3D laser scanner

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The paper presents the partial results of a research conducted in 2020 and 2021 during the 1st and 2nd ISAR- Özyeğin University summer school programme in Castelvecchio Calvisio (AQ). We present here five experimental projects for the transformation of medieval houses in Castelvecchio Calvisio, a hilltop town in Abruzzo. The design proposals are the consequence of a thorough typo-morphological analysis outlining the typological process of the houses and of a LIDAR and photogrammetric campaign conducted by a team from University of Florence (Verdiani, Giraudeau and Leonardi, 2021). After recognising the typo-morphological characters of the urban organism at different scales, it was possible to define different design strategies to be applied to different parts of the walled urban core. For the inner urban tissue, the oldest one, we decided to proceed with a substantial restoration, according to Cesare Brandi’s Restoration Principles, in order to maintain the identity of the urban tissue, but applied a radical typological update to the different units, following the identified typological process, in order to improve the housing units according to contemporary needs. For the outer circle, we selected an image reintegration strategy, in order to fill the missing parts of the urban tissue with new buildings, conceived within the continuation of the identified typological process, adopting local materials but introducing some innovative technologies and contemporary characters following the principle of recognisability. Post-seismic design of historical urban tissues damaged by earthquakes should as much as possible respect the local characters, without ever assuming a mimetic intention

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) after crush injury of sciatic nerves in rabbits by histomorphometric analysis. Methods: 18 male, Vienna white rabbits were used in the present study. After induction of general anaesthesia, 9 mL blood samples were collected and centrifuged for 12 min at 2700 rpm to get PRF. Left sciatic nerves of all rabbits were clamped for 30 s to induce crush injuries. Animals were randomly divided into two groups and in the treatment group PRF membranes were wrapped around the injured part of sciatic nerves and immobilised with nonresorbable sutures. After 12 weeks healing period, tissue samples of the injured part of nerves were harvested. Tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue and investigated under light microscope. G values of axons and electromyogram of sciatic nerves were also evaluated for functional recovery of injured nerve. Results: Analysis revealed that axon density is higher in the control group than PRF treatment group but the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.246). Rate of nerve fibres with optimum G-ratio was significantly decreased in the treatment group (P = 0.02). Conduction velocity decreased after crush injury, however at the end of treatment period differences between control and treatment group was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Although positive effects of PRF application on maxillofacial tissues have been revealed, local PRF application did not show any improvement in recovery of crush nerve injuries. Nervespecific growth factors containing scaffolds may be applied in future studies.

This paper describes theoretical and experimental results for the auto-calibration of sensor platform consisting of a camera and a laser range finder. Real-world use of autonomous sensor platforms often requires the re-calibration of sensors without an explicit calibration object. The constraints are based upon data captured simultaneously from the camera and the laser range finder while the sensor platform undergoes an arbitrary motion. The rigid motions of both sensors are related, so these data constrain the relative position and orientation of the camera and laser range finder. We introduce the mathematical constraints for auto-calibration techniques based upon both discrete and differential motions, and present simulated experimental results, and results from a implementation on a B21r$^{TM}$ Mobile Robot from iRobot Corporation. This framework could also encompass extrinsic calibration with GPS, inertial, infrared, and ultrasonic sensors.

We describe theoretical and experimental results for the extrinsic calibration of sensor platform consisting of a camera and a 2D laser range finder. The calibration is based on observing a planar checkerboard pattern and solving for constraints between the "views" of a planar checkerboard calibration pattern from a camera and laser range finder. we give a direct solution that minimizes an algebraic error from this constraint, and subsequent nonlinear refinement minimizes a re-projection error. To our knowledge, this is the first published calibration tool for this problem. Additionally we show how this constraint can reduce the variance in estimating intrinsic camera parameters.

Digital Twins – as well as HBIM models on which they are based – are among those technological tools that today can facilitate, if well directed, the implementation of methodological assumptions that were already fully
formulated in the Venice Charter: the importance of documenting the building and the interventions carried out as well as the subsequent publication of the information collected; the systematic execution of maintenance activities (today we would say conservation); the use of all techniques contributing to the conservation of architectural heritage. Sixty years later, the changed conditions, including technological advancement, pose different challenges to those involved in conservation. The aim of the contribution is, therefore, to provide a definition of the interdisciplinary concept of Digital Twin as a tool to support planned conservation practise, highlighting its potentialities and risks, also through the critical analysis of the main results obtained so far in the field of conservation and monitoring of historical structures. The first outcomes of the application of this approach to the case study of Palazzo Pallavicino in Parma – particularly interesting because of the large amount of data available – will then be discussed.

This study deals with the redevelopment of buildings built in the last decades of the Nineteenth century, with a style that can be defined "post-modern". In those years, communication became an architectural theme superimposed and abstract by functional and structural needs, with "architectural elements" abstract in a hyperbolic way with respect to the function. The result of an architectural culture, interesting for the research they narrate but incongruous with functional needs, also because of the materials used, the energy and architectural requirements impose a review to combine functional performance, in nZEB projection, and structural with the need for "venustas", what is "done well", the same facet of the same architectural rationale. The need to renew these spaces must take into account the qualities of forms that, with their material decay and in the peculiar language, may not bring out the centrality of preserving and compositional choices of the work.

