor depends on the depth of the filter and negatively correlated with NO 3-N (r =-0.99, with E. coli at 3rd OPD). Conclusion/Recommendation: Results confirmed that the reactor tested is performed as an advanced treatment system for DBO, COD, SS, NH 4 +-N and NO 3-N. Despite that 96% of SS efficiency reduction, clogging is not achieved quickly that due to biofilm detachment phenomena. The removal of microbial indicators in the considered reactor depends on the depth of the filter and negatively correlated with NO 3-N. Disinfection performances for the considered reactor reduce microbial load, however chlore, ozone or UV disinfection should be considered.

Reduction and stabilization of solid wastes generated during space missions is a major concern for the Advanced Life Support-Resource Recovery program at the NASA, Kennedy Space Center. Solid wastes provide substrates for pathogen proliferation, produce strong odor, and increase storage requirements during space missions. A five periods experiment was conducted to evaluate the Space Operation Bioconverter (SOB), an in vessel composting system, as a biological processing technology to reduce and stabilize simulated long-term missions space related solid-wastes (SRSW). For all periods, SRSW were sorted into components with fast (FBD) and slow (SBD) biodegradability. Uneaten food and plastic were used as a major FBD and SBD components, respectively. Compost temperature ("C), C 0 2 production (%), mass reduction (%), and final pH were utilized as criteria to determine compost quality. In period 1, SOB was loaded with a 55% FBD: 45% SBD mixture and was allowed to compost for 7 days. An eleven day second composting period was conducted loading the SOB with 45% pre-composted SRSW and 55 % FBD. Period 3 and 4 evaluated the use of styrofoam as a bulking agent and the substitution of regular by degradable plastic on the composting characteristics of SRSW, respectively. The use of ceramic as a bulking agent and the relationship between initial FBD mass and heat production was investigated in period 5. Composting SRSW resulted in an acidic fermentation with a minor increase in compost temperature, low C 0 2 production, and slightly mass reduction. Addition of styrofoam as a bulking agent and substitution of regular by biodegradable plastic improved the composting characteristics of SRSW, as evidenced by higher pH, C 0 2 production, compost temperature and mass reduction. Ceramic as a bulking agent and increase the initial FBD mass (4.4 kg) did not improve the composting process. In surnmary, the SOB is a potential biological technology for reduction and stabilization of mission space-related solid wastes. However, the success of the composting process may depend of the physical characteristics (particle size, porosity, structure, texture) of the SBD components which would require pre-processing of solid wastes before placing them in the SOB.

colourants substances in palm oil mill effluent (POME) are carcinogenic, unfortunately, the commonly applied conventional activated sludge system has been unable to remediate these contaminants. The need for more efficient treatment approach is fundamental in order to sanctuary the environment. A novel start-up approach, which involves augmentation of yeast-extract and diary-waste as recipes added into activated sludge to remediate colourants concentration in POME was employed in this study. The decolourization performance obtained was compared with that of the conventional activated sludge operated under the same conditions. The augmented recipes that best sustained the active biomass was identified and then applied in the subsequent studies. Because of this, the acclimation duration drastically shortens to 31 days, as against 87 days of that of the conventional method. The swift acclimation was due to the adequacy and stability of the sludge active sites, which was successfully increased by 35.31% using the augmented recipe. The decolourization efficiency at steady aeration of 5 L/min and OLR of 0.895gCOD L −1 d −1 using augmented sludge was 63.45%, which was far greater than 37% obtained by the conventional sludge. Monod Kinetic model excellently described the degradation process of both augmented and conventional sludge based on COD depletion with a respective R 2 value of 0.9923 and 0.9839. The calculated kinetic coefficients proved that microbial growth-substrate utilization rate of the augmented sludge was superior with biomass yield of 2.1142 mg MLVSS/mg COD. The significant improvement in the decolourization was attributed to the augmented recipes, which successfully enhanced the metabolic and xenobiotic activities of the active biomass.

Exercise is one of the most powerful non pharmacological strategies, which is able to affect nearly all cells and organs in the body. Changes in the behavior of adult stem cells have been shown to occur in response to exercise training. The aim of this study is to reveal the role of aerobic and anaerobic training programs on CD 34+ stem cells and some physiological parameters .20 healthy male athletes aged (18-24 yrs) were recruited for this study. Healthy low active males and BMI matched participants (n=10) aged (20-22 yrs) were recruited as controls .Aerobic and anaerobic training programs for 12 weeks were used. Vo 2max , pulse rate estimation using strand Rhyming protocol. RBCs,WBCs,Hb and hematocrit were estimated using coulter counter, Lactate by accusport,CD 34+ stem cells by flow cytometer. Results revealed: VO 2 max was increased in case of aerobic training program compared to anaerobic one .Lactate concentration was decreased in case of aerobic training programs compared t...

