20 Dynamics and the Perception of Causal Events
2008, Oxford University Press eBooks
Abstract
AI
AI
The paper introduces a novel epistemological theory of causation, focusing on how individuals mentally represent causal relationships that extend beyond mere observable phenomena. It contrasts conventional views of causation as linked only to visible events with the proposition that invisible causal elements can be inferred through lawful connections to observable properties. The discussion of Hume's influence and the shortcomings of existing psychological theories of causation underlines the need for a deeper understanding of how causal inferencing operates in human cognition.
References (63)
- Ahn, W., & Bailenson, J. (1996). Mechanism-based explanations of causal attribution: An explanation of conjunction and discounting effect. Cognitive Psychology, 31, 82-123.
- Ahn, W., & Kalish, C. W. (2000). The role of mechanism beliefs in causal reasoning. In F. C. Keil & R. A. Wilson (Eds.), Explanation and cognition (pp. 199-225). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Ahn, W., Kalish, C. W., Medin, D. L., & Gelman, S. A. (1995). The role of covariation versus mechanism information in causal attribution. Cognition, 54, 299-352.
- Aronson, J. L. (1971). On the grammar of 'CAUSE'. Synthese, 22, 414-430.
- Bigelow, J., & Pargetter, R. (1990). Metaphysics of causation. Erkenntnis, 33, 89-119.
- Bigelow, J., Ellis, B., & Pargetter, R. (1988). Forces. Philosophy of Science, 55, 614-630.
- Bullock, M., Gelman, R., & Baillargeon, R. (1982). The development of causal reasoning. In W. Friedman (Ed.), The developmental psychology of time (pp. 209-255). London: Academic Press.
- Bunge, M. (1959). Causality: the place of the causal principle in modern science. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
- Cheng, P. W. (1997). From covariation to causation: A causal power theory. Psychological Review, 104, 367-405.
- Cheng, P. W., & Novick, L. R. (1991). Causes versus enabling conditions. Cognition, 40, 83- 120.
- Cheng, P. W., & Novick, L. R. (1992). Covariation in natural causal induction. Psychological Review, 99, 365-382.
- Clement, J. (1983). A conceptual model discussed by Galileo and used intuitively by physics students. In D. Gentner & A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 299-324). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assoc.
- Cohen, L. B., Amsel, G., Redford, M. A., & Casasola, M. (1998). The development of infant causal perception. In A. Slater (ed.), Perceptual development: Visual, auditory, and speech perception in infancy (pp. 167-209). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd.
- Choi, H. & Scholl, B. J. (2004). Effects of grouping and attention on the perception of causality. Perception & Psychophysics, 66, 926-942.
- diSessa, A. (1993). Towards an epistemology of physics. Cognition and Instruction, 10, 105- 225.
- Dowe, P. (2000). Physical causation. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
- Fair, D. (1979). "Causation and the flow of energy." Erkenntnis 14, 219-250.
- Gilden, D. L. (1991). On the origins of dynamical awareness. Psychological Review, 98, 554- 568.
- Goldvarg, E., & Johnson-Laird, P. (2001). Naive causality: A mental model theory of causal meaning and reasoning. Cognitive Science, 25, 565-610.
- Gopnik, A., Glymour, C., Sobel, D., Shulz, L., Kushnir, T., & Danks, D. (2004). A theory of causal learning in children: Causal maps and Bayes nets. Psychological Review, 111, 1- 31.
- Hecht, H. (1996). Heuristics and invariants in dynamic event perception: Immunized concepts or nonstatements? Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, 61-70.
- Hume, D. (1748/1975). Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, in Enquiries concerning Human Understanding and concerning the Principles of Morals, edited by L. A. Selby- Bigge, 3rd edition revised by P. H. Nidditch, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Hume, D. (1737/1978). A Treatise of Human Nature, edited by L. A. Selby-Bigge, 2 nd edition revised by P. H. Nidditch, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Jackendoff, R. (1990). Semantic structures. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Joskowicz, L., & Sacks, E. (1991). Computational kinematics. Artificial Intelligence, 51, 381- 416.
- Kaiser, M. K., Proffitt, D. R., Whelan, S. M., & Hecht, H. (1992). The influence of animation on dynamical judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 669-690.
- Leslie, A.M. (1994). ToMM, ToBy, and agency: core architecture and domain specificity. In L. Hirschfield, & S. Gelman (eds), Mapping the Mind: Domain Specificity in Cognition and Culture (119-148). Cambridge University Press.
