Ad-Hoc Network

Nowadays, the cross-layer design approach is the most relevant concept in mobile ad hoc networks which is adopted to solve several open issues. It aims to overcome ad hoc networks performance problems by allowing protocols belonging to different layers to cooperate and share network status information while still maintaining separated layers. In particular, the mechanisms on how to access the radio channel are extremely important to guarantee QoS (Quality of Service) and improve application performance. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks based on the cooperation between the Admission Control enabled On-demand Routing (ACOR) protocol and the new QoS-based IEEE 802.11e MAC layer. This enhanced protocol aims to find a feasible route according to application QoS requirements. The performances of the proposed cross-layer protocol are extensively investigated by simulations. Results obtained show that compared to ACOR based on 802.11b, cross-layer ACOR provides an efficient QoS support in mobile ad hoc networks with low overhead and high reliability.

The importance of an effective cross-site scripting (XSS) detection systemcannot be overstated in web security. XSS attacks continue to be a prevalentand severe threat to web applications, making the need for robust detectionsystems more crucial than ever. This paper introduced a hybrid model thatleverages deep learning algorithms, combining recurrent neural network(RNN) and convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. Our hybridRNN-CNN model emerged as the top performer in our evaluation,demonstrating outstanding performance across key metrics. It achieved animpressive accuracy of 96.74%, excelling inaccurate predictions. Notably,the precision score reached an impressive 97.78%, highlighting its precisionin identifying positive instances while minimizing false positives.Furthermore, the model's recall score of 95.65% showcased its ability tocapture a substantial portion of true positive instances. This resulted in anexceptional F1-Score of 96.70, underlining the model's remarkable balancebetween precision and recall. Compared to other models in the evaluation,our proposed model unequivocally demonstrated its leadership, emphasizingits excellence in detecting potential XSS vulnerabilities within web content.

Traditional internet QoS protocols like RSVP cannot be easily migrated to the wireless environment due to the error-prone nature of wireless links and the high mobility of mobile devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the body responsible for guiding the evolution of the Internet, provides the definition as given below: A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links. The routers are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's wireless topology may change rapidly and unpredictably. Such a network may operate in a stand-alone fashion, or may be connected to the larger Internet. QoS is usually defined as a set of service requirements that needs to be met by the network while transporting a packet stream from a source to its destination. The network is expected to guarantee a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the users in terms of end-to-end performance, such as delay, bandwidth, probability of packet loss, delay variance (jitter), etc.

Traditional internet QoS protocols like RSVP cannot be easily migrated to the wireless environment due to the error-prone nature of wireless links and the high mobility of mobile devices. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), the body responsible for guiding the evolution of the Internet, provides the definition as given below: A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links. The routers are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's wireless topology may change rapidly and unpredictably. Such a network may operate in a stand-alone fashion, or may be connected to the larger Internet. QoS is usually defined as a set of service requirements that needs to be met by the network while transporting a packet stream from a source to its destination. The network is expected to guarantee a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the users in terms of end-to-end performance, such as delay, bandwidth, probability of packet loss, delay variance (jitter), etc.

Wireless Ad-Hoc Sensor Networks A Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self-ruling gathering of versatile clients that convey over generally transfer speed obliged remote connections. Following the hubs are versatile, the system topology might change quickly and erratically after some time. The system is decentralized, where all system movement including finding the topology and conveying messages must be executed by the hubs themselves, i.e. steering usefulness will be fused into portable hubs. A remote specially appointed sensor system comprises of various sensors spread over a geological zone. Every sensor has remote correspondence capacity and some level of knowledge for sign preparing and systems administration of the information. The capacity of the sensor system to total the information gathered can incredibly decrease the quantity of messages that should be transmitted over the system. Security in specially appointed systems is an imperative issue for impromptu systems, partic...

The working range of Ad-hoc network will spread in coming future due to dynamic nature. However, there will be the risk of spreading wrong routing information, packet dropping and selective forwarding in the network which further leads to special kind of attacks [1]. Existing authenticated routing protocols for Ad-hoc network fails to detect and defend against such kind of attacks in the mobile ad hoc network. Thus, if malicious node hack the packets and make the modifications , intentionally drop control or data packets, the current specification of existing routing protocols cannot detect or defend against such authenticated selfish nodes.This weakness in ARAN specification will result in the disturbance of the ad hoc network and the waste of the network bandwidth. In this research paper, a solution is proposed to account for this type of attacks.

Cloud and Internet of things application are growing day by day. Most of the organization are using the cloud storage services for own application. IOT application are building under the 5G wireless communication technologies. Security is the major concern for data security and safety. The basic techniques start from using the watermarking with advancement of the cryptography algorithm. Most of the online and cloud application are using the cryptography-based data security. The most common and high secure cryptography algorithms are AES, RSA, Hash etc. This paper presents the cryptography techniques and challenges for the security in cloud data storage for IOT applications.

