Active Tectonics

ÖZ Batı Türkiye, Anadolu bloğuna ait önemli paleotektonik ve neotektonik yapıları içerir. Bunlardan ilki metamorfik bir masif olarak farklı litolojileri içeren Menderes Masifi, diğeri ise Türkiye'nin karışık jeolojik tarihi içerisinde bilinen en önemli neotektonik yapılardan olan ve Menderes Masifi'ni birtakım alt parçalara bölen Gediz Grabeni'dir. Bu çalışmada, bölgede yüzeyleyen litolojik birimler ve jeolojik yapılar Landsat TM görüntüleri kullanılarak ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Birimlerin ayrımlanması için bant oranlama ve temel bileşen analiz yöntemleri seçilmiştir. Temel bileşen analizi, bu çalışmada litolojik ayrımlanma açısından daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmayı tamamlayıcı nitelikte yönsel filtreleme olarak bilinen yapısal analiz amaçlı çalışma da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Menderes Masifi'ne ait metamorfik kayaçlar, bölgede bir okyanusal kapanmanın ürünlerini temsil eden İzmir-Ankara Zonu' na ait kayaçlar ve Gediz Grabeni'ni örten Neojen yaşlı kayaçlar görüntü işlem yöntemleriyle ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan çıkan en önemli sonuçları, neotektonik döneme ait çökellerin paleotektonik döneme ait metamorfik ve ofiyolitik kayaçlardan ayrılabilmesi ve Gediz Grabeni'ne ait sınırların ortaya çıkarılması olarak ifade etmek mümkündür.

This research was carried out at 35 stations in 16 different streams on the Biga Peninsula during the spring and summer of 2000 and 2001 to determine the freshwater ichthyofauna and community features. In addition, some physical and chemical parameters of the streams were determined in their natural environment. Fourteen taxa belonging to 5 families were determined. Leuciscus cephalus, Petroleuciscus borysthenicus, Rhodeus amarus, Phoxinus phoxinus, Chalcalburnus chalcoides, Barbus tauricus escherichi, Gobio gobio, Capoeta capoeta bergamae, Vimba vimba, Cobitis fahirae and Neogobius fluviatilis are recorded for the first time from the Biga Peninsula. The most abundant species in the study area was L. cephalus. Fish communities in the streams were analysed, where 3 different groups were formed at a level of 50% similarity. Larger streams are determined to be the richest habitats in terms of species diversity.

An earthquake with a moment magnitude reported as 6 .0 from INGV (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vul canologia); occurred at 03:36 AM (local time) on 24 August 2016 in the central part of Italy. The epicenter was lo cated at the borders of the Lazio, Abruzzi, Marche and Umbria regions, abou t 2.5 km north-east of the village of Accumoli and about 100 km from Rome. The hypocentral depth was about 8 km (INGV). We summarize preliminary findings of the Italy-US G EER (Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance) team, on damage distribution, causative faults, earthquak e-induced landslides and rockfalls, building and bridge performance, and ground motion characterization. Our reconnaissance team used multidisciplinary approaches, combining expertise in geo logy, seismology, geomatics, geotechnical engineeri g, and structural engineering. Our approach was to combine traditiona l reconnaissance activities of on-ground recording a d mapping of field conditions, with advanced imaging and ...

Differential vertical movements along the Vienna Basin Transform Fault (Austria) indicated by burial dating of Danube terraces Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger (1), Stephanie Neuhuber (2), Bernhard Salcher (3), Kurt Decker (4), Régis Braucher (5), Markus Fiebig (2), Johannes Lachner (6), Aster Team (5,7)

To tackle the history of active thrust or reverse faults, it is often necessary to open the observation window on time scales on the order of 10^ 4-10 5 years by studying the morphologies associated to their activities. Because fluvial systems are particularly ...

The major tectonic structure of the Lower Silesia Region is connected with the Sudetic Marginal Fault (SMF), which past and contemporary activity has been pointed by many authors. Within the "GEOSUD" project the geodynamic profiles have been set up across the most active tectonic zones covering Sudetes and Fore-Sudetic Block. Repeated every year satellite GPS measurements were carried out on the sites of these profiles during the period 1996-2002. The analysis of the results of these measurements shows that tectonic activity of the SMF zone is still going on, but individual segments of this zone are marked by different character of horizontal movements.

We analysed a nearly 133-km-long portion of the Sudetic Marginal Fault (SMF) in Poland (99.7 km) and the Czech Republic (33.8 km), comprised between Złotoryja in the NW and Jesenik in the SE. The fault trace has been subdivided into fifteen segments showing different orientation (N29°W to N56°W, and even N111°W SE of Złoty Stok), geological setting, length (8.8-22.9 km in Poland and 1.4-7.5 km in the Czech Republic), and height of the fault-and fault-line scarps (5-75 m to 200-360 m). Orientation of the entire fault trace approaches N41°W, and the mountain front sinuosity amounts to 1.051. Individual fault segments bear a flight of two to five tiers of triangular facets, showing differentiated state of preservation and degree of erosional remodelling. The highest triangular facets are confined to Rychlebské (Złote) and Sowie Mts. This tiering points to at least five episodes of uplift of the SMF footwall, starting shortly after 31 Ma, i.e. after basalts of the Sichów Hills area were displaced by the fault, and most probably postdating 7-5 Ma time interval, during which rapid cooling and exhumation of the Sowie Góry Mts. massif took place. Morphometric parameters of 244 small catchment areas of streams that dissect the fault scarp include, i.a. elongation, relief, and average slope of individual catchment areas, together with values of the valley floor width to valley height ratios. These figures point to moderate tectonic activity of the SMF and allow us to conclude about Quaternary uplift, particularly important in the Sowie and Rychlebské (Złote) segments.

