Papers by Leomarich Casinillo
HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, 2025
This study explores the factors influencing the Human Development Index (HDI) in Asian... more This study explores the factors influencing the Human Development Index (HDI) in Asian nations, focusing on Gross National Income (GNI) and the Gender Development Index (GDI) as key determinants. Using path analysis, the research analyzes secondary data from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report for 2021-2022. The findings indicate that GNI (economic growth) and GDI (gender equality) have significant positive impacts on HDI, emphasizing the importance of economic prosperity and gender parity in fostering human development across Asia. Grounded in Amartya Sen’s capability approach, which prioritizes individual freedoms and choices, the study suggests region-specific policies. These include promoting economic diversification strategies tailored to emerging economies, enhancing technology and service sectors in middle-income countries, and expanding vocational training programs in lower-income nations to address skills gaps. For countries with significant gender disparities, robust policies that ensure equal access to education and employment for women are recommended. Additionally, prioritizing maternal and child healthcare improvements, particularly in less developed regions, can elevate overall well-being. By adopting these targeted strategies, Asian countries can achieve sustainable human development, creating societies where all individuals can lead fulfilling lives.
FoundEdu: Journal of Basic Education, 2025
The advancement of digital technology has driven significant transformations in the field of educ... more The advancement of digital technology has driven significant transformations in the field of education, including at the elementary school level. Innovations in learning based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and gamification offer new approaches capable of enhancing both the quality and engagement of students in the learning process. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing Smart Learning that integrates AI and gamification in elementary schools. The method used is qualitative, employing a case study approach in three elementary schools in Indonesia. Data were collected through observations, interviews, and analysis of digital learning documents. The results indicate that the use of AI technologies such as learning chatbots and adaptive systems, along with gamification elements like points, badges, and leaderboards, significantly improves students' learning motivation, independence, and conceptual understanding. Furthermore, teachers reported being assisted in designing more personalized and engaging learning experiences. In conclusion, AI-and gamification-based Smart Learning positively impacts the learning process and outcomes in elementary schools, with great potential for broader adoption as a future learning strategy.
Wisdom Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2025
This study explores farmers' perceptions regarding the contributions of Local Farmer Technicians ... more This study explores farmers' perceptions regarding the contributions of Local Farmer Technicians (LFTs) to rice production within Mauswagon ARC Cooperative, located in Bonifacio, Misamis Occidental, Philippines. LFTs serve as vital community resources, connecting innovative agricultural techniques with traditional farming practices. They are instrumental in advancing sustainable agricultural practices, improving efficiency, and aiding farm administration. The investigation evaluated the technical proficiency, training quality, accessibility, and impact on productivity expertise, training quality, accessibility, and impact on productivity and profitability of LFTs through interviews. The study examined the relational dynamics between farmers and LFTs, emphasizing trust, collaboration, and their influence on adopting modern methods. The results demonstrate that farmers regard LFTs as trustworthy and efficient, valuing their pest management, fertilizer application, and water conservation assistance. LFTs were recognized for linking government initiatives to the requirements of smallholder farmers. Challenges include limited access to LFT services due to budget constraints and difficulties tailoring advice to specific farmers. Given these constraints, LFTs have significantly improved rice production by increasing yields, reducing costs, and fostering collaborative learning among farmers. However, ongoing capacity enhancement and institutional support are needed to ensure LFTs stay updated on agricultural developments and guarantee long-term viability. Strengthening support systems can enhance resilience and development in rural farming communities.
Wisdom Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences , 2025
This study investigates the causes of conflicts and the effectiveness of resolution strategies wi... more This study investigates the causes of conflicts and the effectiveness of resolution strategies within farmers' and fisherfolk's associations in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, Philippines. These associations were organized to discuss agricultural and fisheries techniques, improve their expertise, and defend their rights and interests. The study employed a descriptive research design and collected data from 260 respondents across six farmers and fisherfolk associations. The gathered data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and presented in a tabular manner. The results revealed that conflicts often arise from a lack of cooperation, communication, and unity among members. The primary conflict resolution strategies employed include negotiation, compromising, and smoothing, which foster member participation and understanding. While these strategies positively influence organizational productivity and member engagement, their impact on income generation and service quality remains moderate to low, primarily due to economic challenges and resistance to change. The findings highlight the need for improved communication and management practices to enhance conflict resolution and overall association effectiveness.
