The Universe's Mass-Energy and Entropy: A Cosmic Journey

The initial low entropy of the universe has allowed irreversible processes, such as the reader reading this abstract, to happen in the universe. This initial low entropy is due to a low value for the initial gravitational entropy of the universe. The standard CDM cosmology has a cosmic event horizon and an associated Gibbons-Hawking entropy. We compute the entropy of the universe including the entropy of the current event horizon and the entropy of the matter and photons within the cosmic event horizon. We estimate the entropy of the current cosmic event horizon to be 2.6 ± 0.3 x 10 122 k and find it to be ~ 10 19 times larger than the next most dominant contribution, which is from super massive black holes. We plot an entropy budget as a function of time and find that the cosmic event horizon entropy has dominated other sources of entropy since 10 -20 seconds after the big bang. See Egan & Lineweaver (2009) for details and discussion.

This paper attempts to present a cosmological evolution model that is consistent with both general relativity and quantum field theory. It aims to explain various cosmological issues, including the formation processes of matter and dark matter, the anomaly in galaxy rotation curves, the specific physical picture of the universe's initial low-entropy state, and why the universe is currently in an accelerated expansion phase. This article is a part of the preprint "Multiplicative Entropy Encodes Time-Causality; Gauge Mediates Mass-Gravity; Frequency Embodies Metric Evolution. Section 9.1 Zenodo.

While Monsignor Georges Lemaître has been a giant in the scientific community, his theory of the origin of the universe, known as the Big Bang Theory, has come under scrutiny since the development of knowledge surrounding Dark Matter. This paper argues that Monsignor Georges Lemaître theory of the Big Bang is wrong and unravels when considering the moving force of the expansion of the universe. The research conducted for this paper demonstrates that the existence of the universe should be thought of as originating through a primordial bud, rather than a primordial atom. This paper also argues that the universe continues to grow in a pomological way with Dark Matter acting as its "sap." This explanation puts forward a scientific way of solving Lemaître's problem of the "outside force" as well as the need to place all growth forces within the primordial atom itself.

International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 2021

The special relativity explains how the matter transforms into energy. According to that matter can be generated with negative energy and matter can destroy with negative energy. The negative energy can be identified as dark energy. According to this matter generation, which is the process of black holes, emitting radiation from the quasar is the evidence. Matter generation as radiation matter. Matter destroying is the process of stars. The energy and dark energy get negated in the supernova and nova explosions. Stars emit the light by the speed of light is the evidence of the matter destroying process. The matter creation process makes the universe grow and the matter destroying process makes the universe to shrink, combining this process makes the universe to curvature. Also, matter generation makes the universe expansion power of-ρc 2 and matter destroying make the universe to compression power of ρc 2. This makes state equation same as the curvature. Therefore k < 0 is for the expanding universe. When matter creation and matter destroying get equals, then k = 0 and flat universe results. After starting dying the matter generation process, k > 0 and compression universe results. A black hole formed from anti-matter, which created with the positive matter, and created positive matter(the process of m = E/c 2) attract to the black hole make a galaxy. Inflation is the period of the first step of matter generation. Then dark energy got inflationary expansion and positive energy get compression by the speed of light(E/c2 +(-E)). Created matter makes neutral atoms make the HI region. The matter makes a connection with dark energy make ionized matter and make the HII region. Then nebulas created in the HII region by dark energy and positive matter. Sufficient density of matter and dark energy formed a star and make the process of E= mc 2 and negated in a supernova and nova explosions. The remaining matter creates dwarfs or neutron stars. Remaining dark energy creates pulsars. Therefore special relativity theory of matter generation and matter destroying explain the universe how to origin and evaluation as well as why it is happening. It explains the dynamics of the universe especially expansion and compression and how it is happening. How the power for the universe created by matter generation and matter destroying. It also explains the inflation and collapse of the universe. It explains the universe's constitution of matter, anti-matter, energy, and dark energy. As well as it explains how the universe structures of galaxies and stellar and how those are evolved. Therefor ultimate fate describes by matter generation and matter destroying is nothing, expanding, flat, compression, nothing, and yet another universe to begin again. Also, universe dynamics consist of complex scale factors. If the scale factor is real, then expansion related to the positive matter. If the scale factor is complex, then expansion related to the negative matter.