On 24 October 2015, following a period of heavy rainfall, a landslide occurred in the Calatabiano Municipality (Sicily Island, Southern Italy), causing the rupture of a water pipeline supplying water to the city of Messina. Following this event, approximately 250,000 inhabitants of the city suffered critical water shortages for several days. Consequently, on 6 November 2015, a state of emergency was declared (O.C.D.P. 295/2015) by the National Italian Department of Civil Protection (DPC). During the emergency management phase, a provisional by-pass, consisting of three 350-m long pipes passing through the landslide area, was constructed to restore water to the city. Furthermore, on 11 November 2015, a landslide remote-sensing monitoring system was installed with the following purposes: (i) analyse the landslide geomorphological and kinematic features in order to assess the residual landslide risk and (ii) support the early warning procedures needed to ensure the safety of the personnel involved in the by-pass construction and the landslide stabilization works. The monitoring system was based on the combined use of Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). In this work, the preliminary results of the monitoring activities and a remote 3D map of the landslide area are presented.

In the last decade, 3D active sensors, like laser scanners or structured light systems, have been used for both documentation and analysis of historical and archaeological finds. Although remarkable results have been obtained, the high cost of the 3D sensors and of the processing software required has been a limiting factor for an extensive application of these technologies to the Cultural Heritage field. Recently, however, a very low-cost 3D scanning device has been introduced to the market, with nominal performances comparable with those of far more expensive ...

Abstract: We present an automatic method that allows one to visualize and analyze, in three dimensions, the evolution of the shape of the human skull from CT-Scan images. A first algorithm automatically extract the “crest lines” from CT-Scan images of the skull of a modern Man and of a cast of a skull of a prehistoric Man. Those lines correspond to the salient lines of the skull surface. They will be used as landmarks to automatically find the homology points between the two skulls. Based on these couple of matched points, we ...

Whether a house of worship or a simple farmhouse, the fabrication of a building reveals both the unspoken cultural aspirations of the builder and the inevitable exigencies of the construction process. In other-words, why buildings are made is intimately and inevitably associated with how buildings are made. Nowhere is this more evident than in vernacular architecture. At the Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS) we are concerned that the depopulation of Canada's rural areas, paucity of specialized tradespersons, and increasing complexity of building codes threaten the sustainability of this invaluable cultural resource. For current and future generations, the quantitative and qualitative values of traditional methods of construction are essential for an inclusive cultural memory. More practically, and equally pressing, an operational knowledge of these technologies is essential for the conservation of our built heritage. To address these concerns, CIMS has launched a number of research initiatives over the past five years that explore novel protocols for the documentation and dissemination of knowledge related to traditional methods of construction. Our current project, Cultural Diversity and Material Imagination in Canadian Architecture (CDMICA), made possible through funding from Canada's Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), explores the potential of building information modelling (BIM) within the context of a web-based environment. In this paper, we discuss our work-to-date on the development of a web-based library of BIM details that is referenced to 'typical' assemblies culled from 19C and early 20C construction manuals. The parametric potential of these 'typical' details is further refined by evidence from the documentation of 'specific' details studied during comprehensive surveys of extant heritage buildings. Here, we consider a BIM of the roof truss assembly of one of the oldest buildings in Canada's national capital-the Commissariat Building and current home to the Bytown Museum-as a case study within the CDMICA project.

The church of Santa Maria della Lizza is one of the most important examples of medieval architecture in the Salento Peninsula in south Italy. In order to understand the extension and layout of the crypts, integrated ground-penetrating radar (GPR) prospections and laser scanner surveys were undertaken in the church and in the surrounding areas. The analysis of the GPR measurements revealed many anomalies that could be ascribed to unknown structures (crypts), as well as other anomalies related to the old church. The GPR data were supported by the laser scanner data establishing the spatial relationship between the surface and the level below the church.

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate how new technologies can support the work of an architect in the process of knowing and identifying the significant features of the architecture. Particularly to identify critical issues and problems related to the factory in the actual state and in the operating phase to achieve the simulation of the restoration project. This updated methodology for restoration has been employed in this case in the study of palazzo Polo façade, a 16th century's building located in Ferrara. Following this technical approach it has been possible to demonstrate how new technology applications can enhance and support existing methodologies related to three-dimensional digital mapping of degradation and a realistic simulation project. The process permits a greater awareness in the restoration project, both in terms of direct application in site building and in terms of project choices.

The implementation of new technologies for Pipeline Integrity like 3D Scanner, Conductivity EMI based Meter and Pipeline Simulator, have conducted to dramatically increase the margin of the productive process in hydrocarbon transportation systems, reducing its losses and
making timely intervention decisions. This technological implementation, developed and coworked with one of the leading Oil&Gas companies in Peru, have allowed to pipeline operator's staff begin to take over and continue this implementation towards its technological maturity, with the consolidation of
services which involve all the stakeholders of the midstream chain.