Wisdom Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2025
Assessing the effectiveness and relevance of livelihood trainings on crop production training imp... more Assessing the effectiveness and relevance of livelihood trainings on crop production training impact holds essential importance because it determines the number of trained farmers who deployed technology and enhanced their standard of living. The researchers evaluated how farmers in Lawaan, Eastern Samar, Philippines regarded the Municipal Agriculture Office (MAO) crop production training programs for quality and economic gain. It involved 147 farmer trainees who participated in five workshops from 2020 to 2023. Data on socio-demographics, economic profiles, training perceptions, and challenges in technology adoption were collected through a survey. The statistics used in this study to analyze the results are descriptive techniques and correlation analysis. The study revealed that trainees approved of the training delivery which corresponded to their needs and evaluation findings and gave them positive feedback. The trainings were seen as helpful in delivering practical knowledge with new abilities while being highly efficient. The training perception of employees was shaped by their age combined with their monthly income alongside their religious affiliation. Financial obstacles proved to be the main obstacle that trainees encountered. The LGU-Lawaan should use budget allocations to conduct specialized training programs for banner programs since the trainings provided by MAO-Lawaan has demonstrated their high importance and success rate. MAO should develop joint ventures with lead agencies to share resources and collectively support the adoption of technology. The study advocates that the budget must increase for diverse training programs and advocates for establishing partnerships in order to improve technology adoption.
Wisdom Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2025
This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the adoption of coffee farming in the municipal... more This study aimed to analyze the factors affecting the adoption of coffee farming in the municipality of Alangalang, Leyte, Philippines. A total of 65 coffee farmers registered in the Local Government Unit served as respondents for this research. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect data, which was then analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Spearman rank correlation. The finding s revealed that the respondents were predominantly middle-aged females, most of whom had attained elementary to high school education and operated small to medium-sized farms. Four key categories of factors were identified: economic, environmental, institutional and social. Economic and institutional factors particularly access to subsidies and extension services were rated highly significant in influencing adoption. Major problems identified include lack of access to quality planting materials, limited government support, low farmgate prices, and inadequate training and extension services. These findings highlight the need for enhanced extension services, access to inputs, financial support, training, and infrastructure development to boost the adoption and sustainability of coffee farming in Alangalang, Leyte.
Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 2025
The research paper aims to determine the influence of farmers' socio-demographic and economic cha... more The research paper aims to determine the influence of farmers' socio-demographic and economic characteristics on their corn production in Lazi, Siquijor, Philippines using regression analysis. Indeed, 17 selected barangays in Lazi, Siquijor were included in the study, and data were obtained from 313 corn farmers out of 1443 corn farmers in Lazi. In determining the required number of respondents, Slovin's formula and proportionate sampling were utilized to find the number of respondents in each barangay. Both secondary and primary data were utilized. Regression analysis was used to analyze the variables influencing corn production in the target area. Robust regression was used as the statistical model to analyze the data and test assumptions. The software used was R Studio, jamovi, and Microsoft Excel. Results showed that in terms of the socio-demographics of the farmers, only sex was found to be significant. In contrast, age, civil status, educational attainment, and household size were found to be insignificant. However, socioeconomic, household income, major occupation, land tenure, and farm size were found to have a significant relationship with corn production. Participation in association, attendance at training, access to financial assistance, and extension services were found to have no significant influence. Based on the result, more interventions must be given to farmers, and farmers must also be active and be registered to the registry system of the Department of Agriculture so that the interventions can reach them. Moreover, governments must share some piece of the public lands in Lazi for the farmers who only own little land to till.