Recently there is a huge interest in designing and implementing systems that can be used in surveillance and emergency situations. These systems are designed and implemented using two main technologies that are: Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). MANETs with its unique characteristics of rapid deployment, self-organization and cost effectivenes had made it a popular topic for designers and developers to design and implement such systems. In this paper, a prototype system was designed and implemented using MANETs and UAVs; this system can be developed to be used as an aerial monitoring system in surveillance and security issues, the system was used to record and send a real-time video from source to destination node over a multihop path. This system was first implemented and tested using testbed method, then it was simulated using network simulator (NS-3) with two case studies to evaluate the performance of the system using two routing protocols (Ad-hoc On-Demand Destance Vector AODV[1] and Optimised Link State Routing OLSR [2]). The evaluating metrics used here are; delay, average jitter, packet loss ratio (PLR) and packet delivery factor (PDF) against variable number of nodes. The optained results of the test bed method showed the configuration parameters and self-organization characteristics of MANET, the results obtained from the simulation platform illustrated that the OLSR had outperformed the AODV protocol in dense networks and the optimum number of nodes needed to cover the simulation area were 90 nodes.

Recently there is a huge interest in designing and implementing systems that can be used in surveillance and emergency situations. These systems are designed and implemented using two main technologies that are: Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) and the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). MANETs with its unique characteristics of rapid deployment, self-organization and cost effectivenes had made it a popular topic for designers and developers to design and implement such systems. In this paper, a prototype system was designed and implemented using MANETs and UAVs; this system can be developed to be used as an aerial monitoring system in surveillance and security issues, the system was used to record and send a real-time video from source to destination node over a multihop path. This system was first implemented and tested using testbed method, then it was simulated using network simulator (NS-3) with two case studies to evaluate the performance of the system using two routing protocols (Ad-hoc On-Demand Destance Vector AODV[1] and Optimised Link State Routing OLSR [2]). The evaluating metrics used here are; delay, average jitter, packet loss ratio (PLR) and packet delivery factor (PDF) against variable number of nodes. The optained results of the test bed method showed the configuration parameters and self-organization characteristics of MANET, the results obtained from the simulation platform illustrated that the OLSR had outperformed the AODV protocol in dense networks and the optimum number of nodes needed to cover the simulation area were 90 nodes.

A wireless network node with the Omni antenna tends to cause problems called "Hidden Node" and "Exposed Node". RTS/CTS mechanism has been introduced to mitigate Hidden Node and most of existing researches assume that RTS and CTS are sent at the same data rate. In this paper we have intentionally allocate different transmission rate to RTS and CTS in order to mitigate effect of Exposed Node. The simulation result showed that the proposed method achieved higher throughput.

the nodes in the network act as router. The router forwards data packets from one node to another. A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two LANs or WANs. Routers are located at gateways, the places where two or more networks connect. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks until it reaches its destination node. The packet sending from one node to another is based on the shortest path. The link cost determines the shortest path between nodes. Packet capturing (or packet sniffing) is the process of collecting all packets of data that pass through a given network interface. Capturing network packets in our applications is a powerful capability which lets us write network monitoring, packet analyzer and security tools.

Purpose-Scalability is a fundamental problem in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), where network topology includes large number of nodes and demands a large number of packets in network that characterized by dynamic topologies, existence of bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links, energy constraint and nodes are highly prone to security threats. The key purpose of this paper is to overview the efficiency of the proposed clustering scheme for large-scale MANETs and its performance evaluation and especially in the case of a large number of nodes in the network. Design/methodology/approach-Designing clustering schemes for MANETs, which are efficient and scalable in the case of large number of mobile nodes, has received a great attention in the last few years. It is widely used to improve resources management, hierarchical routing protocol design, quality of service, network performance parameters such as routing delay, bandwidth consumption, throughput and security. MANETs are characterized by limited wireless bandwidth, nodes mobility that results in a high frequency of failure regarding wireless links, energy constraint and nodes are highly prone to security threats. Due to all these features, the design of a scalable and efficient clustering scheme is quite complex. Many clustering schemes have been proposed to divide nodes into clusters, focusing on different metrics and purposes. Findings-To the best of the author's knowledge, the different proposed clustering schemes are not scalable when the network size increases to a very large number. The paper presents the clustering scheme in detail and its performance evaluation by simulating MANETs composed of a large number of mobile nodes. The authors compare the performance of the scheme with a number of existing clustering schemes such as lowest-ID, highest degree, and weighted clustering algorithm, based on a number of performance metrics. Simulation results show that the scheme performs better than other clustering schemes, based on the performance metrics considered, for large-scale MANETs. Originality/value-This paper addresses the problem of scalability in MANETs when there are high numbers of node in the network. The paper analyses the performance of the proposed clustering scheme for large-scale MANETs. The obtained results show that the different proposed clustering schemes do not allow the scalability when the network size is very large. The scheme supports scalability efficiently when the number of nodes increases in the network (more than 2,000 nodes).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a cutting-edge technology that was created with the goal of connecting and integrating all items globally. This technology makes it possible to be incredibly intelligent, which benefits humans in many ways. Connecting the things around us and enabling communication between them will enable applications for intelligent healthcare, safety, and industrial operations. Due to the multiplicity of different organisations and applications that the Internet of Things supports, the risk of unwanted access is substantially larger. The communication networks are currently subject to very potent and seriously frightening cyberattacks. This research introduces an intelligent strategy using improved Deep Learning algorithms to enhance security and resist breaches. The study focuses on detecting active hostile behavior within networks, employing Deep Learning for intrusion detection. The enhanced Deep Belief Network (DBN) for security is compared with traditional algorithms, including DGAs and IDS, to analyze outcomes.