In 2005 the MIUR co-financed an internationalization project coordinated by prof. Paolo Giandebiaggi and entitled Survey of the amphitheatre in Durres: understanding a monument for the enhancement of world cultural heritage . The collaboration between several Italian and Albanian partners made it possible to continue the work initiated in 2004 till 2015. The mission carried out several archaeological, architectural and urban surveys using different integrated survey methodologies as the first important step to acquire knowledge in order to diagnose and draft restoration and refunctionalisation project for the amphitheatre.

Contemporary urban regeneration, as well as territorial development schemes, place growing emphasis on heritage as a driving force for development, rather than a static constraint. Thus, spatial planning is incorporating the issues of conservation, trying to establish new synergies with the emerging environmental and social agendas. Despite increasing attention in public debate, in practice and literature there is a lack of works exploring how the combined fields of heritage and planning are transforming cities and territories. This paper investigates the current planning practices mobilising heritage, understood as a set of socio-cultural and spatial arrangements, tangible and intangible, cultural and natural resources. Three European case studies, namely Lisbon, Gdansk, and Stockholm, provide insights on the processes involving different types of heritage as driving agents of socio-spatial change, adopting an inter-scalar approach. The results highlight the entanglement of heritage with themes such as the quest for sustainability, the shaping of narratives, the issues of spatial-environmental justice, the role of landscape.

This paper delves into the concepts, strategies and design principles underlying the renovation project of the historic Casa do Arco (1979-1992), transformed into de Municipal Library of Esposende (in northern Portugal), by Bernardo José Ferrão (1949-2004), in collaboration with Francisco Barata (1950-2018). Despite this architect significant academic contributions and experience in the context of built heritage, his work has been scarcely disseminated. This research provides an initial exploration of his design approaches through a representative case study. The project reveals valuable lessons on adaptive reuse, addressing issues such as the compatibility of an old manor house for a public facility, the balance between conservation and new construction, respect for the urban identity, traditional construction and adoption of a contemporary language. This study involves a comprehensive analysis of the transformation process, spanning the phases before, during and after the intervention, by cross-referencing different sources and tools. In this process, drawing serves as a crucial tool for both investigating and
communicating the architectural transformations underwent by the building.

The regeneration of abandoned industrial warehouses within modern
urban landscapes is of considerable scientific interest. These structures document
the productive history of cities and the architectural and technological innovation.
The Tabarca Building in Genoa is a prime example of industrial archaeological
significance, embodying the commercial heritage of an area within the historic
urban fabric. In particular, it was the first site in Italy to use refrigeration tech
nology to preserve goods. The introduction of cold storage was a revolutionary
development at the beginning of the 20th century that transformed world trade and
ledtothecreationofnewbuildingtypologies.Despiteitshistoricalimportance,the
potential of the Tabarca building remains underestimated today. Its conservation
requires a multifaceted approach that addresses different aspects of the building,
i.e., archaeological, functional, stratigraphic, conservation and geometric consid
erations. An interdisciplinary strategy, including a broad overview and a detailed
focus on the individual building, is essential to delineate its temporal evolution.
This paper aims to reconstruct the historical and technical context of the
Tabarca building and its surroundings through a multidisciplinary lens. Here, the
authors integrate the analysis of the current state of the building with its historical,
typological,andurbanfeatures.Theinitialresultspresentedlaythegroundworkfor
future rehabilitation and valorisation efforts for similar structures, demonstrating
the need for an integrated approach to understanding and preserving industrial
heritage in contemporary urban environments.
Keywords:
Construction and Conservation History · Industrial Archaeology
Multidisciplinary Approach · Refrigeration Technology · Historical Construction
Techniques

This is a feasibility study to evaluate acquisition of three-dimensional cultural artefacts for a virtual museum in Indonesia, in particular under difficult conditions regarding transportation, lighting and power supply. Evaluation is done by comparison of the resulting models in a 3D software for size, resolution, and visual realism. In a second step, models are reduced in texture size and mesh resolution, to be tested for real-time playback in FrameVR. Included hardware tools for photogrammetry are high-resolution stills from a hybrid photographic camera, a small drone, and a smartphone with a combination of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and photography. Generation of 3D models is realised by free software for generation and also for enhancement of results. The results show that the tools can generate realistic models of cultural artefacts under varying environmental conditions and enable playability in a virtual 3D environment.

Out of Florence, in a peaceful area on hill, it is possible to meet the “Holy mount” of San Vivaldo, a rich complex made by a sequence of small chapels and churches. The digital survey operated in 2009 and 2011, created the basis for a detailed reading of all the architectonic apparatus, allowing the creation of the most accurate 2D and 3D representation this complex has never had, but also an “in depth” understanding of the historical and architectonic relationship working in this specific religious settlement.