Scientific Papers Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", 2025
This paper aimed to investigate the small-scale abaca farmers' engagement level towards the Phili... more This paper aimed to investigate the small-scale abaca farmers' engagement level towards the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority (PhilFIDA) in Eastern Visayas, Philippines, and capture its significant predictors. Primary data was gathered from a cross-sectional survey of 263 abaca farmers using random sampling. The survey is in the form of face-to-face interviews to gather useful information with the aid of a developed semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ordinal regression analysis. Results depicted that, on average, abaca farmers have no engagement (M=1.44; SD=0.85; Md=1) with PhilFIDA. This implies that small-scale farmers are not collaborating with PhilFIDA in terms of their extension delivery system and project implementations for the development of the abaca fiber industry. The ordinal regression model revealed that being an owner (p-value=0.072) and the number of years in farming (p-value=0.088) are both significant predictors of farmers' level of engagement towards PhilFIDA. This means that a farmer who owns the land and has more experience is more likely to collaborate with PhilFIDA's agricultural projects and development programs. Moreover, the regression model showed that PhilFIDA's visit (p-value<0.001) and interaction with the Local Government Unit (LGU) (p-value<0.001) can increase the farmers' engagement towards PhilFIDA. This implies that communication and campaign to the PhilFIDA's development program can increase the abaca farmers' participation. Hence, the PhilFIDA and LGU must work together to reach out to small-scale farmers, especially in remote areas.
HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2025
This study emphasizes the pivotal role of mathematics as a foundational prerequisite for diver... more This study emphasizes the pivotal role of mathematics as a foundational prerequisite for diverse scientific and engineering disciplines. Its primary aim is to evaluate the teaching practices of mathematics in four national high schools, exploring elements such as professional development, technology integration, manipulativeuse, instructional strategies, and assessment methods. Employing a descriptive-normative methodology, the study engages mathematics educators and students from four national high schools in Bontoc District, Bontoc, and Southern Leyte, utilizing absolute, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques for data collection. The analysis employs various statistical measures, revealing notable practices, such as a focus on professional development, frequent use of instructional technology, and consistent application of instructional strategies. Most teachers are Mathematics majors with 06-15 years of teaching experience, while students predominantly achieve standard ratings. The study establishes a moderate correlation between professional development and students’mathematics achievement, with the instructional strategy applied to be notably significant while teaching experience differences are not. Finally, mathematics teachers exhibit a dedicated commitment to enhancing professional development and serving as effective facilitators in the classroom. The study underscores the significance of a comprehensive approach, integrating diverse practices to optimize student outcomes and cultivate a dynamic and effective educational environment. Recommendations include integrating educational practices, fostering professional development, advocating for technology, promoting manipulative use, implementing assessments, and supporting teachers.
HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2025
Stress is caused by weariness at work due to unpleasant experiences, adversely affecti... more Stress is caused by weariness at work due to unpleasant experiences, adversely affectingjob satisfaction and well-being. This article study focuses on elucidating the level of job stress and satisfaction of private teachers in Abuyog and Jaro, Leyte, Philippines. Additionally, the study investigated the association between stress and satisfaction across different levels. A cross-sectional study was employed to gather primary data through acensus of private teachers. Data was collectedthrough a constructed questionnaire and summarized with standard descriptive metrics in statistics. The K-means clustering approach determined the relationship among variables (stress and satisfaction) across different levels. Results disclosed that, on average, private teachers are moderately stressed and satisfied at their work. In addition, it is shown that the higher the stress level at work, the lower their satisfaction is based on their correlation. Moreover, the K-means clustering approach has portrayed that private teachers can be categorized into two clusters. The first cluster (Cluster 0) comprisesteachers with a lower level of stress and a higher level of satisfaction. The second cluster (Cluster 1) comprises teachers with moderate stress and satisfaction levels. Conclusively, teaching in a private institution can be stressful due to the high demand for work, whichcan negatively affect the well-being of teachers. Hence, the study suggests that school heads must consider adjusting the work assignments and provide enough incentives to boost teachers’satisfaction andpromote productivity and well-being.
HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE-SOCIAL SCIENCES, 2025
The primary objective of this research article was to assess the administrators' knowledge, under... more The primary objective of this research article was to assess the administrators' knowledge, understanding, and dedication to the Department of Education's (DepEd's) core values, specifically God-fearing, humane, nature-loving, and patriotic, in the context of School-based Management. The study utilized a quantitative approach, employing descriptive correlational analysis. A researcher-developed questionnaire was administered to 21 school administrators and 133 teachers from selected National High Schools in the Southern Leyte Division. The analysis of the data revealed that the school administrators in Southern Leyte possessed comprehensive knowledge, complete understanding, and a very high level of commitment to the core values of being God-fearing, humane, and nature-loving. However, their commitment to being patriotic was only rated as high. The teachers' perception aligned with the administrators' self-assessment, except for their commitment to nature-loving and patriotic values, which were categorized as high. Furthermore, the majority of National High Schools in the Southern Leyte Division made significant progress in achieving School-Based Management (SBM) Level II within a few academic cycles. However, it was observed that the administrators' knowledge, understanding, and commitment to the core values did not necessarily translate into their performance in the School-Based Management level of practice. Based on these findings, the study recommends the integration of practical applications of core values into SBM tools, with a focus on quantifiable indicators to assess the administrators' real-life implementation. This shift emphasizes the need for tools that can measure and quantify leaders' actions driven by values, ensuring that they effectively enhance institutional systems and cultures for meaningful progress.
Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 2025
This poem discloses the biblical definition of a father that the world must consider. It explains... more This poem discloses the biblical definition of a father that the world must consider. It explains the true responsibility and quality of a father who genuinely cares for his family. This poem is inspired by the word of God (Jesus Christ) in the Holy Bible in the Book of Ephesians chapter 6 verse 4 which says "And, ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath: but bring them up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord (King James Bible)."
Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 2025
Statistics at the college level is one of the most technical subjects that needs to have good men... more Statistics at the college level is one of the most technical subjects that needs to have good mental health so that the students can perform well. This study focused on the investigation of the level of anxiety and mental health of college students in learning statistics. A total of 120 engineering students participated in the survey selected as complete enumeration. Data collection was done through a modified students' statistics anxiety questionnaire and level of mental health. Descriptive measures were computed to describe the data, and regression and correlation analysis to explain its relationship. Results depicted that engineering students have moderate anxiety and they have moderate mental health in learning statistics. This suggests that these students are somewhat anxious but still have a positive learning experience. The correlation and regression analysis revealed that the level of anxiety and mental health of students are negatively but weakly associated, however not statistically significant. This implies that students' anxiety level has somehow adversely affected the mental health of students but its likelihood is negligible. The study strongly suggests that statistics teachers must manage the class well and apply teaching strategies that boost student confidence as well as improve academic achievement. Moreover, teachers should be trained to recognize signs of anxiety and mental health issues and equipped with strategies to support student learning and well-being needs.
Canadian Journal of Family and Youth, 2025
Educational management strategies play a vital role in enhancing quality education delivery in mu... more Educational management strategies play a vital role in enhancing quality education delivery in multigrade systems. This study aims to explore the shared experiences of school administrators in multigrade schools to improve the efficiency of multigrade school administrators. Using a qualitative research design, 19 administrators from Mahaplag District, Leyte, Philippines, were selected through purposive sampling. Thematic analysis revealed themes on managerial skills, challenges faced, and managerial practices to mitigate disadvantages. The findings emphasize the need for professional development, policy advocacy, community engagement, resource allocation, and work-life balance support for multigrade school administrators. Hence, the study suggests that to enhance multigrade schools, it must regard targeted professional development for administrators and advocate for supportive policies that create well-being for teachers, students, and other stakeholders.