In the past, the majority of the computer security officers had difficulty in convincing management to allocate financial resources for IT security. However, with the emergence of electronic commerce and varied legislation, organizations appear to have understood the necessity for computer security, especially data security. Electronic commerce can help enterprises reducing costs, obtaining greater market and improving relationships between buyers and sellers. At the same time, new risks and threats have also occurred, such as, mutual trust, intellectual property, network att3.acks and so on. This paper analyzes the threat classification and control measures in E-commerce softwares and on this basis, a conceptual risk management framework is provided. Enterprises engaged in e-commerce can use the framework to improve their security.

Ad hoc mobile devices are set of consistent heterogeneous devices that move in an independent fashion and communicate with one another over a wireless channel. These devices are presumed to have a non-deterministic mobility pattern. Clusters are formed by clubbing together nodes and heads are elected to manage, serve as a backbone, and route packets to other cluster heads. A lot of policies used in selection of cluster heads are biased in favor of some nodes. The result of the responsibilities of cluster heads, may deplete their energy faster due to higher number of communications with nodes on the network. This situation might cause them to drop out of the network. This paper therefore, proposes a reliable scheme for election of cluster heads by giving all nodes the opportunity to serve as a cluster head and provides enhancement to existing algorithms to minimize the unbalanced distribution of nodes under cluster heads and increase the active life of a node in a network. The scheme elects right cluster head and help nodes to relinquish their headship to other nodes if their power is low.

Decentralized wireless networks that may connect without a central hub are named Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET). Attacks and threats of the most common kind can easily penetrate MANETs. Malware, APTs, and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) assaults all work together to make Internet services less reliable and less secure. Existing methods have been created to counter these assaults, but they either need more hardware, result in significant delivery delays, or fall short in other key areas like as energy consumption. This research therefore provides an intelligent agent system that can automatically choose and classify features to identify DDoS assaults. In this study, we provide an automated attack detector for MANETs based on a multilayer, (1D) convolutional neural network (CNN). Grey relational analysis classifiers are employed to screen attack levels in the classification layer because of their simple mathematical operation. The sunflower optimization technique is also used to fine-tune the classifier's weight. The research suggested a supervised feature classifier and fed the compressed data from an unsupervised auto encoder to it. In our experiment, conducted on the custom-generated dataset CICDDoS2018, the system outperformed state-of-the-art deep learning-based DDoS attack finding methods by a factor of 98%. Our suggested technique utilizes the freshest CICDDoS2018 dataset in combination with automated feature selection and classification to achieve state-of-the-art detection accuracy at a fraction of the processing time.

In mobile ad-hoc networks, nodes have to transmit HELLO or Route Maintenance messages at regular intervals, and all nodes residing within its radio range, reply with an acknowledgment message informing their node identifier, current location, and radio-range. Regular transmitting these messages consume a significant amount of battery power in nodes, especially when the set of down-link neighbors does not change over time and the radio-range of the sender node is large. The present article focuses on this aspect and tries to eliminate the number of HELLO messages in existing state-of-art protocols. Also, it shortens radio-ranges of nodes whenever possible. Simulation results show that the average lifetime of nodes greatly increases in proposed Minus HELLO devoid routing protocols along with a great increase in network throughput. Also, the required number of route re-discovery reduces.

In MANETs (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) communication at the mobile nodes can be achieved by using multihop wireless links. The architecture of such network is based not on a centralized base station but on each node which acts as a router and forwards data packets to other nodes in the network. The aim of each protocol, in an ad-hoc network, is to find valid routes between two communicating nodes. These protocols must be able to handle high mobility of the nodes which often cause changes in the network topology. This paper evaluates four ad-hoc network protocols (AODV, DSDV, DSR and TORA) in different network scales taking into consideration the mobility factor. The evaluation of these four protocols was carried out using Network Simulator-2 (ns2), and the poor performance of TORA may be attributed to its implementation in this package. Therefore further investigation of TORA implementation in ns2 needs to be carried out.

