Adolescent Sexuality and Health

Antecedentes: La sexualidad es un componente importante de la vida y la salud. Puede ser origen de graves conflictos relacionados con la salud física, psicológica, incluyendo la transmisión de enfermedades, las experiencias negativas, las pautas sexuales, la violencia y los determinantes culturales o religiosos. Sin embargo, la información recogida en los Registros Enfermeros con frecuencia se limita a la reproducción y / o el estado civil de los pacientes. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad de la información sobre aspectos relacionados con la sexualidad, los factores que la determinan y la relevancia que los datos obtenidos puedan tener sobre la salud de las personas.

This study was aimed at determining the perception of the timing and practice of sexuality discussion among parents in South Eastern Nigeria. A cross-sectional, descriptive, community-based study. The study was carried out in 3 randomly selected Local Government Areas in Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria. The study participants were parents with adolescent children resident in the study areas for at least 2 years. Most parents opined that sexuality discussion should be initiated after puberty. Only 20% of them discussed reproductive health issues often with their adolescents, while another 20% never discussed such issues with their adolescent children. Topics most commonly discussed bordered on the adverse consequences of sex rather than measures for preventing them. About half of parents were willing to discuss contraception with their adolescent child. Predictors of parent-child communication were age, gender, and educational status. Common reasons for low parental involvement ...

This Article begins by providing an overview of 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and municipal liability. It discusses the specific types of municipal liability claims, focusing on Tenth Circuit jurisprudence. The Article also discusses effective strategies that plaintiffs should utilize to prevail on municipal liability claims. Finally, the Article proposes a relaxation of the onerous legal standards for municipal liability claims in order to fulfill the remedial purpose of § 1983.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and determinants of psychoactive substances use among youths in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State. To achieve the aim of this study, four (4) research questions were raised as guide. The design adopted for this study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey while multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select a total of 189 youths from the respective communities in the study area for the study. The instrument for data collection was semi-structured questionnaire constructed in consonance with the study objectives. The questionnaire was duly validated with high reliability coefficient. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency counts, simple percentages, weighted mean score, and Chi-square statistic. Data analysis was conducted with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results of the study revealed that a majority 164 (86.7%) of the students have used psychoactive substances and same proportion are currently using these substances. The most used psychoactive substances are alcohol 160 (97.6%). The significant reasons why these students involve in the used of these substances were; to conform to peers (3.51±0.36), boost confidence (3.74±0.32), and for experimentation (3.12±0.17). The demographic characteristics of youths associated with the use of psychoactive substances include sex, age, place of residence, and family type (p<0.05). Based on these findings, it was recommended that an enlightenment programme should be designed and implemented in communities especially in Calabar Metropolis to create awareness on the health and legal implications of using psychoactive substances.

Abstract: The Supreme Court&#x27;s recent decision in&quot; Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee&quot;(2009) expands the opportunities for students and their parents to sue school boards for alleged sex discrimination. Even so, as discussed here,&quot; Fitzgerald&quot; should have little effect on the day-to-day operations of school systems. This column briefly reviews the background of Title IX and sexual discrimination in schools and then reviews&quot; Fitzgerald&#x27;s&quot; facts and holding. It concludes by reflecting on&quot; Fitzgerald&#x27;s&quot; significance and practical ...

BACKGROUND Globally, more than 16 million adolescent girls give birth every year with additional 5 million abortions. Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with high maternal mortality rates in Nigeria. Therefore, this study was designed to assess sexual behaviour and contraceptive uptake among secondary school adolescents in an urban area in Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study of students from twelve senior secondary schools in 2018. Respondents were interviewed using self-administered structured questionnaires. The questionnaire was pretested and analysis was done using SPSS version 17.0; descriptive data were presented as simple frequencies and percentages. The chi-square test was used for associations and the level of significance was set at p≤5%. RESULTS The majority of the respondents (70.3 %) were within the age bracket of 13 to 16 years with a mean age of 15.95±1.43. Generally, there was 100% awareness of the methods of contraceptives by all, with 64.5% aware of condom usage as a method of contraception. The level of knowledge scored fairly (62.4%), and attitude was 48.9% amongst males and females who had responsibility for contraception. Peer pressure of 42.9% was stated as one of the major factors affecting the utilization of modern contraceptives. CONCLUSION Awareness of contraception amongst adolescents was high. But with the level of knowledge identified, the government should ensure proper measures to promote sexual behaviour and uptake of contraception among adolescents in Nigeria.