University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Romania., 2024
The study determined the rice farmers' perception of the performance of Local Farmer Technicians ... more The study determined the rice farmers' perception of the performance of Local Farmer Technicians (LFTs) in selected major rice-producing areas in Eastern Visayas. It also determined the extent of effectiveness and impact of LFTs in delivering the services and support needed by the farmers. The relationship between the rice farmers' profile and the extent of effectiveness and impact of LFTs was also observed. Descriptive-correlational research design and purposive sampling were used to cover 18 municipalities in six provinces of Region VIII reaching a total of 450 farmers. Results revealed that rice farmers were satisfied with the LFTs' services and overall performance. Farm status, other sources of income, and the number of farming years have significant relationships with the effectiveness of LFTs. All profile variables, except other sources of income, were not significantly associated with the impact of LFTs. Other sources of income were significantly associated with the impact of LFTs on farmers' farming practices and knowledge. All profile variables, except estimated family income were not significantly associated with the impact of LFTs' on crop performance. Overall, LFTs were perceived by rice farmers as knowledgeable, very informative, and competent. However, few farm visits and failure to follow the scheduled meetings are the major drawbacks. Hence, it is highly recommended that the Department of Agriculture (DA) should increase the incentives and provide funding to expand targeted municipalities and collaborate with Agricultural Training Institute (ATI) and PhilRice to design a season-long training suitable for LFTs.
Scientific Papers. Series "Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and rural development", 2024
The main aim of this research article is to evaluate the forage management practices of ruminant ... more The main aim of this research article is to evaluate the forage management practices of ruminant raisers in the Municipality of Jaro, Leyte, Philippines. The study also predicted the statistically significant factors of forage management practices and described their implications. A validated developed questionnaire was used to gather primary data for selected ruminant raisers in the Municipality of Jaro. Descriptive measures were calculated to provide the necessary information to describe the collected data and summarize it in statistical tables. Additionally, regression models were constructed to determine the significant predictors of forage management practices. The results depicted that, on average, ruminant raisers are not implementing forage management practices regarding planting, care and management, harvesting, and feeding procedures. This means that ruminant raisers are not implementing agricultural technologies that might improve their productivity and profitability. The regression analysis revealed that male ruminant raisers are implementing forage management as opposed to female raisers. In addition, the regression model showed that ruminant raisers are observing forage management if they have more number of ruminant animals. Moreover, it is depicted that ruminant raisers are more likely to practice forage management to increase their income. Hence, to encourage the ruminant farmers to implement forage management, the local government must conduct a seminar and educational training to introduce to them the new existing technologies and their advantages in the production process.
IJIET (International Journal of Indonesian Education and Teaching), 2025
The study focused on the crafting of a Sports Development Framework. A Delphi multi-survey was co... more The study focused on the crafting of a Sports Development Framework. A Delphi multi-survey was conducted with thirty (30) sports officers from Region VIII, who were selected as study participants through purposive sampling. Specifically, significant questionnaires and interviews were conducted during the first, second, third, and fourth rounds with the same participants. Consensus was reached in the fourth round, and findings were identified: Capacity building; Sports level competition; Community Impact; Project Management; Program specialization, Funding and resources; Training Facilities; Sports officers; Athletes' Performance; and Sports Benefits. It is concluded that a comprehensive approach to sports development involves various facets such as capacity building, competition levels, community impact, project management, and training facilities. Stakeholders, especially sports officers and community engagement, play a crucial role in successful initiatives while prioritizing athlete well-being and societal impacts. Hence, it is recommended to invest in capacity building for sports personnel, establish an inclusive competition structure, actively engage communities, implement effective project management systems, create specialized programs, ensure quality training facilities, and empower sports officers.