- Luhmann, C. C., & Ahn, W. (2005). The meaning and computation of causal power: Comment on Cheng (1997) and Novick and Cheng (2004). Psychological Review, 112, 685-692.
- Mackie, J. L. (1974). The cement of the universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- McCloskey, M. (1983). Naïve theories of motion. In D. Gentner & A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 299-324). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- McCloskey, M., & Kohl, D. (1983). Naïve physics: The curvilinear impetus principle and its role in interactions with moving objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 146-156.
- McCloskey, M., Washburn, A., & Felch, L. (1983). Intuitive physics: The straight-down belief and its origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9, 636-649.
- Michotte, A. E. (1946/1963). The perception of causality. New York: Basic Books.
- Pearl, J. (2000). Causality: Models, reasoning, and inference. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Pinker, S. (1989). Learnability and cognition: The acquisition of argument structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
- Pittenger, J. B. (1990). Detection of violations of the law of pendulum motion: Observers' sensitivity to the relation between period and length. Ecological Psychology, 2, 55-81.
- Proffitt, D. R., & Gilden, D. L. (1989). Understanding natural dynamics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15, 384-393.
- Runeson, S., & Frykholm, G. (1983). Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational basis for person and action perception: Expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112, 585-615.
- Runeson, S., Juslin, P., & Olsson, H. (2000). Visual perception of dynamic properties: cue heuristic versus direct-perceptual competence. Psychological Review, 107, 525-555.
- Runeson, S., & Vedeler, D. (1993). The indispensability of precollision kinematics in the visual perception of relative mass. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 617-632.
- Russell, B. (1948). Human Knowledge. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Salmon, W. (1994). Causality without counterfactuals. Philosophy of Science 61, 297-312.
- Salmon, W. (1998). Causality and explanation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Scholl, B. J., & Tremoulet, P. D. (2000). Perceptual causality and animacy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 299-309.
- Schwartz, D. L. (1999). Physical imagery: Kinematic versus dynamic models. Cognitive Psychology, 38, 433-464.
- Shultz, T. R. (1982). Rules of causal attribution. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 47, 1-51.
- Siskind, J. M. (2000). Visual event classification via force dynamics. In Proceedings of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (pp. 149-155).
- Sloman, S. (2005). Causal models: How people think about the world and its alternatives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Sloman, S. A., & Lagnado, D. A. (2005). Do we "do"? Cognitive Science, 29, 5-39.
- Sobel, D. M., Tenenbaum, J. B., & Gopnik, A. (2004). Children's causal inferences from indirect evidence: Backwards blocking and Bayesian reasoning in preschoolers. Cognitive Science, 303-333.
- Talmy, L. (1985). Force dynamics in language and thought. In W. Eilfort, P. Kroeber & K. Peterson (Eds.), Papers from the parasession on causatives and agentivity at the 21st regional meeting, Chicago Linguistics Society (pp. 293-337). Chicago: Chicago Linguistics Society.
- Talmy, L. (1988). Force dynamics in language and cognition. Cognitive Science, 12, 49-100.
- Tenenbaum, J. B., & Griffiths, T. L. (2001). Structure learning in human causal induction. In T. Leen, T. Dietterich & V. Tresp (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 13 (pp. 59-65). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Thinés, G., Costal, A., & Butterworth, G. (eds.) (1991). Michotte's experimental phenomenology of perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Twardy, C. R., & Bingham, G. P. (2002). Causation, causal perception, and conservation laws. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 956-968.
- Verhagen, A. (2002). Interpreting usage: Construing the history of Dutch causal verbs. In M. Barlow & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Usage-based models of language. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.
- Verhagen, A., & Kemmer, S. (1997). Interaction and causation: A cognitive approach to causative constructions in Modern Standard Dutch. Journal of Pragmatics, 27, 61-82.
- White, P. A. (1999). Toward a causal realist account of causal understanding. American Journal of Psychology, 112, 605-642.
- White, P.A. (2000). Naive analysis of food web dynamics: A study of causal judgment about complex physical systems. Cognitive Science, 24, 605-650.
- Wolff, P. (2007). Representing causation. Journal of Experiment Psychology: General, 136.
- Wolff, P. (2003). Direct causation in the linguistic coding and individuation of causal events. Cognition, 88, 1-48.
- Wolff, P., & Song, G. (2003). Models of causation and the semantics of causal verbs. Cognitive Psychology, 47, 276-332.
- Wolff, P., & Zettergren, M. (2002). A vector model of causal meaning. In W. D. Gray & C. D. Schunn (Eds.), Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 944-949). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.