Lower Silesia was broken into numerous tectonic blocks, graben and horsts during late Alpine orogeny. These movements were at its peak in the Neogene. Througout the Quaternary till present times this activity wakened, nevertheless their existence is still felt as local earthquakes. The area of SW Poland is characterised by dense settlement and development resulting from favourable climatic and soil conditions and abundant mineral resources. Numerous engineering objects: water dams, mines, city agglomerations have been built. Some of water dams have been located in tectonic zones, whose activity was confirmed by geological studies. This creates possible threat for people living there. Within successive projects a geodetic monitoring system, based on satellite GPS, geodetic, gravimetric and relative (feeler gauge) observations, in "geodynamic profiles" connected by means of GPS network, has been developed. Multiple measurements indicate differentiated crustal movements in the investigated area, particularly in young tectonic graben. Analysis of changes determined from geodetic observations will help selecting dams and water reservoirs with potentially greatest degree of hazard.

This paper aggregates the main basic data acquired along the Chile Triple Junction (CTJ) area (45°–48°S), where an active spreading center is presently subducting beneath the Andean continental margin. Updated sea-floor kinematics associated with a comprehensive review of geologic, geochemical, and geophysical data provide new constraints on the geodynamics of this puzzling area. We discuss: (1) the emplacement mode for the Pleistocene Taitao Ridge and the Pliocene Taitao Peninsula ophiolite bodies. (2) The occurrence of these ophiolitic complexes in association with five adakite-like plutonic and volcanic centers of similar ages at the same restricted locations. (3) The inferences from the co-
occurrence of these sub-coeval rocks originating from the same subducting oceanic lithosphere evolving through drastically different temperature–pressure (P–T) path: low-grade greenschist facies overprint and amphibolite-eclogite transition, respectively. (4) The evidences that document ridge-jump events and associated microplate individualization during subduction of the SCR1 and SCR-1 segments: the Chonos and Cabo Elena microplates, respectively. The ridge-jump process associated with the occurrence of several closely spaced transform faults entering subduction is controlling slab fragmentation, ophiolite emplacement, and adakite-like production and location in the CTJ area. Kinematic inconsistencies in the development of the Patagonia slab window document an 11- km westward jump for the SCR-1 spreading segment at*6.5-to-6.8 Ma. The SCR-1 spreading center is relocated beneath the North Patagonia Icefield (NPI). We arguethat the deep-seated difference in the dynamically sustained origin of the high reliefs of the North and South Patagonia Icefield (NPI and SPI) is asthenospheric convection and slab melting, respectively. The Chile Triple Junction area provides the basic constraints to define the basic signatures for spreading-ridge subduction
beneath an Andean-type margin.

Fluids can circulate in all levels of the crust, as veins, ore deposits and chemical alterations and isotopic shifts indicate. It is furthermore generally accepted that faults and fractures play a central role as preferred fluid conduits. Fluid flow is, however, not only passively reacting to the presence of faults and fractures, but actively play a role in their creation, (re-) activation and sealing by mineral precipitates. This means that the interaction between fluid flow and fracturing is a twoway process, which is further controlled by tectonic activity (stress field), fluid sources and fluxes, as well as the availability of alternative fluid conduits, such as matrix porosity. Here we explore the interaction between matrix permeability and dynamic fracturing on the spatial and temporal distribution of fluid flow for upward fluid fluxes. Envisaged fluid sources can be dehydration reactions, release of igneous fluids, or release of fluids due to decompression or heating.

Recognizing recent activity at buried out-of-sequence thrusts is a complex task but has important implications for seismic hazard and risk assessment. Here we propose an example of methodology that includes subtle geomorphological and hydrological observations at the surface correlated with upper crustal 3D reconstruction by seismic sections and stratigraphic logs. The densely inhabited Po Plain (Italy) hides the front of the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt, buried under a thick succession of Plio-Pleistocene deposits. The Emilia Arc, located in the center of this front, is composed of a series of folds and south-dipping thrusts. Hindward of the thrust front, at the surface, high resolution Digital Elevation Models and GPS measurements allowed to discover topographic anomalies that denounce recent uplift and broad tilting. These have been accompanied by ample late Pleistocene-Holocene migration of the river network, and river over-excavation. In correspondence of these features, subsurface data show north-verging folds and reverse faults involving Pleistocene deposits. From this integration, a scenario where two out-of-sequence thrust zones contributed to modulate shortening during the late Pleistocene and, possibly, Holocene, emerges. Hinterland migration of deformation has been favored by the higher sedimentation load above the outer thrusts and their close confrontation with the thickened Southern Alps buried fronts.

