Economics

Abstract. This cross-section study of a sample of 278 firms from the COMPUSTAT II database explores the relationship between a firm's profitability and other variables, notably its own R&D capital, knowledge and market spillovers and appropriability. The proxy for knowledge ...

Ihis article presents results of a larger study looking mro the relationship between new technology and the export competitiveness of Canadian machinery for the forest, woodworking and pulp & paper industries. R e specflc objective of this paper is to idenrift. the eflects of R& D activity in connection with other Jrm-specfic variables on exports. The paper presents hypotheses to be tested, a brief description of the survey of a sample of 39 companies and forty-eight products, and the main results of multiple regression models on four levels: ( I ) the industry level. (2) the firm level, (3) the principal product line level, (4) the producr level. 2. the tradeoff between the employment of professionals in R&D and in other functions, such as production management, marketing, or the general administration of the firm; 3. the effect of foreign control on export performance; 4. the effect of relevant microeconomic variables such as the size of the firm and its degree of specialization on export performance; 5. the effects of a variation in the R&D effort on export performance over a five year period. * The author gratefully acknowledge5 the financidl support of the Institute for Research on Public Policy The lnsriruie is. however. not responsible lor the opinions expressed here or in the larger stud!, (Hand. 1985) An anonymous referee and the editor of this special issue of the rc\icu provided useful comments The author thanks both of them. uhlle he

Canadian exports. Rtfsumt Un survol de la thkorie kconomique des normes techniques dans le commerce international. L a arrangements institutionnels et le code ckr GATTconcernant les barri2res techniques du commerce. La performance du Canada par rapport au code du G A P . La politique & normalisatwn dans l'intkgraiion rkgionale: Europe 1992, 1 'ententesur le libre-kchange entre le Canada et les Etats-Unis. Prksentation des r&ultats de deu enquttes originales (1) L'impact &s normes canadiennes sur les prix des biens import& au Canada (2) L 'effet des normes ktrang2re.v sur les exportations canadiennes.

Of the former socialist countries, it is Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia that are the most advanced in the transition towards a market economy. Given their relatively high level of development, they are generally accorded the best chance of succeeding in this historically unprecedented endeavour. One of the challenges of their economic reforms is to abandon the state monopoly of foreign trade and reintegrate into the international market. This article has three interrelated objectives: to review the literature that shows why the reforms of external relations offormer socialist countries became inevitable, to compare the reforms initiated in the three countries, and, to analyze the complications and the preliminary results of the reform process.

The paper presents new econometric evidence on the relationship between total factor productivity growth and the R&D expenditures of Canadian manufacturing industries in the presence of interindustry and international spillovers of technology. In contrast to studies which presume that international spillovers are incorporated in imports of intermediate and/or capital equipment goods, the present one assumes that the principal channel of transmission of new technology is foreign direct investment. Three original proxies for international spillovers use information on patenting, the size and the origin of foreign ownership in the host country and the R&D expenditures in the country of origin.

We analyze the collaboration between manufacturing firms and universities in Canada. The data comes from the Statistics Canada Survey of Innovation, 1999. After a survey of the literature we present a statistical description of collaborating firms, their reasons for collaboration and the impact of collaboration on their performance. The econometric analysis estimates the probability that a firm collaborates with universities. The results suggest that collaboration with universities is frequent in knowledge based industries. Research undertaken in partnerships complements, rather than replaces, R&D by collaborating firms. Collaboration improves the performance of innovating firms.

The survey focuses on the empirical literature regarding the use and management of intellectual property rights (IPRs). It overviews policy changes regarding intellectual property (IP) protection in the US that led, according to some commentators, to patent friendly era in the US. Then it looks at the IPRs use and strategies in the US, Canada, EU, Japan and Australia and at the protection of IP in specific industry groups. Also reviewed is the relationship between the use of IPRs and the size of firm and its ownership (national vs. multinational).

Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : info@erudit.org Article « Les entreprises innovatrices et leur performance dans le domaine de l'exportation » Petr Hanel et Kristian Palda L'Actualité économique, vol. 58, n° 3, 1982, p. 380-397. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/601028ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Document téléchargé le 4 February 2017 12:08 LES ENTREPRISES INNOVATRICES ET LEUR PERFORMANCE DANS LE DOMAINE DE L'EXPORTATION* * Cette recherche fait partie d'un projet plus vaste financé par le Conseil Économique du Canada. Nous tenons à remercier M. Daniel Campagna, étudiant à l'Université de Sherbrooke, pour son aide dans le domaine de l'informatique et Mme Kathy McMullen du Conseil Économique du Canada, concernant la banque de données. M. Marcel Rancourt de l'Université de Sherbrooke a révisé la première version du texte. Nous avons aussi bénéficié des critiques constructives des deux lecteurs de cette revue. Nous demeurons, cependant, les seuls responsables des erreurs qui pourraient être relevées.

Lagging innovation performance is seen as a key factor explaining weak productivity growth in Canada. This article uses data from the Canadian Survey of Innovation 2005 and the Annual Survey of Manufactures and Logging (ASML) to estimate an econometric model linking innovation and productivity in manufacturing firms. Our main findings are that firms with higher innovation output (measured by innovation sales per employee, i.e. sales of new and improved products per employee) achieve higher labour productivity, even when size of firm, intensity of human and physical capital, and labour productivity at the beginning of the period are taken into account.

This paper builds on the Canadian contribution to the OECD Innovation Microdata Project, which analyzes the impact of innovation on labour productivity using firm-level data from national innovation and administrative surveys. We use an expanded data set with additional information on manufacturing establishments from the Canadian Survey of Innovation 2005 linked with the Annual Survey of Manufactures and Logging (ASML). The estimated econometric model controls for selection bias, simultaneity, size of firm and industry effects. The main findings are as follows: (1) Exporting to non-US markets, size of the firm and use of government support increase the probability to innovate and having positive innovation sales.

This review of the innovation literature seeks to identify the role of skilled labor in the process of innovation and technological change. After an introduction of main innovation theories, the role of skills is analyzed from several perspectives: (1) Independent innovator – entrepreneur; skills deployed and needed; the role of education (2)Firm –the contribution of skilled labor to innovation from within the firm and from external sources. (3) Regional systems of innovation - Endowment of regions and cities in human resources, regional/local labour markets and knowledge spillovers (4) National systems of Innovation- national institutions and policies regarding human resources, labour markets, education system and various aspects of economic and technological infrastructure. (5) Technological milieu. - skilled labor involved in innovation evolves in various environments such as scientific, technical and trade associations, formal and informal contacts. (6) Scientific base.- The rol...