The article examines Malawi's law on abortion against certain key principles and values of criminal law. In the fi nal analysis, it fi nds that the current state of the law has failed to achieve its avowed policies of protecting women from the dangers of unsafe abortion, and to protect unborn children from unjustifi able destruction. It also fi nds that the law off ends key criminal law principles and values, including the principle of maximum certainty, principle of minimum criminalization, the equality principle and the principle of legal moralism. The article calls for the reform of the law. However, it further argues that reform of the law on abortion is not a silver bullet against the scourge of unsafe abortion in Malawi. To achieve meaningful change, legal reforms must be accompanied by the provision of safe, aff ordable and easily accessible abortions services throughout the country. * Lecturer in law, University of Malawi, doctoral candidate KU. Leuven 1 According to the World Health Organization, the phrase "unsafe abortion" means an abortion "not provided through approved facilities and/or persons." This defi nition has been adopted by many other organizations.

Department of Community Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University/University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria. Department of Community Medicine, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University/University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University/University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Department of Surgery, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University/University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Accountability is a vital human rights principle to address preventable maternal morbidity and mortality in Uganda. The continuous use of 'accountability' as a term without elaborating on it gets in the way of using its underlying principles to improve laws and policies. The implementation of legal accountability requires creating avenues through which women whose maternal health rights have been violated may access legal remedies. The existence of adequate legal remedies is vital not only for redressing violations of rights but also for identifying and proposing strategies towards addressing the bottlenecks in health systems. Courts of law are principal judicial mechanisms and, therefore, it is incumbent upon courts to expand rather than limit maternal healthrelated rights. The Uganda Human Rights Commission is another body which is empowered with a protective and promotional mandate that should be used to promote and protect reproductive health rights. It is further emphasised that accountability is not a tool to be understood and interpreted only by legal practitioners. Rather, various forms of accountability, including social and administrative forms, are vital for complementing legal accountability in reducing preventable maternal mortality and morbidity.

Introduction: The consequences of unsafe sex are suffered mostly by adolescent girls in Nigeria despite efforts to improve accessibility to the reproductive and sexual health of this group. This study elucidates the pattern of contraceptive use, the key socio-demographic factors, sexual beliefs and practices associated with its use amongst adolescent girls in Nnewi, Nigeria. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of in-school and out-of-school female adolescents. Data were collected using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), then analyzed by selecting socio-demographic and other variables to assess their interaction with contraceptive use and result compared between the two groups. Data were presented in tables and charts and multivariate and chi-square analyses were performed. Result: Higher proportion of sexually active out-of-school girls than their in-school counterparts had ever used contraception-used it in their first and last sexual exposures, while condom was the commonest contraceptive employed by both groups. Age (older adolescents; F = 0.041), belief in condom use (P = 0.05), willingness to get condom for partner (P = 0.001) and regular sexual practice (P = 0.003) were the most important predictors of contraceptive use among the sexually active adolescents. Generally, the out-of-school girls are more likely to use contraceptives than their in-school counterparts. Some misconceptions about pregnancy prevention and unscientific contraceptive methods were mentioned by the subjects during the FGD. Recommendation: Access to reproductive health services needs to be improved especially among the in-school female adolescents. There is need to incorporate the right * Corresponding author. P. Adogu et al. 34 contraceptive information in the school curriculum, and the out-of-school adolescents should receive periodic dissemination of appropriate Behavior Change Communication (BCC) on the relevance of contraception.

Introduction Young people constitute a critical mass in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA) yet lack adequate information on sexuality education essential for their health and development. Objectives Guided by two sociological perspectives on socialization, that is, structural functionalism and conflict perspective, our study had 2 aims: 1) to identify and analyze studies investigating parent-adolescent sexuality communication (ie, triggers/contents) and 2) to identify and discuss barriers to sexuality-related communication between parents and adolescents. Methods The scoping review was conducted according to the Arksey and O&#39;Malley framework and used PRISMA reporting guidelines for scoping reviews. We searched three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar) for relevant articles published in English in the last decade -2011 to 2021 and analyzed the data using a qualitative content analysis approach. Results A total of 1045 studies were identified. After abstract review, we id...