ABSTRACT-The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI 2007) is2007) is a new earthquake intensity scale only based on the effects triggered by the earthquake in the natural environment. The coseismic effects considered more diagnostic for intensity evaluation are surface faulting and tectonic uplift/subsidence (primary effects), landslides, ground cracks, liquefactions, displaced boulders, tsunami and hydrological anomalies (secondary effects). The ESI 2007 scale follows the same basic structure as any other XII ...

Calabria and Sicily's Coast, particularly in the Messina Strait, is one of the most seismically active areas of the Southern Italy. Since 1783, there have been seven earthquakes with magnitude ranging between 6.0 and 7.2 These earthquakes have produced wide damages on the MCS Intensities scale of X or greater. The high rate of seismic activity in the region is related to the complex geologic setting resulting in a number of different sources of potentially damaging earthquakes.

The Campi Flegrei (ie" burning plains") are located on the eastern Tyrrhenian margin, an area characterized by active tectonics and volcanism since the Pleistocene. It is a densely urbanized coastal zone, including the bay of Pozzuoli, Procida and Ischia islands, where documented human activities have been developing for more than two thousand years. In the Pozzuoli area two major periods of eruptive volcanic activity occurred from 10.0 to 8.0 ky BP and 4.5 to 3.7 ky BP These periods were followed by the September 1538 ...

The Campi Flegrei coastal area includes the bay of Pozzuoli, Procida and Ischia islands, characterized by active tectonics and volcanism since the Pleistocene. Numerous monogenic volcanoes occur close to the shoreline and volcanic debris interpreted as submarine counterpart of subaerial flows and surges, have been detected offshore. In the Pozzuoli area the most recent eruptive volcanic activity occurred from 10.0 to 8.0 ky BP and 4.5 to 3.7 ky BP followed by the September 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption. Here magma- ...

Spain represents an important part of the tourism sector in the Western Mediterranean, which has been affected in the past by tsunamis. Although the tsunami risk at the Spanish coasts is not the highest of the Mediterranean, the necessity of tsunami risk mitigation measures should not be neglected. In the Mediterranean area, Spain is exposed to two different tectonic environments with contrasting characteristics. On one hand, the Alboran Basin characterised by transcurrent and transpressive tectonics and, on the other hand, the North Algerian fold and thrust belt, characterised by compressive tectonics. A set of 22 seismic tsunamigenic sources has been used to estimate the tsunami threat over the Spanish Mediterranean coast of the Iberian peninsula and the Balearic Islands. Maximum wave elevation maps and tsunami travel times have been computed by means of numerical modelling and we have obtained estimations of threat levels for each source over the Spanish coast. The sources on the Western edge of North Algeria are the most dangerous, due to their threat to the South-Eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and to the Western Balearic Islands. In general, the Northern Algerian sources pose a greater risk to the Spanish coast than the Alboran Sea sources, which only threaten the peninsular coast. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Spanish provinces of Almeria and Murcia are the most exposed, while all the Balearic Islands can be affected by the North Algerian sources with probable severe damage, specially the islands of Ibiza and Minorca. The results obtained in this work are useful to plan future regional and local warning systems, as well as to set the priority areas to conduct research on detailed tsunami risk.

Aitolo-Akarnania prefecture, western Greece, is an area with strong earthquakes and large active fault systems. The most prominent are the Katouna sinistral strike slip fault and the Trichonis Lake normal fault system. Their proximity to large cities, and the lack of detailed information on their seismogenic potential, calls for multiparametric research. Since 2013, the area's crustal deformation has been monitored by a dense GNSS Network (PPGNet), consisting of five stations, equipped with Leica and Septentrio receivers. The objective of this network is to define the rate of deformation across these two main fault systems. Data is recorded using two sampling frequencies, 1 Hz and 10Hz, producing hourly and daily files. Daily data is processed using Bernese GNSS Processing Software using final orbits of International GNSS Service. Double-difference solution is computed using phase measurements from the PPGNet network complemented by four stations from Athens' National Observatory GNSS network and six stations from METRICA network. First results show a NNE movement at PVOG station of 12 mm/y and a similar movement at RETS station of about 9 mm/y. This means that the Trichonis Lake normal fault system, located between these two stations, depicts a slip rate of 3 mm/y. KTCH and RGNI stations move eastwards at a velocity of about 5 mm/y due to the Katouna-Stamna fault system. Data from PPGNet has provided important results on crustal deformation in the area, i.e. slip rates have been attributed to specific fault systems. The comparison and links of these data with broader geodynamic models is now possible and we expect, in a later phase that will provide a more detailed image of the associated seismic hazard for Aitolo-Akarnania.

The Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake on February 27, 2010 affected the central-southern Chilean forearc of the Central Andes. Here we show the results of field investigations of surface deformation associated with this major earthquake. Observations were carried out within three weeks after the seismic event, mostly in the central and northern part of the forearc overlying the rupture zone. We provide a detailed field record of co-seismic surface deformation and examine its implications on active Andean tectonics. Surface rupture consisted primarily of extensional cracks, push-up structures, fissures with minor lateral displacements and a few but impressive extensional geometries similar to those observed in analogical modeling of rift systems. A major group of NW-WNW striking fractures representing co-seismic extensional deformation is found at all localities. These appear to be spatially correlated to long-lived basement fault zones. The NW-striking normal focal mechanism of the Mw 6.9 aftershock occurred on March 11 demonstrates that the basement faults were reactivated by the Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake. The co-seismic surface ruptures show patterns of distributed deformation similar to those observed in mapped basement-involved structures. We propose that co-seismic reactivation of basement structures play a fundamental role in stress release in the upper plate during large subduction earthquakes. The fundamental mechanism that promotes stress relaxation is largely driven by elastic rebound of the upper plate located right above the main rupture zone.

Introduction: Initial lithologic characterization of core material recovered from the 2016 joint International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP)-International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) Expedition 364 has produced exemplary evidence for postimpact hydrothermal alteration of the Chicxulub peak-ring [1–4]. The impact melt-bearing breccias and melt rocks of the upper peak-ring are pervasively altered and preserve a diverse suite of clay minerals and zeolites, in addition to carbonates, sulfides and other phases. The conditions under which these minerals form within impact settings on both Earth and Mars remains unclear due, in part, to a lack of detailed studies of terrestrial craters, and the large range of possible conditions that could lead to their development. Additional geochemical and isotopic datasets are needed to provide environmental constraints, particularly for such phases present on the surface of other terrestrial bodies (e.g., Mars), for which there is ...

Crustal Structure Convener:*Ayako Nakanishi(Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency for MarineEarth Science and Technology), Chair:Ayako Nakanishi(Institute for Frontier Research on Earth Evolution, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) Wed. Apr 30, 2014 2:15 PM 4:00 PM 315 (3F) The aim of this session is to cover seismological and geophysical studies on the Earth's crust. Contribution on seismological and geophysical structure of the crust, processes that develop in the crust which include earthquakes, volcanoes and geological descriptions of the crust are welcomed. We also welcome theoretical and methodological studies that will serve as basics in such explorations.

The first comprehensive geochemical data-set of the fluids circulating over a 14,000 km2-wide seismic-prone area of the Southern Apennines, Calabria Region (Italy), is presented here. The geochemical investigations were carried out with the two-fold aim of constraining the origin and interactions of the circulating fluids and to investigate possible relationships with local faults. We collected 60 samples of both thermal and cold waters, from which we extracted the dissolved gases. The geochemical features of the water samples display ...

Major changes have affected the Alboran Sea and its periphery since the Tortonian. They are essentially related to the structural evolution marked by tectonic inversion due to shortening. The revisiting of seismic data available on the Moroccan margin and on the adjacent Western Alboran Basin, added to good stratigraphic calibration (in particular, the limit between the Miocene and the Plio-Quaternary) from the oil drilling, allowed us to review the age of the oldest deposits in the Neogene basins of western Rif, thanks to their extension at sea, and to propose a new hypothesis for the opening age of the basin and that of the Strait of Gibraltar. We will also show that the upheaval caused by the progressive uplift of the Alboran Ridge and Xauen and Tofiño banks and the instability of the sediments that it has caused predate the canyon that connects the Strait of Gibraltar to the Algero-Balearic Basin. The continuous supply of Atlantic water into the Alboran Sea explains the thickness of the saline series in the deeper parts of the Mediterranean Sea. We give the arguments to demonstrate that the tectonic inversion guided the evolution of the Alboran Sea since the Tortonian.

Trakya havzasında yüzeyleyen Soğucak formasyonu genelde resifal kireçtaşı özelliğinde olup, havzadaki petrol arama çalışmalarında hedef seviyelerden birisini teşkil eder. Bu birim bazı alanlarda doğrudan temel ka
yaları üzerine uyumsuz olarak gelmektedir. Bazı bölgelerde ise silisiklastik ağırlıklı (Koyunbaba formasyonu) birimlerle geçişlidir. Soğucak formasyonu, Erken-Orta Eosen’de başlayan ve Erken Oligosen başlarına kadar süren bir transgresyon sonucunda şelf ortamında depolanan resif-kıyı karmaşığı karbonatlarından oluşmuştur. Formasyonun en alt yaş aralığı olan Erken Eosen yalnızca Bozcaada da yüzeylenmekte olup, Fıçıtepe formasyonu ile geçişlidir. Genelde birim havzanın GD’sunda Orta – Geç Eosen, KD’ sunda ise Geç Eosen-Erken Oligosen zaman aralığında çökelmiştir. Sedimantolojik özellikler ve yaş verileri, Soğucak formasyonunun eski topografya kontrolünde, kıyı morfolojisi özellikleri ve deniz seviyesi değişimleri ile birlikte zaman aşmalı bir transgresyon ürünü olduğunu göstermektedir.

Geomorphic parameters are very helpful as they can quickly explain the concerned area, which is going through a tectonic adjustment. For this purpose, four indices were applied to examine the active tectonics in the Quetta-Ziarat region. These indices include: sub-basins asymmetry (Af), transverse topography (T-Factor), hypsometric integral (HI) and stream-length gradient (SL). The calculation of the three indices as denoted by Af, HI and SL show low active tectonics, whereas T-Factor suggests moderate to high level of tectonic activity. While index of active tectonics (IAT) indicated a low to moderate level of active tectonics. In addition, these indices are compared with lithological and climatic consequences to detect the final neotectonics judgement.

