19th-Century American Literature

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), the British classic from the 18 th century, is also important in critical postcolonial studies for its portrayal of the impact of colonialism on indigenous identity, religion, and cultural representation, functioning as a potent allegory for European colonialism. This paper undertakes a postcolonial re-reading to contribute to the existing criticism of the colonial elements of the novel. It analyzes the negative influence of colonialism on indigeneity. Employing a qualitative textual analysis, the study applies key postcolonial theories from Said, Fanon, Bhabha, Césaire, and Spivak to deconstruct the power dynamics and ideological underpinnings of the narrative. The analysis demonstrates how Crusoe's relationship with Friday serves as a microcosm of the colonial encounter. Findings reveal the systematic erasure of indigenous identity through renaming and servitude, the weaponization of Christianity as a tool for psychological domination, and the deliberate construction of indigenous culture as "savage" to legitimize colonial authority. The paper concludes that Robinson Crusoe is more than an adventure story; it is a prototypical colonial narrative that validates the ideologies of empire, illustrating the mechanics of colonial discourse and its legacy.

Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie (1944) shows a family stuck between family duties and personal dreams. Today, many people face the same struggle: choosing between helping their family and finding their own happiness. The rapidly shifting social fabric, marked by individualism and the decline of collective identity resonate even more deeply with the play’s themes. In our life also, we often find ourselves playing certain roles or types. This play (Tennessee Williams’ ‘The Glass Menagerie’) also shows us their truth: each character is not just an individual, but also a “type” that represents bigger ideas. Moreover, this paper looks at how the play’s characters show this shift from “we” (family, society and togetherness) to “me” (individual needs and dreams) also how it exemplify the modern struggle between duty and self-assertion.

B. Some disaster rallies the forces, who oppose the revolution C. Some short-term event sparks a conflict D. Government is too divided and weak to suppress the revolt III. THE MODERATE PHASE OF THE REVOLUTION A. The moderates come to control and initiate changes B. Electorate expanded, constitution liberalized, reforms initiated. IV. REACTION ARISES TO THE MODERATES A. Moderates stop reforms at some point having achieved what they sought B. Radicals feel the moderates are not moving far or fast enough C. Radicals mobilize their supporters V. THE RADICALS SEIZE CONTROL A. The radicals take control of the state and revolution B. The radicals initiate sweeping changes eliminating old institutions completely VI. RADICAL REIGN OF TERROR (THE REVOLUTION EATS ITS CHILDREN) A. Opposition both foreign and domestic arises to challenge the radical control B. The radicals remove their opposition through violent methods C. Radicals seek to institutionalize and spread their ideologies VII. THE MODERATE REACTION A. Moderates overthrow the radicals and reestablish a moderate regime B. Moderates repress the more radical elements C. Moderates abandon many of the more radical reforms of the revolution D. Moderates return some of the privileges and policies of the old regime E. Moderates lose touch with the majority of the population VIII. THE RISE OF A STRONG LEADER A. A leader, usually from the military arises and focuses opposition to moderates B. The leader seizes control of the government, often ruling through the army C. The leader blends better conservative, moderate, and radical policies D. The leader establishes new, effective, stable, and general popular institutions E. The revolution ends

yang saya tulis dalam rangka memenuhi salah satu syarat untuk memenuhi gelar sarjana ini benar-benar merupakan karya saya, yang saya hasilkan setelah melalui penelitian, bimbingan, diskusi dan pemaparan/ujian. Semua kutipan, baik yang langsung maupun tidak langsung dari buku, jurnal, dan artikel telah disertai keterangan mengenai identitas sumbernya dengan cara sebagaimana yang lazim dalam penulisan karya ilmiah. Dengan demikian, walaupun tim penguji dan pembimbing penulisan skripsi/tugas akhir/final project ini membubuhkan tanda tangan sebagai tanda keabsahannya, seluruh karya ilmiah ini tetap menjadi tanggung jawab saya sendiri. Jika di kemudian hari ditemukan pelanggaran terhadap konvensi tata tulis ilmiah yang berlaku, saya bersedia menerima akibatnya. Demikian surat pernyataan ini dapat digunakan seperlunya. Yang membuat pernyataan, Eka Sari Setyaningrum iv iv We loved with a love that was more than love