BackgroundAdolescent pregnancy is a global health concern. Many adolescent deaths occur due to early marriage and pregnancy. This study assessed knowledge and utilization of contraception among secondary school female adolescents at selected secondary schools in Rwamagana district.MethodsCross-sectional design using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted on 117 participants selected by simple random. Analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics at 95% confidence interval, employing SPSS Version 23. Dependent variable was the use of contraceptive and independent variables were socio-demographics and knowledge variables. Bivariate analysis assessed the association between independent and dependent variables. Multivariate analysis assessed the strength of association between dependent and independent variables by computing Odds Ratio. Results are presented in tables and figures. ResultsThe majority (88%) had heard of contraception, though knowledge about contraception ...

Background: Several studies have examined the use of psychoactive substances among selected groups in Nigeria. Here, we extend the description to include the features of substance dependence. Method: A stratified multi-stage random sampling of households was used to select respondents in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing 57% of the national population). In-person interviews with 6752 adults were conducted using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3. Lifetime history and recent (past year) use, as well as features of dependence on, alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, sedatives, stimulants, and other drugs were assessed. Results: Alcohol was the most commonly used substance, with 56% (95% confidence interval, CI = 54, 58%) ever users and 14% (95% CI = 13, 15%) recent (past year) users. Roughly 3% were recent smokers (3%, 95% CI = 2.6, 4.2%). Next most common were sedatives, 4% (95% CI = 2.3, 4.5%), and cannabis smokers, 0.4% (95% CI = 0.1, 0.6%). Males were more likely than females to be users of every drug group investigated, with male preponderance being particularly marked for cannabis. Prevalence of both alcohol and tobacco use was highest among middle aged adults. Moslems were much less likely to use alcohol than persons of other faiths, but no such association was found for tobacco, non-prescription drug use, or illegal drug use. Features of abuse and dependence were more common at the population level for alcohol; but among users, these features were just as likely to be experienced by alcohol users as they were by other drug users. Conclusion: Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in Nigeria. Features associated with drug dependence and abuse are less prevalent but may require attention by public health authorities.

Background: Modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) is a public health priority in Tanzania. The national prevalence remains unacceptably low as 32%. Shinyanga region is one among the regions with lowest contraceptive prevalence rate (21%) and high unmet need for family planning (23%). Understanding factors contributing to its use may help to improve maternal and child health. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Kishapu district of Shinyanga region: A total of 602 women aged 15-49 years were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for factors associated with use of modern contraceptives were estimated in multivariable logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 42.7%. Being employed (OR 2.42, 95% CI: 1.13-5.18), formal educational level (OR 2.45, 95% CI: 1.38-4.35), couples communication (OR 2.44, 95% CI: 1.74-3.42) and availability of modern contraceptives (OR 1.94, 95% CI: 1.17-3.20) were significantly associated with current use of modern contraceptives. Husband disapproval was frequently reported as barrier for modern contraceptives in the study area.

If the average [college] administration were half as careful in insuring the personal satisfactions of its staff as of its students, it doubtless would be more than repaid even in the logics of cost and efficiency. Narrow attitudes are rarely the result of deliberate discrimination, of course, but a good many university heads inadvertently treat the faculty member as if he were a hired hand rather than a partner in the advancement of leaming. A large part of the lay public naively thinks that magnificent plants and ample endowments will automatically insure creative work, irrespective of the social environment.'" designated as "Adjunct faculty," "Part-time faculty," "Contingent faculty," "Special lecturers," or similar terms. See AM. FED'N OF TEACHERS, STATEMENT ON PART-TIME FACULTY EMPLOYMENT 2-3 (1996), http://wa.afl.org/index.cfm?action=article&articleID=ddb468ab-019c-418d-9383-d6415fl420b9.htm; see also Univ.

Adolescents’ pregnancy rates are still high in Tanzania, despite the efforts made by the national campaign. Within two years after the first pregnancy, adolescent mothers are more at risk of repeat conception. Repeated pregnancies are associated with increased maternal and perinatal outcomes. Katavi is a leading region in the country, with 45% adolescent pregnancy. Studies are scarce on factors influencing repeated pregnancy among unmarried adolescent mothers in the region. Therefore, this study explored the individual and social level factors influencing repeated pregnancy among unmarried adolescent mothers in the Katavi Region. An exploratory qualitative study, using key informant interviews (KIIs) was adopted for 16 participants. The study participants were unmarried adolescent mothers, aged 15–19 years, who were purposively sampled. Thematic analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. QSR Nvivo version 14 was used to analyze these data. The study established the individual fa...