Folded and faulted structures commonly form migration, trapping & accumulation of hydrocarbons. Seismic data is a signicant source for the understanding of subsurface structural trend and lithology in the subsurface. For this purpose 2 D seismic lines have been interpreted to get stratigraphical and structural information of subsurface. Sakhi Sarwar, Drigri and Kotrun anticlines, lie in the south of Zindapir anticline, a part of N-S trending Safed Koh, which is a rst line of folding on the folded ank of Sulaiman foredeep. Study area lies in south of Safed Koh trend, Central Indus Basin. The general stratigraphic horizons were marked on lines 954-FZP-06 and LMT95-09 with the help of well Sakhi Sarwar-01. Seismic line 976-FZP-06 lies in Fazilpur area that shows Sakhi Sarwar anticline with a ower structure present in the core suggesting wrenching along with compression. Time contouring maps of Paleocene, Eocene and Oligocene show that the formations are getting shallow in east. Seismic proles 914-RPR-03 and 914-RPR-05, lie in NW of Rajanpur area of district D.G. Khan. Reectors are marked and correlated with the help of wells Drigri-01 and Kotrum-01, located near line 914-RPR-03 and 914-RPR-05 respectively. Depth sections of Drigri and Kotrum anticlines are prepared. These structures lie in the SE of Sakhi Sarwar anticline. Drigri anticline has E-W trend over 17 km approximately and the reverse faults are present on both anks of a fold. Whereas the cross section of Kotrum anticline shows the amplitude of fold is low suggesting that folding die out at the Southern part. Trend of the fold is NE-SW. Depth sections show that a thickness of sedimentary cover is 8 km approximately. Thickness of Nagri Formation and Chinji Formation (Miocene-Pliocene) is 1700 m approximately. Nari Formation is overlain by Gaj (Vehowa) Formation in the area. Eocene & Paleocene are 1300 m and 800 m thick respectively while the basement is uplifted in the east.

Publicly available seismic and well data are used to study the subsurface structure and stratigraphy of an area on the southern margin of the Central Indus Basin (CIB), Pakistan. Study area includes southern parts of the Punjab Platform and Sulaiman Foredeep tectonic units of the CIB. A regional scale East-West depth cross-section is prepared in South of hydrocarbon bearing Safed Koh Trend to Punjab Platform. It gives the structural configuration of various formations of Paleozoic-Cenozoic times. Reflectors are marked and correlated with the help of wells Drigri-01 and Bahawalpur East-01, located on seismic lines 914-RPR-03 and 916-YZM-05 respectively. These reflectors/formations are correlated with respect to ages to avoid the confusions as there are many truncations in the area. Average velocities are used for the depth computation. Depth cross-section (AB) shows that Punjab Monocline is a stable area with a shallow basement. In Punjab Platform all the formations dip gently to the West. Then they attain steep dips in the Sulaiman Foredeep/Depression area. Depth cross-section along the Drigri anticline which lies in the SE of Sakhi Sarwar anticline reveals that it is extended E-W over 17 km approx. and the reverse faults are present on both flanks of a fold, due to that a pop up structure is formed. It's a low amplitude fold, as it marks the southern end of Safed Koh Trend (first line of folding of the folded flank of Sub-Sulaiman Fore Deep). Subsurface structural variations at Bahawalpur show a buried high of Jurassic-Permian age. A sedimentary cover is 9 km thick in West and 3 m thick in East. Basement is uplifted at Bahawalpur High.

Deep seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD) in the Western Alps, which usually affect glacial valleys, produce strong deformation in both bedrock and Quaternary cover, generally favouring erosion. This research, which examines a DSGSD along the Mont Fallere southern slope in the Aosta Valley, suggests that DSGSD can also locally favour the formation and preservation of the Quaternary stratigraphic successionns for the following reasons: - the development of transversal elongated depressions, which are essentially connected with the onset of gravitational structures (trenches, minor scarps, and counterscarps) and filled by differentiated Quaternary successions; - the occurrence of closed depressions along the slope, which originate from the gradual evolution of gravitational structures (trenches or minor scarps and associated counterscarps) and are occupied by lakes that are progressively filled by lacustrine and palustrine sequences; - the occurrence of wide, flat, irregula...

We report the results of a joint analysis of aeromagnetic, topographic and tectonic data in Central-Eastern mainland Greece. The emphasis of the analysis is placed on the detection of coherent lineations (discontinuities), collocated and correlated with faulting structures detected by geological field observation. To this effect, edge detection and image enhancement was applied to digital aeromagnetic anomaly maps and digital elevation models, comprising bidirectional differentiation, wavelet transformation (imaging) and spatial decomposition/ reconstruction in the wavenumber domain. The analysis facilitated the detection of significant topographic lineaments with NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW and ESE-WNW orientations. Respectively, the aeromagnetic data exhibit two families of significant NE-SW, and one family of ESE-WNW lineaments. The major aeromagnetic and topographic lineaments coincide and have comparable width scales of the order of 2-3 km, indicating that they are produced by significant discontinuities in the upper crust. The kinematics of the NE-SW faults varies between oblique-slip and strike-slip. These faults affect Neogene to Late Quaternary deposits and have been responsible for the formation of transverse depressions and horsts. This is also corroborated by focal plane solutions from small earthquakes recorded by local networks. The nature of these structures is not yet clear. However, they have been detected by diverse methodologies, they have considerable extent and are apparently active. These attributes suggest that they may possibly be related to the propagation and diffusion of the North Anatolian and North Aegean Fault systems into the Greek mainland.