ABSTRACT The nitrification occurs during the biological treatment of wastewater and depends on the characteristics of water and of the operation parameters in the plant. This study is focused in evaluating the operational profiles of OD, T, PH, OUR and alkalinity in the aerobic reactors of a plant of the type of activated sludge in order to detect the degree of nitrification. The results of OD (&gt; 2 mg/ L), temperature of 23.9 °C, the fall of the PH from 7.5 to 7.1 , the high oxygen consumption (50 to 70 mg/L. h) and the consumption of alkalinity (from 399.0 to 187.5 mg/L), indicated the occurrence of nitrification.

The scope of this study was to investigate the effects of natural zeolite and expanded perlite on the quality of municipal solid waste compost. Various ratios of the materials were added as supplements to the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. These applications were periodically compared with an untreated control process. The results obtained from experimental studies clearly showed that municipal solid waste collected from the metropolitan city center of Samsun, Turkey could not be composted without any additions due to the very high moisture content, which reached up to 75-80%. In the untreated control process, thermophilic temperatures were not supported during the composting. In this system, ammonia and other odors became a problem because of the high pH levels, and the electrical conductivity was too high for aged compost. However, the addition of natural zeolite and expanded perlite had a positive affect on the quality of the final compost. Natural zeolite trapped ammonium and reduced nitrogen losses from the compost. Expanded perlite held excess moisture and supported improved aeration. The results also indicated that the use of natural zeolite together with expanded perlite in municipal solid waste composting processes produced mature and stable compost.

Abstract- Background: A variety of lifestyle modifications including weight loss in the overweight and regular aerobic physical activities have been shown in clinical trials to lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of physical activities in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients subjected to consecutive physical activities training sessions. Method: A sample of 12 female hypertensive patients diagnosed with hypertension for more than one year were purposively selected from those hypertensive patients visited the primary care center for their regular follow up. A laboratory experiment was conducted in April, 2012 at Haramaya University Health Center. Patients whose systolic blood pressure reading &lt; 180 mmHg, and diastolic blood pressure reading &lt; 110 mmHg and heart rate reading &lt;100 b/m were included in the study. Hematological and

This paper discusses the composting process as one of the methods of biodegradable waste management. It presents the fundamentals of the composting process, an overview of raw materials for composting, the basic characteristics of composting products, as well as an example of composting within the public utility company “Mediana” from Niš.

Antibacterial activity of forty lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates toward Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. The selected strains were then used as protective culture in artificial contaminated Domiati like cheese with S. aureus. The effect of using these strains on physicochemical properties and overall acceptability of fresh cheese was evaluated. Depending on its antibacterial activity, three strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 130RZFAAU, 131RZFAAU, and 190RZFAAU were selected for cheese making. No negative sensory properties were observed by the panelists when LAB strains were used as a single culture in the fresh cheese making. The application of these strains as protective culture in artificial contaminated cheesemaking process give a positive results. S. aureus was detected in cheese samples by culture method and propidium mono azide-quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. The results recommended that the strain L. rahmnosus 131RZFAUU that used in this study has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and could be used as protective culture for improving the safety of Egyptian soft cheese. Practical applications Detection of pathogenic bacteria by classical tests can take several days. It would be useful to have a rapid detection protocol to screen for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in milk and cheese. Application of real-time PCR in cheese is sufficient in characterization the S. aureus communities in raw milk and follow the dynamics of the entire populations in cheese. Recently, some scientific publications have shown that the naturally cheese microflora can efficiently prevent the growth of pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms. The control of spoilage and pathogens bacteria has been traditionally done by chemical additives, but the application of promising protective cultures, especially for traditionally cheeses made from raw milk, is limited. This work present some protective culture selected for controlling S. aureus in soft cheese. This work confirm the PMA-q PCR method for detection live cells of S. aureus in cheese rapidly.

Monitoramento de 24 horas do desempenho de reator aeróbio de leito fluidizado trifásico na remoção de amônio num sistema de recirculação para produção de tilápia Remoción de amonio en un sistema de recirculación de agua para tilapia mediante un reactor aerobio de lecho fluidizado trifásico