The fifth era (5G) will overwhelm in the brilliant urban areas where 5G gives every one of the offices most extreme security and privacy. As to administrations, superfluous mishap rates are expanding with digital assaults also, dangers. All security issues for 5 G-based framework will confront many difficulties like secure transportation administrations which is one of the 2030 drives in quite a large number nations. Safeguarding the infrastructure is then extremely significant of 5G-empowered IoT sharing of information against these assaults. This requires the analysts working in this space to propose different sorts of safety conventions under various kinds of classes, as key administration, client validation/gadget confirmation, access control/client access control, and interruption discovery. As the interest for portable information develops, versatile administrators and makers are confronted with a problem. There is a limited measure of radio recurrence range accessible at any one second, yet to satisfy client interest, they should further develop limit and convey higher correspondence rates. This paper gives bits of knowledge into the basic issues and challenges connected with the security, protection, and trust issues of 5G network.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is characterized as a dynamic, multi-hop wireless self-organized distributed ad hoc network. Because of node mobility and power limitation, the network topology changes frequently which leads to path breakage. Hence a dynamic routing protocol is required for ad hoc networks to function properly. Reactive on-demand routing protocols becomes very popular because it established routes only when they are needed but most of them use single route and do not have backup routes to transmit the packet during failure. Therefore, some on-demand protocols with alternate path has been proposed to improve the performance in ad hoc network. In this paper, we discuss different schemes based on AODV protocol which provide multiple alternate routes by using the broadcast nature of wireless nodes and compare their performance on basis of various parameters.

Mobile computing has achieved lots of attention in recent times as a variety of mobile terminals & convenient wireless connections are available. A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes which interact over bandwidth confined. Because of this the network topology can change quickly and uncertain over time, each node must united within a communication routing protocol that make easier network discovery, assures message delivery, and detects failed message delivery attempts. The movement of the mobile nodes in MANET is arbitrary and hence the topology of the network may change rapidly and randomly at unpredictable times which in result may contain both unidirectional as well as bidirectional links. This unpredictable behavior of nodes causes the instability in the cluster life. The most of the clustering schemes assume low mobility which cannot reflect the distinct dynamic character of MANETs. Mobility is a crucial characteristic of a cluster in the mobile ad hoc network especially at the time of cluster formation and clusterhead election.

The implementation of MANET for commercial purposes is not an easy task. Unlike other wireless technologies such as cellular networks, MANET face more difficult problems concerning management functions, routing and scalability. As a solution to these complications, clustering schemes are proposed for MANET in order to organize the network topology in a hierarchical manner. Many clustering techniques have been developed. Clustering is a method which aggregates nodes into groups. These groups are contained by the network and they are known as clusters. By Increasing network capacity and reducing the routing overhead through clustering brings more efficiency and effectiveness to scalability in relation to node numbers and the necessity for high mobility. The manager node,in 2 Anzar Ahamd.

Abstract. The implementation of MANET for commercial purposes is not an easy task. Unlike other wireless technologies such as cellular networks, MANET face more difficult problems concerning management functions, routing and scalability. As a solution to these complications, clustering schemes are proposed for MANET in order to organize the network topology in a hierarchical manner. Many clustering techniques have been developed. Clustering is a method which aggregates nodes into groups. These groups are contained by the network and they are known as clusters. By Increasing network capacity and reducing the routing overhead through clustering brings more efficiency and effectiveness to scalability in relation to node numbers and the necessity for high mobility. The manager node,in 2

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network that comes with a few routing protocols which have varied mechanisms. Studies show that routing operations consume energy while current research focuses more on MANET routing protocol operation and its performance evaluation, the required energy for successful routing operations equally demands quality attention of researchers. Hence, the need to expand the scope of study on MANET routing protocols to the neglected area of study. To bridge the research gap between MANET routing protocols and energy consumption, this paper used residual energy to analyze routing protocols' energy efficiency as a metric to analyze selected routing protocols; Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) via simulation. It also compared the amount of energy required to transmit the data packets to their destinations in DSDV and AODV. Results, in terms of energy efficiency, indicated that AODV was better than DSDV because it consumed less energy for its successful routing operations. Povzetek: Analizirana je energijska učinkovitost raznih protokolov mobilnih omrežij MANET.

In mobile ad-hoc networks, nodes have to transmit HELLO or Route Maintenance messages at regular intervals, and all nodes residing within its radio range, reply with an acknowledgment message informing their node identifier, current location, and radio-range. Regular transmitting these messages consume a significant amount of battery power in nodes, especially when the set of down-link neighbors does not change over time and the radio-range of the sender node is large. The present article focuses on this aspect and tries to eliminate the number of HELLO messages in existing state-of-art protocols. Also, it shortens radio-ranges of nodes whenever possible. Simulation results show that the average lifetime of nodes greatly increases in proposed Minus HELLO devoid routing protocols along with a great increase in network throughput. Also, the required number of route re-discovery reduces.