In Antarctica, the severe climatic conditions and the thick ice sheet that covers the largest and most internal part of the continent make it particularly difficult to systematically carry out geophysical and geodetic observations on a continental scale. It prevents the comprehensive understanding of both the onshore and offshore geology as well as the relationship between the inner part of East Antarctica (EA) and the coastal sector of Victoria Land (VL). With the aim to reduce this gap, in this paper multiple geophysical dataset collected since the 1980s in Antarctica by Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA) were integrated with geodetic observations. In particular, the analyzed data includes: (i) Geodetic time series from Trans Antarctic Mountains DEFormation (TAMDEF), and Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control (VLNDEF) GNSS stations installed in Victoria Land; (ii) the integration of on-shore (ground points data and airborne) gravity measurements in Victoria...

 Geodynamic activity in the Victoria Land is evidenced from VLNDEF network measurements;  By a preliminary comparison, the ICE-6G_C-VM5 and W12A_v1 GIA models overestimate uplift rates with respect to GPS-derived ones;  The up component confirms the presence of active extensional/transtensional faulting along the SE segment of the Tucker Fault and the central segment of the Leap Year Fault.

İzmir is the third largest city in Turkey. Fiftysix percent of the drinking water of İzmir city is provided from groundwater resources. Halkapınar (located on Bornova Plain) is one of the important groundwater resources areas. This region is providing 16 % of İzmir drinking resources. The water withdraws from the Halkapınar wells is about 30 million m3 in recent years. The groundwater levels of Bornova plain are range from 1 m to 10m. This plain had been used as agricultural lands until the 1950s, while today they have been opened for settlement. In 1965 Bornova accommodated half of its population in rural areas after receiving so much immigration. It was inevitable to open the citycentre to housing and to consider the surrounding village areas as urban areas. By the year 2000, the rural population had already been melted into the urban population. The agricultural areas in rural parts of the country will have completely disappeared in 50 years' time. Much of the surface of the plain is rendered impermeable by buildings, roads and surface coverings. Because of this covering, groundwater recharge is reduced and increases and accelerates runoff the plain. The groundwater recharge from precipitation was about 27 % in 1925, but this amount dropped to 13% in 2012. Groundwater recharge from precipitation will be 1% in 2030. Hydrodynamic of plain is change because of excessive urbanization. Groundwater level of the plain still high because tall building makes a barrier for groundwater recharge points.

On April 10, 2007, three moderate earthquakes with Mw=5.0-5.2 occurred in the area of Trichonis Lake (W. Greece). On April 11, a local network comprising of 12 3-component seismological stations was installed. The network operated until July 2007, recording an intense seismic sequence. Approximately 2000 aftershocks were recorded by at least three stations and located with Hypoinverse. An optimum velocity model which minimized location errors was derived, yielding 1650 confident hypocentral solutions in terms of uncertainty and misfit. Relocation of aftershocks was performed using both catalogue and waveform cross-correlation traveltime data. The double difference technique was applied and the HypoDD algorithm was modified for that purpose. Waveform similarity between events that form multiplets was exploited to improve arrival times. The analysis resulted 5 multiplets containing a total of 1096 correlated events with focal depths in the range of 2-14 km. The spatial distribution of...

The Hellenic Quaternary volcanic activity, well known as the South Aegean Volcanic Arc (SAVA), extends from Methana peninsula to Nisyros Island. Along the SAVA, the most active known features, either with historic eruptions or hydrothermal explosions, are Methana, Santorini, Nisyros and Milos. The Santorini Volcanic Center is one of the most active features of the Hellenic volcanic arc, which is a major geotectonic feature of the southern Aegean. The movement of the fluids in the Santorini Volcanic Complex (SVC) has been strongly infected by regional tectonics. The current geodynamic status of the SVC is controlled by two major volcanoes, the Nea Kammeni and the submarine Columbo ones. Respectively, two major fault lines, Kammeni and Columbo, cross the volcanoes in a NE-SW direction. The Santorini volcano has erupted many times, with different degree of explosivity. At least twelve large explosive eruptions have been listed in the bibliography, at least four of which formed a calder...

A preliminary study of the aftershocks of three earthquakes that occurred near to Corinth (Greece) in 1981 is combined with observations of the morphology and faulting to understand the evolution of the Eastern Gulf of Corinth. The well located aftershocks form a zone 6 0 k m long and 20km wide. They do not lie on the main fault planes and are mostly located between the north-dipping faulting on which the first two earthquakes occurred and the south-dipping faulting associated with the third event. A cluster of aftershocks also lies in the footwall of the eastern end of the south-dipping fault of the third event. Morphologically, it is observed that in the evolution of the Eastern Gulf of Corinth, antithetic faulting apparently predates the appearance of the main faulting at the surface. This evolution can be explained by motion on a deep seated, shallow angle, aseismic normal fault. A model based on such a fault also accounts for the aftershock distribution of the 1981 earthquakes.