Review of Socio-Economic Research and Development Studies, 2024
In the Philippines, schools are grappling with the challenge of students at risk of dropping out ... more In the Philippines, schools are grappling with the challenge of students at risk of dropping out (SARDO), a concern heightened by evolving educational landscapes and technology. To address this, a study delved into the experiences of at-risk students, examining their attitudes towards school, subjective norms, and perceived control. Through interviews with a purposeful sample of 10 Grade 7 SARDO students, the research uncovered themes such as mixed feelings about school, with boredom and grade pressure being significant. Students also discussed the influence of peers, teachers, and family, expressing a preference for a more liberating school environment. The findings suggest that interventions should be tailored to individual circumstances, considering family dynamics and socioeconomic factors. Personalized, inclusive education, better teacher training, a positive school climate, and community support are highlighted as key strategies to prevent dropouts and promote a fairer educational system.
Gulf Journal of Mathematics , 2025
For a positive integer k, a subset S ⊆ V (G) is said to be a k-dominating set of G if every verte... more For a positive integer k, a subset S ⊆ V (G) is said to be a k-dominating set of G if every vertex v ∈ V (G) \ S is at a distance of at most k from some vertex of S. The cardinality of the minimum k-dominating set of G is the k-domination number, denoted by γ k (G). In this article, we determine the distance k-domination number for two graphs under some product operations in terms of its factor graphs.
HO CHI MINH CITY OPEN UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE – ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, 2025
This article aims to elucidate the level of interaction among
the different players in the abac... more This article aims to elucidate the level of interaction among
the different players in the abaca business enterprise in Region
VIII, Philippines. The study used a survey method that gathered
primary data from farmers, Local Government Units (LGUs),
traders, innovators from universities, processors, and nongovernment organizations. Appropriate sampling methods were employed in determining the sample sizes of different players, and the research instrument used to determine the interaction
process is a developed questionnaire that involved a Likert scale.
The data were analyzed using statistical measures such as count
and average mean and presented in tabular form and network
analysis. The results showed that abaca farmers have minimal to
no interaction with the other key players except with the local
traders. With that, the main problem for abaca farmers is the lack
of innovative information to improve their production. Local
traders interact with farmers moderately but have weak
interaction with the Philippine Fiber Industry Development
Authority (PhilFIDA) in terms of provision for research,
education, and support services, among others. LGUs moderately
interact with farmers but have no interaction at all with other
Abaca key players. Moreover, PhilFIDA staff only have a
moderate interaction with abaca farmers, and local traders rarely
interact with PhilFIDA staff. Likewise, PhilFIDA’s interaction
with State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) is weak and SUCs
have moderate interaction with farmers and the LGUs.
Conclusively, the interactions among the players of the abaca
industry are generally weak which can be strengthened through
institutionalizing a system where stakeholders can work together
for the common good and obtain a sustainable supply chain.
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Papers by Leomarich Casinillo
the different players in the abaca business enterprise in Region
VIII, Philippines. The study used a survey method that gathered
primary data from farmers, Local Government Units (LGUs),
traders, innovators from universities, processors, and nongovernment organizations. Appropriate sampling methods were employed in determining the sample sizes of different players, and the research instrument used to determine the interaction
process is a developed questionnaire that involved a Likert scale.
The data were analyzed using statistical measures such as count
and average mean and presented in tabular form and network
analysis. The results showed that abaca farmers have minimal to
no interaction with the other key players except with the local
traders. With that, the main problem for abaca farmers is the lack
of innovative information to improve their production. Local
traders interact with farmers moderately but have weak
interaction with the Philippine Fiber Industry Development
Authority (PhilFIDA) in terms of provision for research,
education, and support services, among others. LGUs moderately
interact with farmers but have no interaction at all with other
Abaca key players. Moreover, PhilFIDA staff only have a
moderate interaction with abaca farmers, and local traders rarely
interact with PhilFIDA staff. Likewise, PhilFIDA’s interaction
with State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) is weak and SUCs
have moderate interaction with farmers and the LGUs.
Conclusively, the interactions among the players of the abaca
industry are generally weak which can be strengthened through
institutionalizing a system where stakeholders can work together
for the common good and obtain a sustainable supply chain.