This book is a compilation of essays researching Henry James's ghostly tales. As both editors state in their introduction to the volume, the book actually aims not only at dealing with the ghostly in terms of its supernatural element but also at scrutinizing it as a narrative technique, a strategy which endowed James's oeuvre with a realistic, proto-modernist quality "giving it the elusiveness it is so much celebrated for" (1). Both editors also point out that James's concern with the supernatural possibly reflects not only his era's spiritual concerns but it more often than not projects the author's preoccupation with the private and the public aspects of individual existence, his own metaphysical anxieties as well as his ethical and aesthetic sensibilities.

The essay analyzes James Beckwourth’s narrative self-making through his self-portrayal in his autobiography as a trapper, trader, and Indigenous warrior in a changing North American West. During the first half of the nineteenth century, Western borderlands autobiography was one of the media formats that capitalized on the growing public interest in the landscapes and lifeways of the region. The opportunities this body of writing gave Westerners also extended to African Americans like Beckwourth. Drawing on autobiography research, Black (and) Indigenous, Western and Border studies, my research argues that, and shows how, Beckwourth creatively appropriates the borderlands autobiography in The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth (1856) to obtain social agency and authority as an African American in a transforming region. I specifically analyze how Beckwourth uses the different identities he adopted during his life for his narrative self-making as a competent professional and problematic Western “hero.”

Francois Levaillant (or Le Vaillant) has not had due recognition for his role in originating a new genre: the lavishly illustrated guide to the birds of a particular region. This article places Levaillant’s role as formal innovator in historical context by showing how he drew on new technologies and influenced the form and content of ornithology. In particular, a comparison of Levaillant with Audubon suggests that Levaillant has been unjustly marginalised in the history of natural history and its forms.

The trope of interracial adoption is complex but fairly common in American literature, particularly as it results in the racist and racialized hallmark of displacing and depicting Black women as bad Black mothers-the antithesis of White maternity. This essay posits the trope's genesis at the center of abolitionist writer Harriet Beecher Stowe's extraordinarily influential anti-slavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. The novel has been heralded as the most significant literary accomplishment by an American writer, both nationally and internationally, during the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding, Stowe's novel sets in motion the cultural ideology that Whiteness-in the form of adoption by a free, White, Christian mother / savior-is a direct route out of bondage for enslaved Black children. Necessarily and in direct response, Harriet E. Wilson's autobiographical novel, Our Nig, and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper's poem, "Moses: A Story of the Nile," bring the complicated anti-Black and White constructions of power, motherhood, consanguinity, and kinship into sharp relief. Taken together, their writings form an episodic and polyscopic perspective on belonging, bondage, freedom, and agency. Most importantly, Wilson's and Harper's texts amplify the historical remainder of and tension between ways of understanding racialized adoption and insist that the literary (human) being that is the Black mother be made legible.

Este artículo examina cómo el "discurso de modernización", que hasta ahora ha servido como referencia para los estudios sobre la historia de las mujeres católicas en la era Joseon, en realidad ha provocado problemas serios en esta área de investigación. Se ha intentado releer la historia de las mujeres católicas de la era Joseon sin el "discurso de modernización". La investigación existente ha tratado especialmente a las doncellas vírgenes que rechazaron el matrimonio a través de la adopción del catolicismo como "germenes inherentes de la modernización de las mujeres coreanas". Aquí, la "modernización de las mujeres coreanas" se consideraba como la "igualdad de género" y los "sistemas matrimoniales modernos" que se creía había introducido el catolicismo. Sin embargo, esto era simplemente una combinación de teorías de desarrollo inherente con traumas psicológicos de la experiencia colonial de Corea en el siglo XX. Además, el "nuevo sistema matrimonial" que la Iglesia Católica supuestamente introdujo en Corea, basado en la monogamia y codificado por el derecho canónico en el siglo XII, no era en realidad un producto de la "modernidad".