Out of Florence, in a peaceful area on hill, it is possible to meet the “Holy mount” of San Vivaldo, a rich complex made by a sequence of small chapels and churches. The digital survey operated in 2009 and 2011, created the basis for a detailed reading of all the architectonic apparatus, allowing the creation of the most accurate 2D and 3D representation this complex has never had, but also an “in depth” understanding of the historical and architectonic relationship working in this specific religious settlement.

Riassunto L'elaborazione di dati provenienti da stereo-coppie d'immagini satellitari ad altissima risoluzione è complessa e a oggi non esistono linee guida né tantomeno standard condivisi per la produzione di modelli digitali delle elevazioni (Digital Elevation Models-DEMs). Lo scopo del lavoro è definire procedure per ricostruire un modello accurato della morfologia del terreno da dati telerilevati, a fini geomorfometrici e di monitoraggio. Abbiamo testato due stereo-coppie d'immagini satellitari, una GeoEye-1 e una Pleiades-1B, acquisite a distanza di tre anni e mezzo su un'area del Cilento caratterizzata da una morfologia molto variegata per la presenza di aree montagnose, collinari e pianeggianti e diversamente urbanizzata. A partire dal DEM, su un'area di limitata estensione caratterizzata dalla presenza di un complesso di frane, sono state derivate le mappe di pendenza, esposizione, curvatura e rugosità. Sulla base di queste, è stato possibile delimitare i confini dei vari corpi di frana. Nella zona, comune alle due immagini, sono stati confrontati i DEMs prodotti e valutate le variazioni altimetriche occorse nel periodo intercorso tra le acquisizioni.

La disponibilità di immagini satellitari stereoscopiche a risoluzione spaziale molto alta, aventi dimensione del pixel a terra inferiore a 0.5 m, apre nuove possibilità per applicazioni cartografiche e geomorfologiche e per la estrazione di modelli numerici della superficie (DSM) di grande dettaglio. Per le immagini satellitari occorre definire procedure rigorose per poter estrarre da esse tutte le informazioni metriche potenzialmente derivabili, e tale processo di elaborazione non è ancora completamente codificato. Scopo della nota è contribuire alla identificazione di un processo di realizzazione di DEM che forniscano curve di livello e mappe di caratteristiche geo morfometriche accurate, a partire da immagini stereo VHR. Nella nota si descrive la procedura utilizzata per l'elaborazione di una stereocoppia di immagini GeoEye-1 di una vasta area in cui sono presenti numerose frane, al fine di estrarre modelli digitali del terreno (DTM) sufficientemente dettagliati da consentire sia la caratterizzazione geomorfologica dell'area che la valutazione dei movimenti di massa rispetto alla situazione descritta da un DTM ricavato da cartografia. La georeferenziazione è stata eseguita con alcuni modelli di calcolo implementati in due noti software commerciali, utilizzando GCP (Ground Control Points) sia ricavati da una cartografia tecnica regionale (CTR) a scala 1:5000 sia rilevati a terra con metodo NRTK (Network Real Time Kinematic). La scelta di dove ndividuare e misurare i punti è stata fatta sulle immagini in modo da avere una distribuzione omogenea (fig.1); non sempre sul terreno o sulla cartografia è stato possibile acquisite il dato, per problemi accessibilità o ricezione o qualità della misura per i punti misurati con GPS o di individuazione di particolari 3D sulla cartografia per i Map_CP. Per la georeferenziazione sono stati comparati due software e diversi modelli, sia dichiarati 'rigorous' dai software che basati su 'RPF', polinomi razionali fratti e usando sia punti di controllo GPS che punti acquisiti in cartografia. In figura 2 sono mostrati i grafici dei residui ottenuti dagli stessi dati GPS con lo stesso modello 'rigoroso' con due sw diversi, Geomatica e Socet Set. Figura 1-Siti candidati per il rilievo NRTK e punti acquisiti.

The recent developments have prompted the adoption of diverse methods and technologies in the generation of geospatial information. Furthermore, the growing interest in the digital twin concept and the demand for more realistic three-dimensional (3D) models of objects have contributed to an increased familiarity with 3D modeling research. In this context, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with their advantage of highresolution data acquisition and low cost, and terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) with their capability to offer high accuracy and high precision 3D point clouds, were highly utilized. However, both systems are subject to inherent limitations. These include challenges in acquiring data from obstructed objects using UAV technology and difficulty in obtaining information from the upper parts of objects using TLS technology. In this study, an accurate and precise 3D textured mesh model of a railway underpass area was generated through the fusion of UAV and TLS point clouds. The fusion was achieved by aligning the TLS point cloud with the UAV point cloud, with a mean root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.8 cm. The results indicated that the fusion of UAV and TLS point clouds significantly enhanced the 3D modeling performance, particularly in the obstructed sections of the railway underpass, where the UAV point cloud exhibited erroneous geometry.