This paper deals with Real Time Operating System (RTOS) based secure wormhole detection and prevention in ad hoc networks. The wormhole attack can form a serious threat to wireless networks, especially against many ad hoc network routing protocols and location based wireless security systems. A wormhole is created in the ad hoc network by introducing two malicious nodes. These two nodes form a worm hole link and message is transmitted through this link. The next part of the work is to detect the wormhole link by defining worm hole detection and prevention algorithm. After detecting suspicious links, one node performs a verification procedure for each suspicious link. The detection procedure and verifying procedure of suspicious worm link are used for further prevention of wormhole attack in the ad hoc network.

Sentiment analysis in the most general sense refers to the classification of a piece of text into either of the three classes-positive, negative or neutral-according to its polarity. The text may be an entire document, a paragraph, a sentence, a phrase or even a single word. Most of the literature on sentiment analysis is dedicated to well-formed text as found in the newspapers, journals and magazines. The unprecedented rise in popularity of the social media brought with it a vast sea of user generated content many of which convey subjective opinions on products, services, organizations, public figures and what not. But the textual data obtained from such sources are extremely noisy. They are characterized by numerous spelling and grammatical errors, as well as by the heavy usage of acronyms, abbreviations, shortened words and slang. The currently available Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools are not designed for handling such types of data. In this report we suggest a number of methods for making the data obtained from social media less noisy and more suitable for sentiment analysis.

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes forming short lived or temporary networks without having any centralized infrastructure. Due to high mobility of the nodes the topology of the Ad-hoc network is highly dynamic. MANET is expected to be very useful for the deployment of temporary networks in military environments and emergency situations such as fire, safety, search and rescue operations, meetings or conventions in which people wish to quickly share information. Nodes are the only resource available, which also acts as router to forward packets. Among many, the main challenge of MANET is that of discovering the connections/routes between the mobile nodes within the continuously changing network topology. Thus routing protocols must be adaptive and fast enough to maintain routes in spite of the changing network topology and available low bandwidth. In this paper we have studied Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), a popular on demand reactive routing protocol for wireless networks. During recent years many enhancements have been suggested to improve the working of AODV like AODVUU, MAODV, etc.

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are an infrastructure-less, dynamic network consisting of a collection of wireless mobile nodes that communicate with each other without the use of any centralized authority. The network nodes in MANET are free to move randomly therefore, the network topology of a MANET may change rapidly and unpredictably. Due to the dynamic change in topology finding a better route is very difficult. Some nodes misbehave as they participate in route establishment phase but refuse to forward the data packets to reverse their own energy. These networks can be setup easily anywhere and anytime without any base infrastructure, thus they have proved to be very efficient is rescue related areas like flood and fire. MANETs are now extended to be used in military and law enforcement. MANETs still face the major problem of security and privacy, especially when used in sensitive areas of computing. To provide better security a secure routing protocols have been developed to p...

The fifth era (5G) will overwhelm in the brilliant urban areas where 5G gives every one of the offices most extreme security and privacy. As to administrations, superfluous mishap rates are expanding with digital assaults also, dangers. All security issues for 5 G-based framework will confront many difficulties like secure transportation administrations which is one of the 2030 drives in quite a large number nations. Safeguarding the infrastructure is then extremely significant of 5G-empowered IoT sharing of information against these assaults. This requires the analysts working in this space to propose different sorts of safety conventions under various kinds of classes, as key administration, client validation/gadget confirmation, access control/client access control, and interruption discovery. As the interest for portable information develops, versatile administrators and makers are confronted with a problem. There is a limited measure of radio recurrence range accessible at any one second, yet to satisfy client interest, they should further develop limit and convey higher correspondence rates. This paper gives bits of knowledge into the basic issues and challenges connected with the security, protection, and trust issues of 5G network.

With the increase of various applications in the domain of wireless sensor networks, the tendency to use wireless sensors has gradually increased in different applications. On the other hand, diverse traffic with different priorities generated by these sensors requires providing adaptive quality of services based on users` needs. In this paper, a congestion control predictor model is proposed for wireless sensor networks, which considers parameters like network energy consumption, packet loss rate and percentage of delivered high and medium priority packets to the destination. This method consists of congestion prevention, congestion control, and energy control plans using shortest path selection algorithm. In the congestion prevention plan, congestion is prevented by investigating the queues length. In the congestion control plan, the congestion is controlled by reducing the transmission rate. Finally, the energy control plan aims to partially balance the energy of nodes to prevent...