The impact of the two seismic events of August 24th 2016 on the municipality of Amatrice was highly destructive. There were 298 victims, 386 injured, about 5000 homeless, and the historical center of the town suffered a great number of partial and total collapses. The 260 strong motion records obtained for the first event were analyzed and plotted in a shakemap, comparing them with the macroseismic damage surveys made in 305 localities. On the basis of an inspection survey made in September 2016, a map of the damage patterns of the buildings in the historical center was elaborated according to the EMS 98 classification. The damage level resulted very high with more than 60% of the inspected buildings showing partial or total collapse. The elevated level of destruction was mainly caused by the high vulnerability of the masonry buildings, mostly due to specific vulnerability factors such as the poor quality of masonry, the lack of connections between walls and the poor connection between external walls and floors.

We use site velocities from continuous GPS (CGPS) observations and kinematic modeling to investigate the active tectonics of the Friuli/NW Slovenia area. Data from 42 CGPS stations around the Adriatic indicate an oblique collision, with southern Friuli moving NNW toward northern Friuli at the relative speed of 1.6 to 2.2 mm/a. We investigate the active tectonics using 3DMove, a three-dimensional kinematic model tool. The model consists of one indenter-shaped fault plane that approximates the Adriatic plate boundary. Using the ''fault-parallel flow'' deformation algorithm, we move the hanging wall along the fault plane in the direction indicated by the GPS velocities. The resulting strain field is used for structural interpretation. We identify a pattern of coincident strain maxima and high vorticity that correlates well with groups of hypocenters of major earthquakes (including their aftershocks) and indicates the orientation of secondary, active faults. The pattern reveals structures both parallel and perpendicular to the strike of the primary fault. In the eastern sector, which shows more complex tectonics, these two sets of faults probably form an interacting strike-slip system.

The Upper Jurassic Tordillo Formation at Canada Ancha area, northern Neuquen Basin, Argentina, comprises a multi-stage suit of predominantly alluvial sediments that is heterolithic in nature. In that suit, several lithofacies, architectural elements, and bounding surfaces of different order have been identified and their lateral and vertical distribution characterized. This analysis allowed the differentiation of 3 main units (lower, middle and upper), 20 subunits ((-1 to (-20), and the characterization of their alluvial styles. The lower unit (which comprises subunits (-1 to (-4) is mainly formed by fine-to medium-grained sands tones, which become medium-to coarse-grained towards the top. These sandstones characterize settings ranging from floodplains with isolated, unconfined flows, to more complex, vertically stacked, multi storey sheet sandstones of braided fluvial systems. The middle unit ((-5 to (-10) is dominated by pale brown grey fine-to coarse-grained sands and medium size subangular to angular conglomerates, which reflect amalgamated complexes of sandstone sheets and downstream accretion macro forms. Remarkably, this alluvial sedimentation was episodically punctuated by volcaniclastic flows. The upper unit ((-11 to (-20) consists of finer sediments, mainly pink to white fine-to medium grained sands tones and red to green silts tones. Towards the top, bioturbation becomes important, and also the presence of volcano sedimentary flows is noticeable. Fluvial settings include braided sheet sandstones with waning flood deposits evolving to isolated high-sinuosity fluvial systems, with flash flood deposits. At the top of this unit, fades may suggest marine influence. Vertical changes in the fluvial style result from both climatic and tectonic controls. A semiarid to arid climate and the active tectonism linked to the eastward migration of the Andean volcanic arc determined major bounding surfaces, fluvial style evolution and the presence of the volcano-sedimentary deposits. Different stages of high and low subsidence rates has been deduced from the vertical stacking of sediments.

 We apply metamorphic petrology and petrochronology to seismotectonics.  Contrasting pressure-temperature-time-deformation paths are recorded on either side of an inherited basement fault.  Segmentation of the Main Himalayan thrust in West Nepal is an active and protracted phenomenon that started in the Oligocene or earlier.

Unresolved controversies in Martian geology surround the role of active tectonics and a wetter climate early in Mars history, and particularly the history and amount of liquid water at or near the surface. Among the various lines of evidence brought into such debates are the massive landslides along the walls of Valles Marineris, which generally have been interpreted as resulting from marsquakes, and therefore necessitating active tectonics, under either wet or dry conditions. We analyze Valles Marineris landslides using digital elevation data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) and find that a relief limit consistent with the intact strength of evaporites or other weak sedimentary rock defines an upper bound to the length and relief of unfailed slopes, as would material with the strength properties of basalt lithology subjected to ground accelerations of about 0.2 g. In contrast to prior interpretations of Valles Marineris landslides, we propose an alternative, complementary hypothesis that does not require significant pore-water pressures or ground acceleration based on the close correspondence between back-calculated material strength properties and values consistent with portions of the chasm walls at least locally being composed of relatively weak materials, such as potentially frozen evaporites and/or mixtures of ash fall or flow deposits, ice, hydrated salts and lava flows.