Autora: Song Ji-yeon 송 지 연

Song, J. Y. (2015). Re-reading the History of Choson Dynasty's Catholic Women: Focused on the Discussion of Virgins (Dong-fang-hak-chi No. 169, pp. 33-73). University of British Columbia, Department of Asian Studies. DOI 2015.169.0.002

This essay examines the relationship between the novel and everyday life. Rather than focusing on the qualities of routineness and mundaneness that are often taken to typify the everyday, I approach everyday life here as a form of experience that is defined in opposition to expert knowledge. In doing so, I draw on the theories of everyday life articulated by Henri Lefebvre and Michel de Certeau, but I also suggest that Hegel’s description of the prosaicness of civil society in Aesthetics anticipates these later accounts of the everyday as a corollary of the modern division of labor. In this perspective, the everydayness of the novel consists in its own unspecialized amateurishness as a genre of discourse, but also in its ability to represent a social world fragmented into expert fields. For some nineteenth-century observers, I suggest, including Hegel, the novel’s ability to describe such complex modern societies was also one of the characteristics of prose itself. I examine this conception of prose style more closely in the essay’s concluding section, which focuses on two scenes from the maritime fiction of Joseph Conrad. Conrad is often associated with technical nautical expertise, but the episodes that I discuss emphasize the porous boundaries that separate expert fields from one another and from their chaotic surrounding environments. In dwelling on these liminal moments, Conrad’s fiction bears witness to the condition of everyday life as Lefebvre and de Certeau describe it—a medium that is constituted by the enclosures of modern expertise, but which also exceeds and envelops them.

A cross sectional study was conducted from October, 2010 to April, 2011 in three districts of West Amhara region located in the Abbay river basins namely Debre Elias, Dembecha, and Jabitehenandistrict, northwest o f Ethiopia. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence rate of bovine Trypanosomosis and significance of associated risk factors in the study area. Blood samples were collected from 570 randomly selected local (zebu) breed of cattle in 8 Peasant Associations of three districts. The collected blood samples were examined using hematological and parasitological techniques (Buffy coat examination and thin blood smear). The overall prevalence of Trypanosomosis was found to be 6.49% and it consists of 5.62%, 3.75% and 10.56% in Debre Elias, Dembecha and Jabitehenan, respectively. Trypanosome conglense(5.26%) and Trypanosome vivax (1.23%) were the most common species encountered during study period. There were no statistical significance difference (P>0.05) between sexes, age, body condition and previously treated and untreated groups. But significance difference were observed in coat color of skin, altitude and districts (P<0.05). The mean PCV value of infected animals were (22.15±5.01SD) significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of non infected animals (26.21±5.1307 SD) and also the mean PCV value of animals in low land area was significantly different (P<0.05) from mid and highland areas. The study revealed that bovine trypanosomosis is more prevalent in low land and in black coat color skin of animals in the study area.

He is the author of two books, The Grotesque in Contemporary Anglophone Drama (2016) and Irony and Identity in Modern Irish Drama (2006), and editor of collections of essays and journal issues on subjects ranging from Anglophone drama and Irish literature to cultural memory and structuralist theory. His translations into Czech include works by J.

We examine changes in book titles of the New York Times Bestseller hardcover fiction lists from 2000 to 2020 regarding thematic, grammatical, and psychological categories. We find that social categories (including personal pronouns) have been increasingly used, while religiously connotated titles have been declining.

A previously overlooked murder in Poe’s ‘Thou Art the Man’ is uncovered and resolved—a solution that offers a further key to unlocking the hidden structures of Poe’s other tales, including ‘A Tale of the Ragged Mountains,’ ‘The Murders in the Rue Morgue,’ ‘The Purloined Letter,’ ‘The Black Cat,’ and others.