Merging of MANET with IOT utilized in inevitable knowledge situations opens new possibility in checking and makes another communication stage for various applications in Internet of Things (IoT). Sensors utilized for IoT applications, sense nature and send the data to the gateway hub, which then send the congregated information to the MANET hub, particularly used for information gathering. MANET plays a key function, which is used as the foundation of the IoT arrange. Because of its intrinsic properties, the MANET hubs can assemble unconstrained associations with different hubs without the need of any base. MANET hubs can turn over the IoT procedure and accumulate information from the sensors and or any fixed Radiocommunication nodes. MANET cores can be utilized as key advances in a few applications in IoT. Because of the idea of self-designing, MANET hubs just as the sensor hubs can be sent in huge possibility. In this paper we have taken a survey of MANET and IOT various applicati...

wireless sensor network is fastly growing network used in surveillance, military, and other emergency applications. It provides a very fast and low cost data transmission, but due to battery constraint in sensor nodes used to collect or transmit the information, their use are limited. A great number of researchers are working to minimize the energy consumption but along with this security of protocol shouldn’t be breached. At present TinyOS is used in the WSNs to transmit and receive data. In our paper we have collected various research papers of good journals which worked on data security protocol along with consideration of energy minimization. On the basis of which we suggested the future modifications, which will be discussed in revised version.

Remote Network incorporates a bigger favorable position in the present correspondence application like ecological, movement, military and wellbeing perception. To understand these applications it's important to have a solid directing convention. The self-sorting out nature of MANETs makes them appropriate for some applications and henceforth, extensive exertion has been put into anchoring this kind of systems. Secure correspondence in a system is dictated by the unwavering quality of the key administration conspire, which is in charge of creating, circulating and looking after encryption/decoding keys among the hubs. In this paper different key administration plans for MANETs are talked about. This examination work proposes a novel secure Identity-Based Key Management convention making utilization of cryptographic and Information Theoretic Security.

The RTS/CTS mechanism is widely used in wireless networks in order to avoid packet collisions and, thus, achieve high throughput. In ad hoc networks, however, the current implementation of the RTS/CTS mechanism may lead to interdependencies so that nodes become unable to transmit any packets during long periods of time. This effect manifests itself in the form of congestion where, after a certain point, the network throughput decreases with increasing load instead of maintaining its peak value. In this paper, we describe and analyze this problem in detail and provide a backward-compatible solution, called RTS Validation. Our simulations show that this solution leads to a 60% gain in the peak throughput in addition to stabilizing the throughput at high load.

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We discuss a few problems introduced by the RTS/CTS mechanism of collision avoidance and focus on the virtual jamming problem, which allows a malicious node to effectively jam a large fragment of a wireless network at a minimum expense of power. We propose a solution to this problem and provide experimental data illustrating the impact of virtual jamming and the effectiveness of our proposed solution.

Wireless technology is the one that provide the ability of roaming with diversity level of transmission power in mobile devices. Power availability is countered as the most important factor that constrains all of ad hoc wireless networks. The Absence of infrastructure in such networks provide fully adaptation of mobility of nodes since it prevent the usage of any fixed infrastructure such as power cable. Hence, the power consumption is a critical factor that has main effect on transmission range overall network lifetime. This reason increase the need of distributing the power consumption rate and the overall power of transmission must be minimized for each connection request and the congestions also must be minimized. A clustering technique is used to adapt the solution of energy consumption. According to that, this paper presents reviews of most clustering techniques that improves the power conservative in mobile ad hoc network and increase the battery usage in ad hoc wireless network devices and conserve the power energy consumption.

A MANET can be defined as an autonomous system of nodes or MSs(also serving as routers) connected by wireless links, the union of which forms a communication network modeled in the form of an arbitrary communication graph. The self configuring means that any mobile nodes can join or leave the network when they want .It is the decentralized type of network in which mobile nodes can move from one location to another. Due to random movability of the mobile nodes, the two factors route establishment, route maintenance becomes the major problem of MANET networks. This main Spotlight of this research paper is the route establishment & route maintenance which are properties of MANET network. The EETC protocol is the route establishment and route maintenance protocol in which broker route will be recovered on the basis of node connectivity. The node, which has maximum connectivity, is selected as the best node for route recovery in EETC Protocol. In this research work, the EETC protocol is further improved by adding buffer size parameter for route recovery which also maintains & improves quality of service like better throughtput, Less Energy Consumption, High Packet Delivery Ratio , Low End to end delay and Less Packet loss & Less Overhead in the network The proposed IEETC protocol simulation results perform well as compared to existing EETC protocol in terms of certain parameters.