The construction site was used several times: in a first phase, in the republican era of Roman domination it hosted, probably, a temple whose height could reach 25 meters. In a second phase, during the Roman Empire, it was used as a burial area.; then around IV-V century AD a first Christian Basilica made of a naved building with an apse was built there, at the center of a large monastery. Subsequently in a third phase in VI century AD a Byzantine Martyrium, with a Greek cross-shaped plan, was built: the central part of it, supporting a dome is still standing. Finally after 1089 the church was given to Marsilian monks who deeply renovated it and changed its shape converting the plan to a Latin cross. A macroscopic material analysis shows the presence of various rocks, whose use appears to be inhomogeneous during all construction phases. Sedimentary rocks (limestones, sandstones, calcarenites etc belonging to local geological formations) are generally used for masonry structures. Marbles, mostly coming from abroad and previously used in Roman buildings have been adopted for architectural elements (columns, capitals, and so on). At a lower extent there are masonry blocks in Oligo-Miocenic volcanic rocks and seldom stone materials which are not originally from Sardinia. Both mineralogical and petrographic tests (e.g. XRF, XRD) and the most important physical properties (porosity, density, water absorption coefficients, compressive, flexural and tensile strength, etc.) show that many of the more representative samples of rock materials (like limestones, calcarenits) are often highly decayed, with a corresponding reduction of their mechanical strength. A structural analysis is particularly useful for helping in clarifying the historical evolution of the building, checking reconstruction hypotheses and assessing the true residual strength of the more important parts. As an example, a FEM analysis of the Byzantine domed part is going to be presented in a forthcoming paper.

This report looks at three methods for capturing the geometry of buildings and their elements to be used in the generation of energy models of those buildings. A heritage building in Salford, UK, is used as a case study, receiving each data collection method. Energy models developed based upon data collected for this building is analysed for variations in geometry and predictions of energy performance.

Due to globalisation, urban pressure, and now climate change, vernacular heritage and earthen architecture are under a real threat of disappearing, at a very accelerated rate. Urgent actions need to be undertaken to protect this fragile and undervalued heritage.
Since 2006, Escola Superior Gallaecia (Portugal) [now integrated at Portucalense University], University of Florence (Italy), and Universitat Politècnica de València (Spain), with partners as CRAterre-ENSAG (France), the University of Cagliari (Italy), and Ecole d’Avignon (France), have been working together, for the enhancement and protection of vernacular heritage and earthen architecture. As key-institutions in the area, they share high standards and common values, in order to address and achieve fundamental research, capacity building, learning experiences, relevant outcomes, contributing for a broader and deeper knowledge on vernacular heritage and earthen architecture.

Spain), with partners as CRAterre-ENSAG (France), the University of Cagliari (Italy), and Ecole d'Avignon (France), have been working together, for the enhancement and protection of vernacular heritage and earthen architecture. As key-institutions in the area, they share high standards and common values, in order to address and achieve fundamental research, capacity building, learning experiences, relevant outcomes, contributing for a broader and deeper knowledge on vernacular heritage and earthen architecture.

It is rather common to establish orthodox criteria when addressing built heritage subjects, especially regarding operative procedures that range from valorisation to conservation measures.
The built environment, and in particular vernacular heritage, on which technical issues play a significant role, constitutes an example of such approach. In vernacular heritage, the concept of creativity is often intentionally supressed from the object interpretation and the preservation process.
This paper intends to be a critical essay on the implications of the creativity approach in the vernacular architecture research, contesting formal prejudices linked to etymology and formal assumptions.
The paper also intends to consider the potential impact of creative-based strategies and approaches regarding the preservation and awareness of World Heritage Sites.

from vernacular to world heritage • l. dipasquale, s. mecca, m. correia • l. dipasquale, s. mecca, m. correia • Collective and individual artistic expression, Pico's strong color painting, wineyard gate (© G. Duarte Carlos, 2017) Collective and individual artistic expression, Svaneti's wood carving, Temple door (© G. Duarte Carlos, 2019) the importance of creativity in vernacular heritage • g. duarte carlos, m. correia, e. simão • g. duarte carlos, m. correia, e. simão

Diri di traduzione, di memorizzazione ele ronica, di riproduzione e di ada amento, totale o parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo sono riserva per tu i Paesi. I Curatori e l'Editore declinano ogni responsabilità per eventuali errori e/o inesa ezze rela ve alla elaborazione dei tes norma vi e per l'eventuale modifi ca e/o variazione della modulis ca allegata. I Curatori, pur garantendo la massima affi dabilità dell'opera, non rispondono di danni derivan dall'uso dei da e delle no zie ivi contenute. L'Editore non risponde di eventuali danni causa da involontari refusi o errori di stampa. Finito di stampare nel mese di aprile 2024 nello stabilimento Maggioli S.p.A. Santarcangelo di Romagna Series Survey and Representa on Research, from Architectural to Industrial Design The Series aims at providing a deep inves ga on of the topics related to Survey and Representa on also with reference to the themes of Project (architectural, urban, landscape and restora on) and Industrial Design (product, communica on, interior) by connec ng methods, tools and processes to the contents of the Scien fi c-Disciplinary Area of the Drawing (ICAR 17). The volumes of the series are subject to a qualita ve process of acceptance fi rstly based on the review of the book abstract which is entrusted to the Director of the series. Once the contribu on has been posi vely evaluated, it is analysed by the editorial board and fi nally sent to two external reviewers who might also be selected among the members of the scien fi c commi ee and in accordance with the direc ves of the