In 1872, Mori Arinori, the newly-appointed Japanese ambassador to Washington, wrote to the linguist William Dwight Whitney concerning Mori's proposal to make English the national language of Japan, replacing Japanese. Whitney's response welcomed the idea of teaching English throughout Japan but explained why, from a linguist's point of view, Japanese neither could nor should be replaced. He was also unreceptive to Mori's suggestions for regularising English, levelling out strong past-tense verb forms and etymological spellings. Mori nevertheless had his proposal published in American newspapers, where it received widespread attention, including a mention in President Grant's Second Inaugural Address.

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, UNL Libraries by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. ... Melville, Herman and Royster, Paul (editor & depositor), &quot;John Marr and Other Sailors: An Online Electronic &#x27;Facsimile&#x27; Text of the First Edition (1888)&quot; (1888). Faculty Publications, UNL Libraries. Paper 18. http://digitalcommons.unl. ...

fi rst taught me the power of memory and the art of making a life in a country that is and is not your own, and although my grandfather did not live to see this in print, it would never have made it there without them. I am also very grateful to my sister, Meagan Coppage, for her faith in me, and to my Brussels Griffon, Gadget, for keeping me company and walking me on a regular basis. And, fi nally, to Nick, my lovely Welshman: thank you ever so much for arriving when you did. Modern global culture makes it clear that literary study can no longer operate on nation-based or exceptionalist models. In practice, American literatures have always been understood and defi ned in relation to the literatures of Europe and Asia. The books in this series work within a broad comparative framework to question placebased identities and monocular visions, in historical contexts from the earliest European settlements to contemporary affairs, and across all literary genres. They explore the multiple ways in which ideas, texts, objects, and bodies travel across spatial and temporal borders, generating powerful forms of contrast and affi nity. The Edinburgh Critical Studies in Atlantic Literatures and Cultures series fosters new paradigms of exchange, circulation, and transformation for Atlantic literary studies, expanding the critical and theoretical work of this rapidly developing fi eld. No political or economic issue in the United States, save governmental corruption, received more headlines in the American press of the 1870s than did the Paris Commune . . . Anarchy, assassination, slaughter, incendiarism, streets covered in human gore -such blood curdling scenes were monotonously reported in the news. 27

fi rst taught me the power of memory and the art of making a life in a country that is and is not your own, and although my grandfather did not live to see this in print, it would never have made it there without them. I am also very grateful to my sister, Meagan Coppage, for her faith in me, and to my Brussels Griffon, Gadget, for keeping me company and walking me on a regular basis. And, fi nally, to Nick, my lovely Welshman: thank you ever so much for arriving when you did. Modern global culture makes it clear that literary study can no longer operate on nation-based or exceptionalist models. In practice, American literatures have always been understood and defi ned in relation to the literatures of Europe and Asia. The books in this series work within a broad comparative framework to question placebased identities and monocular visions, in historical contexts from the earliest European settlements to contemporary affairs, and across all literary genres. They explore the multiple ways in which ideas, texts, objects, and bodies travel across spatial and temporal borders, generating powerful forms of contrast and affi nity. The Edinburgh Critical Studies in Atlantic Literatures and Cultures series fosters new paradigms of exchange, circulation, and transformation for Atlantic literary studies, expanding the critical and theoretical work of this rapidly developing fi eld. No political or economic issue in the United States, save governmental corruption, received more headlines in the American press of the 1870s than did the Paris Commune . . . Anarchy, assassination, slaughter, incendiarism, streets covered in human gore -such blood curdling scenes were monotonously reported in the news. 27