A MANET can be defined as an autonomous system of nodes or MSs(also serving as routers) connected by wireless links, the union of which forms a communication network modeled in the form of an arbitrary communication graph. The self configuring means that any mobile nodes can join or leave the network when they want .It is the decentralized type of network in which mobile nodes can move from one location to another. Due to random movability of the mobile nodes, the two factors route establishment, route maintenance becomes the major problem of MANET networks.

Nowadays heterogeneous gadgets are associated out and out through web. Such endless commitments may be benefitted and begun from the hand-held gadgets. You can ee-advanced book tickets, banking, explore the traffic, clean your obligation, get underwriting from the area, etc Due to heterogeneity nature of contraptions there are different bothers in IoT like coordination and control, estimations the chiefs, versatility, interoperability, security. In IoT many (recognizing) gadgets save recording and sending the estimations to control space for evaluation and dynamic. This paper makes you experience what IoT is and what are its ruling burdens what's more, challenges

Wireless sensor networks usually comprise of a large number of nodes which are geographically distributed and are not physically connected. These nodes are frequently used to sense private data and can be necessary to transmit confidential and critical data. Hence it is important to provide security for wireless sensor networks. Research is still ongoing in this field and many models have been proposed for providing security. Looking into the symbiotic nature of biological systems can give us valuable insights for computer networks. Because of the analogies between network security and how the biotic components react to perceived threats in their surroundings , Bio-inspired approaches for providing security in networks are interesting to evaluate. Many theories from nature such as swarm intelligence, ant colony optimisation (ACO), web spider defence, bird flocking, human immune system and so forth have been used to tackle various problems in the networking domain. In this paper, we intend to outline and categorize the various security attacks we encounter in a wireless sensor network and review the proposed conventional security mechanisms for them and also compare it with an alternative novel approach, i.e bio-inspired approach.

Purpose -Scalability is a fundamental problem in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), where network topology includes large number of nodes and demands a large number of packets in network that characterized by dynamic topologies, existence of bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links, energy constraint and nodes are highly prone to security threats. The key purpose of this paper is to overview the efficiency of the proposed clustering scheme for large-scale MANETs and its performance evaluation and especially in the case of a large number of nodes in the network. Design/methodology/approach -Designing clustering schemes for MANETs, which are efficient and scalable in the case of large number of mobile nodes, has received a great attention in the last few years. It is widely used to improve resources management, hierarchical routing protocol design, quality of service, network performance parameters such as routing delay, bandwidth consumption, throughput and security. MANETs are characterized by limited wireless bandwidth, nodes mobility that results in a high frequency of failure regarding wireless links, energy constraint and nodes are highly prone to security threats. Due to all these features, the design of a scalable and efficient clustering scheme is quite complex. Many clustering schemes have been proposed to divide nodes into clusters, focusing on different metrics and purposes. Findings -To the best of the author's knowledge, the different proposed clustering schemes are not scalable when the network size increases to a very large number. The paper presents the clustering scheme in detail and its performance evaluation by simulating MANETs composed of a large number of mobile nodes. The authors compare the performance of the scheme with a number of existing clustering schemes such as lowest-ID, highest degree, and weighted clustering algorithm, based on a number of performance metrics. Simulation results show that the scheme performs better than other clustering schemes, based on the performance metrics considered, for large-scale MANETs. Originality/value -This paper addresses the problem of scalability in MANETs when there are high numbers of node in the network. The paper analyses the performance of the proposed clustering scheme for large-scale MANETs. The obtained results show that the different proposed clustering schemes do not allow the scalability when the network size is very large. The scheme supports scalability efficiently when the number of nodes increases in the network (more than 2,000 nodes).

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a specific kind of wireless networks that can be quickly deployed without preexisting infrastructures. They are used in different contexts such as collaborative, medical, military or embedded applications. However, MANETs raise new challenges when they are used in large scale network that contain a large number of nodes. Subsequently, many clustering algorithms have emerged. In fact, these clustering algorithms allow the structuring of the network into groups of entities called clusters creating a hierarchical structure. Each cluster contains a particular node called cluster head elected as cluster head according to a specific metric or a combination of metrics such as identity, degree, mobility, weight, density, etc. MANETs has drawbacks due to both the characteristics of the transmission medium (transmission medium sharing, low bandwidth, etc.) and the routing protocols (information diffusion, path finding, etc.). Clustering in mobile ad hoc networks plays a vital role in improving resource management and network performance (routing delay, bandwidth consumption and throughput). In this paper, we present a study and analyze of some existing clustering approaches for MANETs that recently appeared in literature, which we classify as: Identifier Neighbor based clustering, Topology based clustering, Mobility based clustering, Energy based clustering, and Weight based clustering. We also include clustering definition, review existing clustering approaches, evaluate their performance and cost, discuss their advantages, disadvantages, features and suggest a best clustering approach.