Science, 2015

A simple model with only six parameters (the age of the universe, the density of atoms, the density of matter, the amplitude of the initial fluctuations, the scale dependence of this amplitude, and the epoch of first star formation) fits all of our cosmological data . Although simple, this standard model is strange. The model implies that most of the matter in our Galaxy is in the form of “dark matter,” a new type of particle not yet detected in the laboratory, and most of the energy in the universe is in the form of “dark energy,” energy associated with empty space. Both dark matter and dark energy require extensions to our current understanding of particle physics or point toward a breakdown of general relativity on cosmological scales.

Salma Ali, 2024

This article delves into the profound complexities of the universe's origin and evolution, integrating contemporary cosmological theories with quantum mechanics. It begins by examining the concept of thermalization within the primordial universe, elucidating how particle interactions facilitated the transition to thermodynamic equilibrium. The discussion progresses through critical epochs, from the gravitational singularity to cosmic inflation, highlighting the intricate balance of forces that shaped the early universe. We explore the ramifications of baryogenesis, the formation of primordial elements, and the subsequent structure formation, drawing upon empirical evidence from Type Ia supernovae and cosmic microwave background radiation. The exploration culminates in an analysis of dark matter and dark energy, positing that these enigmatic constituents may reside across parallel realities as suggested by the Many-Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics. By proposing that decoherence could explain the expanding universe and the discrepancies observed in cosmological data—such as Hubble tension—this work offers a novel framework for understanding the universe's evolution. Through this synthesis of quantum and cosmological principles, the article endeavors to illuminate the elusive nature of reality and foster further inquiry into the fundamental mechanisms governing our cosmos.

Zenodo , 2025

This research proposes a new universal theory fully grounded in entropy dynamics, serving as an alternative to conventional frameworks such as string theory. Unlike traditional approaches, which rely on hypothetical dimensions or particles, this framework is based solely on entropy flows, gradients, and patterns. All observable phenomena-including matter, energy, forces, and spacetime-emerge naturally from the dynamics of entropy.

Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology

The cosmological picture of the World is complemented by the inclusion of virtual objects, phenomenon of the mass defect, entropic interaction, and bifurcations. During the period before the emergence of our Universe, space is considered as an infinite homogeneous multifold of virtual point objects with a certain energy and are capable of transitioning into a real state of certain masses, electrical charges, and sizes once at irreversible local fluctuations of density and energy. The existence of such virtual point objects is explained on the basis of the mass defect phenomenon known in nuclear physics and the fact that resultant sum of all forces acting on the object is equal to zero at the homogeneous space. It is shown that the entropic changes caused by irreversible fluctuations should have led to bifurcation and produce the "Big Bang" event with the emergence and subsequent evolution of our Universe. The probability of the set of bifurcations and consequent "Big Bang" events, the origin of the corresponding Universes, the time of their occurring, and initial localization is discussed. The possibility of the transition of virtual objects into a real state is proved using the Principle of Least Action and Le Chatelier's Principle. It is shown that this is a first-order phase transition which is accompanied by radiation of energy, violation of symmetry, the appearance of mass, electrical charge, motion, and other attributes of real state objects. The "negative" and "standard" gravity, the "negative pressure", the expansion of our Universe and its "inflationary" period are explained as realizations of the entropic interaction between objects. The "Corpuscular-Wave and the Corpuscular-Field dualisms", being a manifestation of the Complementarity and the Equivalence Principles, are used for the explanation of the evolution of the Universe. The Anthropic Principle is discussed.

arXiv: High Energy Physics - Theory, 2008

This is a short analysis of the changes in the concept of entropy as applied to physics of the present-day and Early Universe. Of special interest is a leading role of such a notion as deformation of a physical theory. The relation to a symmetry of the corresponding theory is noted. As this work is not a survey, the relevant author&#39;s works are mainly considered. This paper is to be published in special issue &quot;Symmetry and Entropy&quot; of journal SYMMETRY: Culture and Science

arXiv preprint arXiv:0912.5508, 2009

Contents Preface 5 List of contributors 7 Introduction 9 Acknowledgements 14 Part I-Physics and Cosmology Scale Relativity and Fractal Space-Time: Theory and Applications Laurent Nottale 15 Scale Relativity: an Extended Paradigm for Physics and Biology? Commentary by Charles Auffray and Denis Noble 80 Multiscale Integration in Scale Relativity Theory Response by Laurent Nottale 83 The Self-organization of Time and Causality: steps towards understanding the ultimate origin Francis Heylighen 87 Symmetries and Symmetry-breakings: the fabric of physical ...