Enhancing vernacular heritage to ensure its outstanding significance and safeguard Vernacular architecture is one of the most significant cultural expressions of a socioeconomic structure: it represents the way in which local materials and traditional building techniques, learned from endogenous evolutionary processes and from cultural advances, were used to respond to the physical and socioeconomic needs of a group, thus generating remarkable architectural models adapted to the historical-cultural experience and the specific environmental restriction of each territory. They are, therefore, unique models strongly linked both to the environmental and to the socioeconomic and cultural context, which nevertheless have universal elements in common: they use local resources; they adapt strongly to the morphology and to the bioclimatic characteristics of the place; they are the result of the transmission of experience and knowledge; they are the expression of a living model and the identity of a group; they are extremely vulnerable, as they face sudden changes (natural or cultural); and the deterioration process can be easily triggered. Thanks to the universal nature of vernacular architecture, in recent decades, various organisations have asked for the protection and recognition of this heritage as a cultural asset, and as a shared value. It should be mentioned, in particular, the Charter on the Built Vernacular Heritage, ratified by the General Assembly of ICOMOS, in Mexico in 1999, on which the character of vernacular architecture is claimed as essential for the identity of people: "The built vernacular heritage is important; it is the fundamental expression of the culture of a community, of its relationship with its territory and, at the same time, the expression of the world's cultural diversity" (Introduction, ICOMOS, 1999). However, the knowledge to maintain and preserve vernacular heritage is disappearing at an ever-increasing pace, when not properly recognised as part of the people's identity. Especially considering the few numbers of vernacular sites listed as World Heritage, precisely due to their character, a long way still needs to be undertaken. Raising awareness and sharing the significance and the quality of this still little-known vernacular World Heritage, existing in Europe, increases its Outstanding Universal Value, and contributes to its safeguard and enhancement, but also to raise awareness to future vernacular World Heritage nominations.

Protection and documentation of cultural heritages which have historical significance for the sake of continuity of culture are inevitable events. In the light of this thought, using new techniques, in comparison to classic methods arising of new techniques in parallel with technology in order to achieve the most reliable results in works such as restoration, reconstruction, building survey and documentation of cultural entities are inevitable. In this study, Sille Aya-i Eleni Church, which has historical and cultural significance that can be evaluated in terms of architecture and allows the application of different techniques, was chosen. Different purchasing methods and drawing operations were carried out in accordance with the features of the selected object. The exterior drawings of the object, which will be created in a three dimensional model, are made with the photogrammetric method, while roof surveys that have risk are made thanks to the photographs taken with UAV. The surveying and drawing of the interior of the same object was also performed with a laser scanner. As a result, it is recommended to use the methods together in documentation studies of objects with different properties.

A amputação de um membro causa impacto na vida do ser humano, o índice de amputação reflete na produção de próteses, e a utilização destas poderá auxiliar no aspecto estético e funcional, pois ela é construída de componentes de acordo com o nível de amputação e tem em comum o encaixe. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo é avaliar as precisões volumétricas e dimensionais X, Y e Z, do escaneamento de um molde transradial convencional. A metodologia envolvida é dividida em três etapas: montagem e configuração do escâner, mensurar o volume das dimensões X, Y e Z do molde e realizar o escaneamento do molde. O arquivo digital teve uma variação percentual máxima de -0,73 % para a melhor resolução avaliada e uma -2,08% para a menor resolução de escaneamento, o volume obtido em todos os casos analisados foram menores do que os volume do molde.

The rôle of archaeology in garden conservation has become an issue because of the large-scale excavations that precede so many of the prestigious restorations. However archaeology, as the study of physical remains, has other less spectacular but nevertheless vital functions in the process of modern garden conservation. The demand for garden archaeology Many early restorations did not greatly prize accuracy. They attempted only to be 'in the spirit of the times'. Several restorations by the National Trust in England in the 1970s were based on analysis of plans, and did not have the benefit of archaeology. The reconstruction of Het Loo, in the Netherlands, between 1978 and 1982, was also based upon an historic plan and other contemporary documentation, with archaeology merely 'confirming' it. A recent example of the practice of eschewing archaeology has been the restoration of the Arc de Triomphe and Trois Fontaines bosquets at Versailles in the early 1990s.