By Mary Bartling alt Whitman (or Uncle Walt as Robin Williams referred to him in the film Dead Poet's Society) has been described as "the world's poet of democracy."[1] And, Leaves of Grass is his visionary collection of poetry celebrating his belief in democracy and the individual's place in it. Whitman considered democracy to be an inevitable evolutionary force in human history. That said, he was in no way under the illusion that a functioning democratic society would either come easily or emerge quickly in the still-young nation of his day. He also believed that democracy would fail if it was strictly legislative and legalistic. And, contended that a democratic literature was the most essential factor in urging this evolution along. Because:

Tennessee Williams most famous play The Glass Menagerie presents the socio-political conflicts of the contemporary society. The play refers to the 1930s era of Great Depression in America. It was a period of struggles against hopelessness that threatens their lives and family relationship. Middle class people suffered mostly specially the Wingfields who represents this kind of people. American dream is a pathway to escape from this suffering, but it is difficult to attain it. This dream is not only about material prosperity but it is all about success that is gained through hard work. The United States of America’s Declaration of Independence proclaims that ‘life, liberty and pursuit of happiness’ are rights of every individuals irrespective of their personal background. Most Americans believe that it can be achieved through hard work but this dream is like a myth.

A ecomotricidade se mostra como uma proposta de abordagem pautada em motricidade humana, educação ambiental crítica e pedagogia dialógica, com potencial de ser utilizada nas aulas de educação física como forma de sensibilização dos alunos. A educação física escolar se apresenta como um espaço de aprendizagem e autodescoberta de nós com o ambiente, de como nos movemos neste e como se dão essas interações ser humano-ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho é identificar e compreender os processos educativos emergentes de uma intervenção nas aulas de educação física pautada na ecomotricidade, junto a estudantes de uma turma de escola pública estadual localizada no município de São Carlos, interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A presente pesquisa possui caráter qualitativo, inspirado na fenomenologia. Foram realizadas oito aulas na escola, com os alunos de uma turma do 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Os dados foram coletados a partir de registros em diários de campo. A análise dos dados foi feita a partir da análise ideográfica, com a identificação das unidades de significado, e a análise nomotética, com a construção de duas categorias temáticas: 1) Compreendendo o ser humano como ente da natureza; 2) Brincando, jogando e aprendendo sobre o meio onde vivemos. Quando pautada na ecomotricidade, a aula de educação física se apresentou como práxis educativa, ou seja, espaço de atividades transformadoras, conscientes e intencionalmente realizadas. Assim, formamos cidadãos e cidadãs ambientalmente conscientes em relação ao seu movimento e suas ações na natureza bem como as consequências dessas ações para ele mesmo, para a sociedade e para o meio ambiente como um todo.

19th-century female author Catharine Maria Sedgwick's 1827 novel, Hope Leslie, or Early Times in the Massachusetts, portrays the eponymous Heroine, Hope Leslie, who is born and orphaned in England and comes to a Puritan community in Massachusetts, New England. Hope's trans-Atlantic experience allows her a peculiar position between a Native American community and a white settler one, and this trope has been popular in Hope Leslie criticism. While many critics focus on the female characters and their interracial intimacy, this paper attempts to explore peripheral male characters and undiscussed themes in the novel by shedding more light on Mr. William Fletcher, Hope's uncle, delving into a reading of Hope Leslie as a blueprint for a uniquely American form of manhood, in reaction to traditional English

This article, which focuses on the role of Jeremiah as a prophet, is based on a study of the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint. It also analyzes references to Jeremiah in the Book of Mormon and connects those references to current scholarly research on the book of Jeremiah. Consistent with the general consensus among biblical scholars today, as well as Nephi 1 's own references to Jeremiah in the Book of Mormon, the author proposes that even though Jeremiah embodied the office of a prophet, he was not recognized as being "among the prophets" during his lifetime. This is a subtle yet significant difference. If this view is correct, it would further substantiate the alignment between the Book of Mormon and contemporary scholarly perspectives on the historical reception of Jeremiah's identity as a prophet in antiquity.