The recent rapid growth of cities, the evolution of wireless/mobile technologies and diverse demanding applications, the world is becoming more and more urban. Today, wireless and mobile networks as well multimedia applications play an essential challenging role within urban environment and they are take a considerable attention to improve and render the urban environment increasingly sustainable and livable. The main purpose of wireless and mobile networks is to share the fresh updated information collected around the urban environment between the stakeholders and the citizen constantly. However, it's very difficult to achieve this task in a complex, distributed, large (billions of heterogeneous connected devices) and diverse innovative demanding applications and services in urban environment. It is noteworthy that these demanding applications and services require constructing a wireless network that satisfies the scalability and QoS in this environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient k-hop scalability and QoS topology management scheme for large scale Mobile Ad Hoc Networks which is suitable for demanding application in urban environment. Our proposed scheme meets the scalability needs of urban environment as well the QoS of demanding applications like multimedia applications, by constructing a two hierarchical topology level based on trade-off between the clustering and virtual backbone mechanisms. To achieve and supports network scalability when network size increases (thousands of nodes) and satisfy the QoS of demanding applications, we propose in the first level, an efficient weight based clustering approach & Abdelhak Bentaleb

Purpose -Scalability is a fundamental problem in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), where network topology includes large number of nodes and demands a large number of packets in network that characterized by dynamic topologies, existence of bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links, energy constraint and nodes are highly prone to security threats. The key purpose of this paper is to overview the efficiency of the proposed clustering scheme for large-scale MANETs and its performance evaluation and especially in the case of a large number of nodes in the network. Design/methodology/approach -Designing clustering schemes for MANETs, which are efficient and scalable in the case of large number of mobile nodes, has received a great attention in the last few years. It is widely used to improve resources management, hierarchical routing protocol design, quality of service, network performance parameters such as routing delay, bandwidth consumption, throughput and security. MANETs are characterized by limited wireless bandwidth, nodes mobility that results in a high frequency of failure regarding wireless links, energy constraint and nodes are highly prone to security threats. Due to all these features, the design of a scalable and efficient clustering scheme is quite complex. Many clustering schemes have been proposed to divide nodes into clusters, focusing on different metrics and purposes. Findings -To the best of the author's knowledge, the different proposed clustering schemes are not scalable when the network size increases to a very large number. The paper presents the clustering scheme in detail and its performance evaluation by simulating MANETs composed of a large number of mobile nodes. The authors compare the performance of the scheme with a number of existing clustering schemes such as lowest-ID, highest degree, and weighted clustering algorithm, based on a number of performance metrics. Simulation results show that the scheme performs better than other clustering schemes, based on the performance metrics considered, for large-scale MANETs. Originality/value -This paper addresses the problem of scalability in MANETs when there are high numbers of node in the network. The paper analyses the performance of the proposed clustering scheme for large-scale MANETs. The obtained results show that the different proposed clustering schemes do not allow the scalability when the network size is very large. The scheme supports scalability efficiently when the number of nodes increases in the network (more than 2,000 nodes).

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are a specific kind of wireless networks that can be quickly deployed without preexisting infrastructures. They are used in different contexts such as collaborative, medical, military or embedded applications. However, MANETs raise new challenges when they are used in large scale network that contain a large number of nodes. Subsequently, many clustering algorithms have emerged. In fact, these clustering algorithms allow the structuring of the network into groups of entities called clusters creating a hierarchical structure. Each cluster contains a particular node called cluster head elected as cluster head according to a specific metric or a combination of metrics such as identity, degree, mobility, weight, density, etc. MANETs has drawbacks due to both the characteristics of the transmission medium (transmission medium sharing, low bandwidth, etc.) and the routing protocols (information diffusion, path finding, etc.). Clustering in mobile ad hoc networks plays a vital role in improving resource management and network performance (routing delay, bandwidth consumption and throughput). In this paper, we present a study and analyze of some existing clustering approaches for MANETs that recently appeared in literature, which we classify as: Identifier Neighbor based clustering, Topology based clustering, Mobility based clustering, Energy based clustering, and Weight based clustering. We also include clustering definition, review existing clustering approaches, evaluate their performance and cost, discuss their advantages, disadvantages, features and suggest a best clustering approach.

The spontaneous ad hoc network is made by a situated of nodes set together in the nearby locale for some agreeable action. A complete masterminded toward oneself protected convention utilizes the human communications related with the movement to make a fundamental service and security framework. To attain this necessity, confirming the individual unbelievably in the scope of wireless network is required. The safe convention utilizes a hybrid symmetric or asymmetric scheme and the trust among clients. The outline of the convention licenses offering assets and offering new direction between clients in a safe environment. Noxious nodes send or forward the information, which may disturb the correspondence. The nodes in the networks need to discover the noxious node. This paper exposes a safe protocol for the network. The principle center of this paper is on the network management, security examination of the framework and an interruption recognition component for spontaneous ad hoc network.