I, Admark Moyo, hereby declare that the work on which this thesis is based is my original work (except where acknowledgements indicate otherwise) and that neither the whole work nor any part of it has been, is being, or is to be submitted for another degree in this or any other university. I authorise the University to reproduce for the purpose of research either the whole or any portion of the contents in any manner whatsoever.

Background Rates of unplanned adolescent pregnancy and unsafe induced abortions are very high in Sub-Saharan African countries including Tanzania. Despite their availability and accessibility, modern family planning methods are reported to be critically underutilized by adolescents. This study is part of a broader study that aims to develop a curriculum that will be used in training health professionals by investigating the sexual health training needs of health providers and students in Tanzania. Aim This study describes the perceptions of health professionals and students on the provision of contraceptives to adolescents. Methods Qualitative formative assessment type of research was conducted using 18 focus groups stratified among health professionals and students (midwives, nurses, and medical doctors). Study participants were presented with the theoretical scenario of a 14-year-old girl who sought contraceptive services at a family planning clinic. This theoretical scenario was ...

Introduction: The consequences of unsafe sex are suffered mostly by adolescent girls in Nigeria despite efforts to improve accessibility to the reproductive and sexual health of this group. This study elucidates the pattern of contraceptive use, the key socio-demographic factors, sexual beliefs and practices associated with its use amongst adolescent girls in Nnewi, Nigeria. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of in-school and out-of-school female adolescents. Data were collected using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), then analyzed by selecting socio-demographic and other variables to assess their interaction with contraceptive use and result compared between the two groups. Data were presented in tables and charts and multivariate and chi-square analyses were performed. Result: Higher proportion of sexually active out-of-school girls than their in-school counterparts had ever used contraception-used it in their first and last sexual exposures, while condom was the commonest contraceptive employed by both groups. Age (older adolescents; F = 0.041), belief in condom use (P = 0.05), willingness to get condom for partner (P = 0.001) and regular sexual practice (P = 0.003) were the most important predictors of contraceptive use among the sexually active adolescents. Generally, the out-of-school girls are more likely to use contraceptives than their in-school counterparts. Some misconceptions about pregnancy prevention and unscientific contraceptive methods were mentioned by the subjects during the FGD. Recommendation: Access to reproductive health services needs to be improved especially among the in-school female adolescents. There is need to incorporate the right * Corresponding author. P. Adogu et al. 34 contraceptive information in the school curriculum, and the out-of-school adolescents should receive periodic dissemination of appropriate Behavior Change Communication (BCC) on the relevance of contraception.

Sexual orientation is a multidimensional phenomenon, which includes identity, behavior, and attraction. The attraction component, however, is less studied than the other two. In this article, we present the development of a two-item measure to identify adolescents who prefer same- and both-gender partners for love and dating. The questions were administered to nationally representative samples of 15-year-old adolescents in eight European countries and regions participating in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) cross-national study. The distribution of attraction, as operationalized by preference for the gender of love and dating partners, was similar across countries. These questions offer an alternative or supplementary approach to identify same- and both-gender attracted youth, without administering questions related to sexual identity.

Background Rates of unplanned adolescent pregnancy and unsafe induced abortions are very high in Sub-Saharan African countries including Tanzania. Despite their availability and accessibility, modern family planning methods are reported to be critically underutilized by adolescents. This study is part of a broader study that aims to develop a curriculum that will be used in training health professionals by investigating the sexual health training needs of health providers and students in Tanzania. Aim This study describes the perceptions of health professionals and students on the provision of contraceptives to adolescents. Methods Qualitative formative assessment type of research was conducted using 18 focus groups stratified among health professionals and students (midwives, nurses, and medical doctors). Study participants were presented with the theoretical scenario of a 14-year-old girl who sought contraceptive services at a family planning clinic. This theoretical scenario was ...

Background: A major proportion of adolescent pregnancies resulted in abortion. Unsafe abortion is an important challenge associated with adolescent sexual activity. The objective of this research is to study the sexual activity and practice of abortion among Secondary School Students. Methodology: It is a cross sectional study.Multi-stage sampling was used in recruiting the sample size from the three LGAs in Ilorin metropolis in which 527 students from six Public Secondary Schools randomly selected. Semi- structured, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The data obtained was fed into computer and analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 20. Tables and cross tabulation were generated with a p- vale predetermined at less than 0.05. Results: One hundred and fifty nine (30.2%) of the respondents has ever had sexual intercourse, 19.5% had been pregnant or has impregnated someone before, 87.1% of the recent pregnancies ...