The Wizard of Oz has long been interpreted as an allegory for economic and political struggles, particularly in the context of monetary policy, banking, and systemic manipulation. When viewed in relation to America, China, and economic exploitation, the film (and the original novel by L. Frank Baum) can be analyzed through the following lens:

This article maps out the Gaza genocidal rhetoric onto a genealogy of European-American imaginative re-makings of the geography of Palestine. This tradition, rooted in nineteenth-century visions of ethnically cleansing and repurposing the land according to colonial and theological worldviews, has systematically imagined freeing a barren Palestine from Palestinian barbarity, neglect, and spiritual corruption. This hegemonic tradition and its geographies of domination, however, have not gone unchallenged. Indeed, as a model-one rarely studied though, Ibrahim Fawal's diasporic Palestinian novel On the Hills of God offers an alternate anti-colonial geography of resistance. To develop its claims, the article first uses a body of interdisciplinary scholarship to establish the genealogy and expose its genocidal spatial remapping of Palestinian geography. It, next, strategically resorts to On the Hills of God as an anti-colonial text that not only uncovers the Zionist destruction of a fairly harmonious multifaith local cultural geography in pre-1948 Palestine, but also captures traumatic memories of a nation currently besieged in its shrinking indigenous geography, exposes established hegemonic narratives, and charts a trajectory of resistance.

This article explores Emily Dickinson's poetics of labor and the relationship between work and leisure in both nineteenth-century and contemporary US culture. Historically, labor has been perceived as the axis of social and economic values. Individuals, however, are frequently encouraged to deviate from their work routines, making it difficult to appreciate them. Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, this study examines Dickinson's oeuvre in dialogue with the philosophical and sociological framework on the distinction between work and leisure and its implications for people's lives, as well as how the value of work has changed over time. Through a close reading of selected poems and letter fragments, this article demonstrates how Dickinson's work blurs traditional boundaries between labor and leisure, suggesting that creative work can hold intrinsic, self-validating worth irrespective of economic or societal pressures. Finally, Dickinson's perspective on work and time may inform contemporary debates around meaningful labor and life balance in a capitalist society.

Palestinians inspect the ruins of a building destroyed in Israeli airstrikes in Gaza. This was on day 1, October 8, 2023. Image: Wiki Palestine Often referred to as an "open-air prison," Gaza has been turned into, in the words of British-Israeli historian Avi Shlaim, "an open-air graveyard." This is the same Gaza that drew the USS

This paper explores Ralph Waldo Emerson's concept of how new ideas and experiences are incorporated into one's previously held beliefs. It frames this process using William James's description of how our stock of old beliefs are altered by new experiences. The process begins with "novel contact"-when a new idea or experience is presented. This often leads to "incorporation"-when old beliefs give way to new ideas. However, incorporation is not always easy as deeply-rooted truths can limit the degree of newness that can be integrated at any given time. Emerson viewed this process as a constant source of progress and expansion, allowing individuals to draw power from the constant influx of new experiences and ideas.

T.S Eliot’s Murder in The Cathedral accommodates politics and religion in its ideological and creative belly. In various discourses, politics and religion share an inevitable, interwoven correlation where the essence of one is upheld by the other through a dialectical alignment. The parallel configuration of both concepts in the text has elicited debates and critical responses regarding their compatibility or otherwise. However, studies have shown that there is a dominant interpretive consensus portraying religion as Eliot’s main focus thereby upholding a lopsided narrative which diminishes the thematic potential of the text. This article argues that there is an inevitable synthesis between politics and religion which imbricates their relationship in the text. Through demonstrable dialogism, the article further argues that Eliot propagates a dialectic of mutual dependency between politics represented by King Henry II and religion represented by Archbishop Thomas Becket. Thus, politics and religion are two different branches of the same existential paradigm and should be recognised as such. Eliot’s juxtaposition of the two concepts in the text constitutes a genuine reality which provides a new interpretive kernel.