Photogrammetry is a technique that generates three-dimensional models from two-dimensional data, such as photographs and images. Although it has been in use for many decades, it has not been extensively utilized for the reconstruction of complex skeletal trauma. Moreover, despite the current advances in DSLR cameras, photographic equipment and software, other imaging and scanning modalities are being preferred instead for the reconstruction of human remains in forensic anthropology. This study aims to present a straightforward photogrammetry workflow applied in forensic routine for the reconstruction of traumas from armed conflicts.
The material of this study consists of remains from Greece and Spain, spanning from the late 19th up until the mid-20th century, focusing on violent conflicts. These conflicts are the Holocaust of Arkadi Monastery in Crete (1866), the Greek Civil War (1943-1949) and the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The remains come from different taphonomic contexts, demonstrating various types of trauma. The Spanish sample originates from a mass grave that was excavated by the Spanish Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory. The Cretan remains constitute an ossuary assemblage stored in the Arkadi Monastery at Rethymnon. The Greek Civil War remains are part of a commingled assemblage that was studied at the Forensic Anthropology Unit, in Athens.
The remains were analysed following anthropological protocols, in Spain and Greece. The injured remains underwent a photogrammetric workflow which consisted of sets of photographs from various angles, depending on the size of the skeletal element and the type of trauma that was documented. Moreover, for this project, an automated turntable was constructed and controlled via the Arduino software, to rotate the bones during the photographic session, minimizing the error that would otherwise be introduced by manually rotating them after each shot. The photographs were processed with Agisoft Metashape Professional and 3D models of selected remains were generated.
The process focused on capturing the identifying morphological characteristics of trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, sharp-force trauma), the clarity and shape of the virtual remains but also the applicability and repeatability of the photogrammetric routine. The workflow was designed to be applicable in various working environments, such as laboratory and non-specialised facilities with different lighting setups. The results of photogrammetry showed that the generated models were highly detailed, with visible the diagnostic morphological features of each trauma type, enabling the identification of the inflicting mechanism on the virtual model. The texture and colour of the models were a faithful representation of the actual specimens.
The outcomes highlighted the importance of photogrammetry as an alternative to expensive scanning or imaging equipment, that can be applied in different contexts to facilitate the virtual reconstruction of skeletal trauma, providing the ability to store the virtual remains for further analysis, exhibition and reporting.

Landslides represent one of the most frequent geo-hazard, not only causing a serious threat to human lives, but also determining socioeconomic losses, countable in billions of Euros and expressed in terms of damage to property, infrastructures and environmental degradation. Recent events show a significant increase in the number of disasters with natural and/or technological causes, which could have potentially serious consequences for Critical Infrastructures (CI). Where these infrastructures tend to fail or to be destroyed, the resulting cascade effect (chain of accidents) could lead to catastrophic damage and affect people, the environment and the economy. In the field of landslide detection, mapping, monitoring and management, the availability of advanced remote sensing technologies, which allow systematic and easily updatable acquisitions of data, may enhance the implementation of near real time monitoring activity and the production of landslide maps, optimizing field work. This work aims at presenting an example of the advantages given by the combined use of advanced remote sensing techniques, such as Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Infrared Thermography (IRT), in order to monitor and map the Calatabiano landslide, located in the Catania Province (Sicily Island, Southern Italy). The landslide occurred on October 24th 2015, after a period of heavy rainfall, causing the rupture of a water pipeline transect of the aqueduct supplying water to the city of Messina. As a consequence of this event a considerable lack in water resources occurred for a large number of the city inhabitants. A provisional bypass , consisting of three 350 m long pipes passing through the landslide area, was implemented in order to restore the city water supplies during the emergency management phase. In this framework an integrated monitoring network was implemented, in order to assess the residual risk by analyzing the landslide geomorphological and kinematic features, and to support the early warning procedures needed to ensure the safety of the personnel involved in the bypass realization and the long term landslide stabilization works. The intrinsic characteristics of the abovementioned techniques, such as the capability of: i) producing near-real time displacement maps without physical access to the analysed area; ii) observing the investigated scenario 24 hours per day and in all-weather conditions; iii) generating high-resolution images, especially for local scale phenomena analysis; iv) providing high versatility and transportability; represent consistent advantages with respect to the traditional methods. The preliminary monitoring results and a 3D landslide mapping have shown its effectiveness during the emergency and the post emergency management phase.

Many classification systems have been proposed in the literature to identify the state of stability of rock slopes. Most of these classification systems involve factors relevant to the general condition of the rock mass, for example, intact rock strength (UCS), geometry and condition of discontinuities, and groundwater condition. Such factors represent the basic part of most of the classification systems, which refer to the well-known Bieniawski’s Rock Mass Rating or RMR system. However, these factors were initially developed for underground excavations. Therefore, these classification systems have been subjected to many criticisms and were questioned for their suitability for rock slopes. In this paper, some of the common classification systems for rock slopes are used to identify their suitability for rock cuts. Twenty two sites of rock cuts in mountainous roads affected by heavy rainfall in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia have been selected as case studies, and four empiric...