This study was aimed at determining the perception of the timing and practice of sexuality discussion among parents in South Eastern Nigeria. A cross-sectional, descriptive, community-based study. The study was carried out in 3 randomly selected Local Government Areas in Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria. The study participants were parents with adolescent children resident in the study areas for at least 2 years. Most parents opined that sexuality discussion should be initiated after puberty. Only 20% of them discussed reproductive health issues often with their adolescents, while another 20% never discussed such issues with their adolescent children. Topics most commonly discussed bordered on the adverse consequences of sex rather than measures for preventing them. About half of parents were willing to discuss contraception with their adolescent child. Predictors of parent-child communication were age, gender, and educational status. Common reasons for low parental involvement ...

Background: Several studies have examined the use of psychoactive substances among selected groups in Nigeria. Here, we extend the description to include the features of substance dependence. Method: A stratified multi-stage random sampling of households was used to select respondents in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing 57% of the national population). In-person interviews with 6752 adults were conducted using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3. Lifetime history and recent (past year) use, as well as features of dependence on, alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, sedatives, stimulants, and other drugs were assessed. Results: Alcohol was the most commonly used substance, with 56% (95% confidence interval, CI = 54, 58%) ever users and 14% (95% CI = 13, 15%) recent (past year) users. Roughly 3% were recent smokers (3%, 95% CI = 2.6, 4.2%). Next most common were sedatives, 4% (95% CI = 2.3, 4.5%), and cannabis smokers, 0.4% (95% CI = 0.1, 0.6%). Males were more likely than females to be users of every drug group investigated, with male preponderance being particularly marked for cannabis. Prevalence of both alcohol and tobacco use was highest among middle aged adults. Moslems were much less likely to use alcohol than persons of other faiths, but no such association was found for tobacco, non-prescription drug use, or illegal drug use. Features of abuse and dependence were more common at the population level for alcohol; but among users, these features were just as likely to be experienced by alcohol users as they were by other drug users. Conclusion: Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in Nigeria. Features associated with drug dependence and abuse are less prevalent but may require attention by public health authorities.

Despite adopting a progressive legal and policy framework informed by internationally recognized human rights norms and values, Malawi has not complied with the obligation to explain its abortion law in accordance with legal and human rights standards. In 1930, the colonial government adopted a Penal Code derived from English criminal law, containing provisions regulating access to abortion, but has not undertaken measures to explain when abortion is lawful. What constitutes legal abortion has never been clarified for health providers and potential clients. Consequently, eligible girls and women fail to access safe and legal abortion. The Malawi Law Commission, following its review of the colonial abortion law, has proposed liberal changes which, if implemented, would expand access to safe abortion. However, the immediate step the government ought to take is to clarify the current abortion law, and not to wait for a new law expected to materialize in the indeterminate future.

Background: Several studies have examined the use of psychoactive substances among selected groups in Nigeria. Here, we extend the description to include the features of substance dependence. Method: A stratified multi-stage random sampling of households was used to select respondents in 21 of Nigeria's 36 states (representing 57% of the national population). In-person interviews with 6752 adults were conducted using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3. Lifetime history and recent (past year) use, as well as features of dependence on, alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, sedatives, stimulants, and other drugs were assessed. Results: Alcohol was the most commonly used substance, with 56% (95% confidence interval, CI = 54, 58%) ever users and 14% (95% CI = 13, 15%) recent (past year) users. Roughly 3% were recent smokers (3%, 95% CI = 2.6, 4.2%). Next most common were sedatives, 4% (95% CI = 2.3, 4.5%), and cannabis smokers, 0.4% (95% CI = 0.1, 0.6%). Males were more likely than females to be users of every drug group investigated, with male preponderance being particularly marked for cannabis. Prevalence of both alcohol and tobacco use was highest among middle aged adults. Moslems were much less likely to use alcohol than persons of other faiths, but no such association was found for tobacco, non-prescription drug use, or illegal drug use. Features of abuse and dependence were more common at the population level for alcohol; but among users, these features were just as likely to be experienced by alcohol users as they were by other drug users. Conclusion: Alcohol is the most commonly used psychoactive drug in Nigeria. Features associated with drug dependence and abuse are less prevalent but may require attention by public health authorities.