Cosmic ray exposure dating of gravitational scarps along a slope nesting a presently active landslide (La Clapie `re landslide, Tine ´e valley, Argentera massif, SE France) reveal successive periods of gravitational destabilization. An initial gravitational destabilization at 10.3 F 0.5 10 Be ka occurs more than 3000 yr after the end of the last deglaciation of the Tine ´e valley, dated in the studied area from bstoss-and-leeQ topography sampled along the Tine ´e and its tributary Rabuons valleys. A second gravitational destabilization is well constrained at 7.1 F 0.5 10 Be ka through the dating of two gravitational scarps. Although coincidental with the so-called bclimatic optimumQ, other local or regional triggering factors may be invoked. A third evidenced gravitational destabilization occurred 2.3 F 0.5 10 Be ka ago. This study thus demonstrates that in situ produced cosmogenic 10 Be allows establishing the chronology of gravitational destabilization leading to present major active landslides. However, in the present case, deciphering between the various possible triggering factors will necessitate similar studies on other landslides inside the alpine arc.

A destructive M 6.7 earthquake struck Northern Nagano prefecture on November 22, 2014. The main shock occurred on the Kamishiro fault segment of the northern Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line (ISTL). We used data recorded at 41 stations of the local seismographic network in order to locate 2118 earthquakes that occurred between November 18 and November 30, 2014. To estimate hypocenters, we assigned low Vp models to stations within the Northern Fossa Magna (NFM) basin thus accounting for large lateral crustal heterogeneities across the Kamishiro fault. In order to further improve accuracy, the final hypocenter locations were recalculated inside a 3D velocity model using the double-difference method. We used the aftershock activity distribution and focal mechanism solutions of major events in order to estimate the source fault area of the main shock. Our analysis suggests that the shallow part of the source fault corresponds to the surface trace of the Kamishiro fault and dips 30°-45°S E, while the deeper part of the source fault corresponds to the downdip portion of the Otari-Nakayama fault, a high angle fault dipping 50°-65°SE that formed during the opening of the NFM basin in the Miocene. Along its surface trace the Otari-Nakayama fault has been inactive during the late Quaternary. We verified the validity of our model by calculating surface deformation using a simple homogeneous elastic half-space model and comparing it to observed surface deformation from satellite interferometry, assuming large coseismic slip in the areas of low seismicity and small coseismic slip in the areas of high seismicity. Shallowing of the source fault from 50°-65°to 30°-45°in the upper 4 km, in the areas where both surface fault traces are visible, is a result of footwall shortcut thrusting by the Kamishiro fault off the Otari-Nakayama fault.

Trenches across the Utsalady Point fault in the northern Puget Lowland of Washington reveal evidence of at least one and probably two late Holocene earthquakes. The "Teeka" and "Duffers" trenches were located along a 1.4-km-long, 1to 4-m-high, northwest-trending, southwest-facing, topographic scarp recognized from Airborne Laser Swath Mapping. Glaciomarine drift exposed in the trenches reveals evidence of about 95 to 150 cm of vertical and 200 to 220 cm of left-lateral slip in the Teeka trench. Radiocarbon ages from a buried soil A horizon and overlying slope colluvium along with the historical record of earthquakes suggest that this faulting occurred 100 to 400 calendar years B.P. (A.D. 1550 to 1850). In the Duffers trench, 370 to 450 cm of vertical separation is accommodated by faulting (ϳ210 cm) and folding (ϳ160 to 240 cm), with probable but undetermined amounts of lateral slip. Stratigraphic relations and radiocarbon ages from buried soil, colluvium, and fissure fill in the hanging wall suggest the deformation at Duffers is most likely from two earthquakes that occurred between 100 to 500 and 1100 to 2200 calendar years B.P., but deformation during a single earthquake is also possible. For the two-earthquake hypothesis, deformation at Teeka trench in the first event involved folding but not faulting. Regional relations suggest that the earthquake(s) were M Ն ϳ6.7 and that offshore rupture may have produced tsunamis. Based on this investigation and related recent studies, the maximum recurrence interval for large ground-rupturing crustal-fault earthquakes in the Puget Lowland is about 400 to 600 years or less.

In this work, we investigated the landscape response to the recent activity of the faults affecting the Catanzaro Trough, a seismically active structural basin that developed transversally to the Calabrian Arc (Southern Italy) during the Neogene–Quaternary. We carried out a geomorphological and morphometric study of the drainage networks and basins intercepted by the Quaternary faults that were previously mapped through remote and field analyses. The study confirms the occurrence north of the Catanzaro Trough of a WNW–ESE-oriented left-lateral strike-slip fault system (here named the South Sila Piccola Fault System), which accommodates the differential SE-ward migration of the upper crustal sectors of the Calabrian Arc, and of a south-dipping WNW–ESE-oriented oblique fault system (the Lamezia-Catanzaro Fault System), characterized by a predominant normal component of movement. The latter delimits the Catanzaro Trough and accommodates the transition from a strike-slip regime to an ex...