3-Dimensional (3D) scanning systems are becoming more common in the industry nowadays, for inspection and reverse engineering (RE) purposes. Although technical specifications are provided with commercially available scanners, a question could be raised pertaining to the degree of sufficiency of the technical specifications typically provided, with regard to specific application needs such as the scanning of challenging objects. These challenging objects present a less than ideal working condition for some 3D scanners, and the specified accuracy cannot be achieved. This effect varies across different types of 3D scanning technology. A more intuitive specification with regard to the time taken and ease of use will be beneficial to the user, but often not available. Hence, this paper proposes a Morphological Box Classification Framework based on the functional decomposition of the non-contact 3D scanning technology, in order to help users better understand and compare 3D scanners efficiently, and choose a scanner for their application that is able to perform within their desired accuracy, time taken, and ease of use. A case study of 3D scanners evaluation using the proposed framework for a RE application is conducted, and results presented.

Landslides represent one of the most frequent geo-hazard, not only causing a serious threat to human lives, but also determining socioeconomic losses, countable in billions of Euros and expressed in terms of damage to property, infrastructures and environmental degradation. Recent events show a significant increase in the number of disasters with natural and/or technological causes, which could have potentially serious consequences for Critical Infrastructures (CI). Where these infrastructures tend to fail or to be destroyed, the resulting cascade effect (chain of accidents) could lead to catastrophic damage and affect people, the environment and the economy. In the field of landslide detection, mapping, monitoring and management, the availability of advanced remote sensing technologies, which allow systematic and easily updatable acquisitions of data, may enhance the implementation of near real time monitoring activity and the production of landslide maps, optimizing field work. This work aims at presenting an example of the advantages given by the combined use of advanced remote sensing techniques, such as Ground-Based Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (GB-InSAR), Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and Infrared Thermography (IRT), in order to monitor and map the Calatabiano landslide, located in the Catania Province (Sicily Island, Southern Italy). The landslide occurred on October 24th 2015, after a period of heavy rainfall, causing the rupture of a water pipeline transect of the aqueduct supplying water to the city of Messina. As a consequence of this event a considerable lack in water resources occurred for a large number of the city inhabitants. A provisional bypass , consisting of three 350 m long pipes passing through the landslide area, was implemented in order to restore the city water supplies during the emergency management phase. In this framework an integrated monitoring network was implemented, in order to assess the residual risk by analyzing the landslide geomorphological and kinematic features, and to support the early warning procedures needed to ensure the safety of the personnel involved in the bypass realization and the long term landslide stabilization works. The intrinsic characteristics of the abovementioned techniques, such as the capability of: i) producing near-real time displacement maps without physical access to the analysed area; ii) observing the investigated scenario 24 hours per day and in all-weather conditions; iii) generating high-resolution images, especially for local scale phenomena analysis; iv) providing high versatility and transportability; represent consistent advantages with respect to the traditional methods. The preliminary monitoring results and a 3D landslide mapping have shown its effectiveness during the emergency and the post emergency management phase.

In this research, we proposed a methodology for documenting open and medium-large scale cultural heritage assets. By open we mean both in the sense of their location in open spaces and the fact that they are openly accessible to the public. We take advantage of the maturity of 3D digital technologies for enabling communities across the world to support the documentation of Cultural Heritage (CH) assets that are accessible to the public. For the present project, we focus on producing digital replicas of public sculptures from the Modern period situated in public spaces in Rio de Janeiro. We propose the adoption of an open-source pipeline, based on photogrammetry, which is implemented in separate phases: identification, data acquisition, processing, evaluation, and access. These phases present various challenges, in particular given the medium-large scale of such assets and the variety of spaces in which the assets are located including open spaces and other locations in which it is d...

This work is inscribed into a more comprehensive project related to the architectural requalification and restoration of Frinco Castle, one of the most significant fortified medieval structures in the Monferrato area (province of Asti, Italy), that experienced a structural collapse. In particular, this manuscript focuses on data fusion of multi-sensor acquisitions of metric surveys for 3D documenting this structural-risky building. The structural collapse made the entire south front fragile. The metric survey was performed by using terrestrial and aerial sensors to reach every area of the building. Topographically oriented Terrestrial Laser Scans (TLS) data were collected for the exterior and interior of the building, along with the DJI Zenmuse L1 Airborne Laser Scans (ALS) and Zenmuse P1 Photogrammetric Point Cloud (APC). First, the internal alignment in the TLS data set was verified, followed by the intra-technique alignments, choosing TLS as the reference data set. The point clouds from each sensor were analyzed by computing voxel-based point density and roughness, then segmented, aligned, and fused. 3D acquisitions and segmentation processes were fundamental for having a complete and structured dataset of almost every outdoor and indoor area of the castle. The collected metrics data was the starting point for the modeling phase to prepare 2D and 3D outputs fundamental for the restoration process.

The present report describes in detail the International Promotion Strategy that was implemented in the framework of ATHENA project along with the targets set at the beginning of the project. Thereafter, the international promotion events and activities, via which the project was disseminated and promoted, are showcased