To evaluate the prognostic impact of immunohistochemical expression of BAP1 and PBRM1 in patients with early stage (pT1-pT2N0M0) clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). A total of 441 consecutive patients treated surgically for stages I and II (TNM-AJCC 2010) ccRCC between 1990 and 2016 were selected. All cases were reviewed for uniform reclassification and the most representative tumor areas were selected for the construction of a tissue microarray. Sixty-two patients had frozen tumoral tissue available in the tumor bank of our institution for quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Of the 441-immunostained ccRCC specimens, 91 (20.6%) and 107 (24.3%) showed negative-expression of PBRM1 and BAP1, respectively. Fifty-eight (13.2%) showed negative-expression of both markers (PBRM1-/BAP-). There was an association between both markers expression pattern and classical parameters, such as pT stage (P&lt;0.001), tumor size (P&lt;0.001), and tumor ...

Introduction: The consequences of unsafe sex are suffered mostly by adolescent girls in Nigeria despite efforts to improve accessibility to the reproductive and sexual health of this group. This study elucidates the pattern of contraceptive use, the key socio-demographic factors, sexual beliefs and practices associated with its use amongst adolescent girls in Nnewi, Nigeria. Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of in-school and out-of-school female adolescents. Data were collected using questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), then analyzed by selecting socio-demographic and other variables to assess their interaction with contraceptive use and result compared between the two groups. Data were presented in tables and charts and multivariate and chi-square analyses were performed. Result: Higher proportion of sexually active out-of-school girls than their in-school counterparts had ever used contraception-used it in their first and last sexual exposures, while condom was the commonest contraceptive employed by both groups. Age (older adolescents; F = 0.041), belief in condom use (P = 0.05), willingness to get condom for partner (P = 0.001) and regular sexual practice (P = 0.003) were the most important predictors of contraceptive use among the sexually active adolescents. Generally, the out-of-school girls are more likely to use contraceptives than their in-school counterparts. Some misconceptions about pregnancy prevention and unscientific contraceptive methods were mentioned by the subjects during the FGD. Recommendation: Access to reproductive health services needs to be improved especially among the in-school female adolescents. There is need to incorporate the right * Corresponding author. P. Adogu et al. 34 contraceptive information in the school curriculum, and the out-of-school adolescents should receive periodic dissemination of appropriate Behavior Change Communication (BCC) on the relevance of contraception.

This article examines how race and educational equity issues shape women&#39;s sports experiences, building upon the narrative of Darnellia Russell, a high school basketball player profiled in the documentary The Heart of the Game. Darnellia is a star player who, because of an unintended pregnancy, has to fight to play the game she loves. This girl&#39;s story provides a unique and underutilized lens through which to examine gender and athletics, as well as evaluate the legal framework for gender equality in sport. In focusing on this narrative, we seek to give voice to black female athletes and to express their concerns in ways the law and scholarship have yet to do. The article focuses on several under-theorized areas: among them, how the push for greater Title IX enforcement in the context of ongoing inequalities in public education has ignored the deeper educational inequalities and educational policy issues that provide the broader context for sports programs, and the impact of...

Background: Adolescence is a time of opportunity and risk. During this time, attitudes, values and behaviours that forms a young person&#39;s future begin to develop and take shape. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 70% of premature deaths among adults are largely due to behaviours initiated during adolescence. Age of sexual debut is generally low, yet there is dearth of knowledge on sexuality. Objective: The article reviewed the sexual practices and behaviours of Nigerian adolescents in the last twelve years. Methods: Available publications in local and international journals on adolescent sexual behaviour and practices covering a twelve-year period from January 2000 to December 2011 were retrieved from the Library (NAUTH Medical Library). Additional search for published articles was done on the internet from Pubmed/Medline and other search engines. Results: Adolescents engage in unhealthy sexual behaviours, characterized by early age at sexual initiation, unsafe s...

INTRODUCTION-211 A. Title IX and HEW Regulations-212 B. Enactment Alone Does Not Accomplish Social Reform 216 1.LACK OF CASE LAW?. 218 A. The Cases-220 1. Accommodation Cases 220 2. Equal Treatment Cases 229 B. Case Law Evaluation-247 1. Trends. 248 2. Importance of Recognizing the Body of Case Law and Its Contours-253 11. ANALYZING THE IMPLEMENTATION-255 A. Lack of Knowledge-256 B. Marginalization-258 C. Impact of the Perception of Weak Case Law, Lack of Knowledge, and Marginalization-262 111. RESOLUTION: INCREASED KNOWLEDGE BUILDING ALONGSIDE INCREASED REGULATION .265 A. Students and Parents .265 B. Teachers and Administrators-266 CONCLUSION. 268