Edgar Allan Poe's The TellTale Heart is a profound examination of the complexities of human consciousness, where the boundaries between reason and madness blur in a chilling psychological descent. This paper explores the narrator's obsession with control-over time, perception, and morality-as a manifestation of his doomed attempt to suppress the subconscious forces that ultimately consume him. Through an analysis of psychomachy, temporal fixation, and the interplay between rationality and instinct, the study argues that the narrator's downfall stems not from external judgment but from the inescapability of his own fragmented psyche. By situating the story within Gothic and Enlightenment contexts, this paper demonstrates how Poe subverts traditional notions of reason and empiricism, revealing that intellect, when detached from emotional depth and ethical grounding, becomes a self-destructive force. Ultimately, The TellTale Heart serves as an allegory for the futility of imposing order on chaos, illustrating the inevitability of subconscious truths emerging despite the most calculated attempts to silence them.

The following essay analyzes a significant Baroque substrata underlying The Scarlet Letter, taken up, among other things, in relation to the momentous Puritan legacy that is an essential element of Nathaniel Hawthorne's literary work. In particular, the paper focuses on analyzing crucial and minor Baroque topoi represented in the novel, such as metamorphosis, relativism and ambivalence of reality, anxiety and the obsession with death. Furthermore, the article investigates the role of sharp chromatism within The Scarlet Letter, the use of typical Baroque symbols, such as the ellipse and the maze, and the fundamental role of distinctive Baroque tropes, that is, metaphor and antithesis. In order to examine the aforementioned Baroque elements, the present essay refers to the theoretical framework drawn up by Raymond Williams in his classic work Marxism and Literature (1977). That theoretical model, elaborated by Williams on the basis of Gramsci's concept of hegemony, aims at describing social and cultural practices and phenomena as dynamical interaction between "residual," "dominant" and "emergent" components. While the "dominant" represent the core of the cultural triad, the "residual" and the "emergent" situated on its periphery are likewise essential for a persuasive dynamic description of literary phenomena at any given moment. The following article interprets the echoes of the Baroque literary tradition in the novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne as belonging to the domain of "residual" and hence effectively formed in the past, but still active in the cultural process as an effective element of the present.

Racial segregation and identity crisis play an essential role in Black American literature as well as in American society. The objective of the study is to analyze the significant themes of identity crisis and racial segregation in Richard Wright's novel Black Boy. The study focuses on the concepts of racial segregation and identity crisis because these issues were and are still controversial and argumentative in Afro-American Literature. There is also an analysis of the features of post-colonialism. Postcolonialism is a major writing style used in this novel. It claims that Black American literature was written to fight against racial segregation, oppression, aggression in order to obtain self-pride and identity. It also concentrates on the theme of the problems of Blacks' identity and racial discrimination in American society to prove that racism and oppression are indeed prominent themes in Wight's novel because the book was written during the Jim Crow era at a point where racism was very important in American society.

Whereas to dwell on land we created architecture, to dwell in the sea we had to invent seamanship, not shipbuilding. There is a factual impossibility of equating the two forms of life-those anchored to land with the marine epigenesis-whose descriptions are excited by their contraposition in Moby-Dick without the need for explicit comparison. Like Ishmael, my aim here is simply to design a systematization of indeterminacy in the space of life within the body of water. Meville sought to understand it by cetology, however I, by maritorium. We both uttered the phrase "I am the architect, not the builder." From a hermeneutical point of view, you don't make houses any more than you make boats. What is made, from the inversion of the processual conventionalism of creation, is architecture. The maritorium is a dynamic and multifaceted space that includes maritime and coastal areas, characterized by its changing morphology, the indefiniteness of its borders and the fluidity of its laws. 1 A maritorium is not static, but is in a continuous process of transformation due to ecosystem dynamics, as well as anthropogenic processes and climate change. Moreover, its geographical and legal boundaries are inherently fuzzy, reflecting complex and often conflicting claims to sovereignty,