The issues of sex discrimination and student pregnancy and parenting are addressed in this guide, which attempts to provide schools covered by Title IX (or other interested agencies) with assistance in identifying and eliminating biased or discriminatory practices. First, Title IX is discussed, with particular focus on its specific references to pregnancy and parenting and its outline of ways in which schools cannot discriminate against pregnant or parenting students or employees. Other laws prohibiting discrimination on the basis of pregnancy or sex are summarized briefly. Next, a step-by-step guide is provided for assessing equitable treatment. A detailed process is outlined for evaluating equity in the four major areas where school-based discrimination against pregnant and parenting students is most commonly found: (1) admission to programs and activities; (2) treatment in regular programs and activities; (3) treatment in special or separate schools, classes, programs, and activities; and (4) availability and quality of pregnancy-related health services. Two appendices contain the actual wording of the major portions of the Title IX regulations that deal with pregnancy and parenting, and charts for assessing equity in programs, policies, and services.

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that sex discrimination be eliminated in federally assisted education programs. Title IX has significant implications for a variety of issues including recruiting, admissions, financial aid, student rules and regulations, housing rules, health care and insurance benefits, student employment, textbooks and curriculum,, single-sex courses and women's studies programs. This document examines the overall implications of Title IX as well as the specific issues that affect virtually every school and college in the country. It attempti to provide insights into the scope and nature of practices that discriminate against students on the basisof sex, and the changes in these practices that might well be required for an institution to be in compliance with federal law. (Author/KE) * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.

Abstract: The passage and implementation of Title IX guaranteed equal education to all teen mothers. In response to this mandate, many school districts created separate programs to meet these students&apos; needs. This study investigates the curriculum at one such separate program, Eastview School for Pregnant and Parenting Teens. Illustrating how programs like Eastview&apos;s can be oriented toward equality and feminism rather than exclusion and remediation, this paper challenges the assumptions that separate programs need be &quot;lower track&quot; options for the girls who attend them. Work that has previously described separate programs for teen mothers

The increasing rate of risky behaviours among the East African adolescents has greater burden to the adolescent, family and the society. Young women in this region are exposed to potential sexual and reproductive health problems including sexually transmitted infections, unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortions, contraception, sexual abuse and rape, female genital mutilation, and maternal or child mortality. This is attributed by failure of communication of most parents in this region with their adolescents on issues of sexuality and reproductive health like condom use, puberty, STIs and physical development. On the base of academic literature and other materials, this paper argues that parents'adolescents' communication on sexual and reproductive health issues in this region is circumscribed by various factors including gender differences, level of education among parents, occupations, traditional norms and religion. The paper concludes that, parents and other adults' discussion with adolescents on reproductive health issues is imperative in reducing risky behaviors among adolescents. For effective communication on reproductive health issues, parents and adults need to be educated on their roles as primary source of information to their children. Furthermore, there is a need to address gender differences and socio-cultural norms that hinder effective communication.

This chapter provides a concise and up-to-date synthesis of the published case law where a student teacher was the plaintiff, the defendant was an institution of higher education or cooperating local school district, and the issues in dispute were related to diversity. The number of such court decisions was surprisingly small, and the outcomes generally favored the defendant institutions. The court cases fall under three categories: 1) student teachers’ diverse views on religion, 2) student teachers’ diverse forms of free speech, and 3) student teachers with special needs. Constitutional claims were the predominant avenue of litigation against school districts and those institutions of higher education that were public, whereas breach

This chapter provides a concise and up-to-date synthesis of the published case law where a student teacher was the plaintiff, the defendant was an institution of higher education or cooperating local school district, and the issues in dispute were related to diversity. The number of such court decisions was surprisingly small, and the outcomes generally favored the defendant institutions. The court cases fall under three categories: 1) student teachers’ diverse views on religion, 2) student teachers’ diverse forms of free speech, and 3) student teachers with special needs. Constitutional claims were the predominant avenue of litigation against school districts and those institutions of higher education that were public, whereas breach of contract was the primary claim against private higher education institutions. Helping to fill a gap in the professional literature for both students and educational institutions, this chapter serves as a step forward for institutional policies and p...

While motherhood is a thing of joy, it is a source of sadness to many households as many women lose their life giving birth in Nigeria. Every single day, Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds and 145 women of childbearing age. Discussions on reproductive and sexual health rights which had hitherto been a ‘taboo’ in traditional African societies are on the increase amongst African scholars. While the right to health has been an internationally recognised human right, reproductive health rights gained formal acceptance only in 1993 and the need for women to have access to quality reproductive health services such as medical care, planned family, safe pregnancy, delivery care and treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted infections, such as HIV/AIDS is increasingly gaining recognition in Africa at large and Nigeria in particular. This article focuses on reproductive health as a human rights issue and discusses the right of women to reproductive health information, educa...

Despite high sexual activity among adolescent girls in Kenya, contraceptive uptake is very low with only about 26 percent sexually active adolescent girls currently using a contraceptive method. This exposes them to HIV infections and unplanned pregnancies which consequently lead to school dropouts, unsafe abortions, and lack of employment opportunities. This cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the utilization of contraceptives among secondary school adolescent girls in Karuri Town Council, Kiambu County. Overall, 421 girls aged between 13.0 to 19.0 years took part in the study. Findings showed that despite majority (77.5%) of the adolescent girls having had sexual debut by the age of 15 years, contraceptive utilization was very low at 43%. The results revealed that age of the adolescent, knowledge of contraceptives options, perception and accessibility of the contraceptives had positive significant effect on contraceptive utilization. Adolescents aged 18 years and above were m...

If the average [college] administration were half as careful in insuring the personal satisfactions of its staff as of its students, it doubtless would be more than repaid even in the logics of cost and efficiency. Narrow attitudes are rarely the result of deliberate discrimination, of course, but a good many university heads inadvertently treat the faculty member as if he were a hired hand rather than a partner in the advancement of learning. A large part of the lay public naively thinks that magnificent plants and ample endowments will automatically msure creative work, irrespective of the social. "I envzronment. I. INTRODUCTION By all accounts the incidence of pla~iarism by students is clearly growing on America's college campuses. A substantial factor in this growth is no doubt the negative side effect of ever-developing information technologies such as the Internet. 3 The employment by colleges and universities of adjunct faculty members 4 has likewise been

Background: A major proportion of adolescent pregnancies resulted in abortion. Unsafe abortion is an important challenge associated with adolescent sexual activity. The objective of this research is to study the sexual activity and practice of abortion among Secondary School Students. Methodology: It is a cross sectional study.Multi-stage sampling was used in recruiting the sample size from the three LGAs in Ilorin metropolis in which 527 students from six Public Secondary Schools randomly selected. Semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The data obtained was fed into computer and analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software version 20. Tables and cross tabulation were generated with a p-vale predetermined at less than 0.05. Results: One hundred and fifty nine (30.2%) of the respondents has ever had sexual intercourse, 19.5% had been pregnant or has impregnated someone before, 87.1% of the recent pregnancies resulted in abortion. Factors that were positively associated with the practice of abortion among respondents were age, marital status of parents and parents' level of education.

Sexual harassment in American schools affects the majority of grade and high school students at one time or another.&#x27; A report in 2004 sponsored by the US Department of Education indicated that an estimated 4.5 million students out of 50 million in public schools in the US have ...

Aim: Young people need protective information and skills in order to reduce the risk associated with unsafe sex. This study assessed and compared the sexual health knowledge, attitude and risk perception of in-school and out-of-school female unmarried adolescents in Onitsha North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design was used in which 391 in-school female adolescents (mean age: 15.9±1.4 years) were selected from 25 private and 17 public schools in Onitsha North Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria using multistage sampling method. A comparison group of 392 out-of school female adolescents (mean age: 15.5±2.5 years) was also selected from a major market in the same Local Government Area using cluster sampling technique. Data was collected from the respondents with pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaires on reproductive and sexual health knowledge, risk perception and attitude, sexual behaviour, contraceptive knowledge and sources of sexual health information. Results: In-school girls demonstrated better knowledge of sexual and reproductive health compared to their out-of-school counterparts. The awareness of fertile period, contraception methods, STI and HIV transmission and prevention were all significantly better among the in-school adolescents compared to their out-of-school counterparts (P<0.05). They also had markedly higher risk perception of getting pregnant (P<0.05) or acquiring HIV infection (P<0.05) compared to their out-of-school counterparts. Conclusion: About 21% of adolescents in this study area were involved in risky sexual behaviour and this was higher among the out-of-school adolescents than their in-school counterparts. All stakeholders in the state and the Local Government Area should come together and develop interventions that would improve the sexual health knowledge and sexual risk perception of the adolescents.