Geography

The drainage network is inefficiency and low availability of drained water from agricultural lands and is not associated with a major network organization. The study area has high temperature, which causes an increase in evaporation whether the water on the surface of the soil or water to the drainages. This causes an increase in saline in the water. The drainage of the waters located on the Shatt al-Abbasiyah pours at the Qaddhus or to the main drainage and then to Hor Ibn Nahjam. In the waters of the drainage, there are many aquatic plants, whether on the banks such as reeds or in the waters of the drainage, such as shamplan or Nile flower. Some farmers irrigate agricultural crops through drainage water. The increase of most elements and chemical compounds in the water of the drainage network is higher than the permissible limits for irrigation according to international standards. Some of the water of the drainages is within the permissible limits, especially in January, which ca...

Abstract- The soil of the study area is represented by three types, which are the soils of river banks, soils of rivers, marshes and swamps, but all these types are greatly affected by environmental factors, whether they are natural factors or human factors, as the soil is one of the main components of the environment on which humans, plants and animals live so the soil is an important source for living organisms. The soil of the study area is an important agricultural soil in the province of Najaf. Where many important crops are grown, as well as crops of vegetables and fruits, but the soil of the study area was affected by natural and human factors, which led to a significant deterioration in its characteristics and make most of its lands unfit for cultivation and with high concentrations of chemical elements and compounds. Natural factors affecting the study area were represented by climate elements and soil and water resources and natural plant characteristics. As for human factors, they were represented by different human activities in terms of throwing household waste into soils, random housing or increasing units housing in agricultural lands with weak municipal services. In addition to agricultural expansion and not following agricultural cycles and the use of fertilizers and pesticides with more than one plant need. As well as the wrong and traditional irrigation methods and the incorrect drainage method or the use of drainage water in irrigation are all factors that greatly affected the soil characteristics of the study area, which led to high concentrations of total dissolved salts, sodium magnesium, calcium, potassium sulfate and chlorine nitrate, especially in the cultivated and uncultivated basin soils and marshes and swamps and this rise in concentrations was higher than the international standard compared to the soils of river banks that were within the permissible limits.
Keywords: permissible limits, river banks, pesticides

It has been discovered that the region is rich in natural resources, which are utilized in various industries including extractive industries such as gravel and sand factories, as well as manufacturing industries such as plaster and bricks that rely on these resources for the building and construction process, and other related industries. The types of gypsum soils, silty clay soils, and existing clays are utilized in the plaster industry and brick industry respectively, and are distributed to various regions within and outside the province of Najaf. In addition, the province has abundant mineral wealth, particularly in the form of raw materials such as gravel, sand, limestone, feldspar, and clays like palliore slate and zeolite, which are present in high quantities in the Bahr Al-Najaf area near Al-Tar. These resources have contributed significantly to the development of industries like cement, glass and ceramic, brick, thermostone, and lime. By meeting the needs of nearby governorates, particularly for al-Nourah, which is a primary material for manufacturing limestone bricks and thermostone, the province can expand these industries and establish new construction industries to cater to the growing market demand.

The natural characteristics affecting the amount of solid waste in the study area were studied through repeated field visits to the area and observation of solid waste on the soil in the hot and cold seasons. Data related to this study, including climatic data, were collected by government departments in the center of Nasiriyah district. In this research, we included the study of the natural characteristics and their contribution to increasing the amount of solid waste and its impact on the soil, including: the surface of the Nasiriyah district center and the climate and the study of its elements represented by solar radiation, temperature, moisture, evaporation, wind, dust phenomena and rain fall, as well as the study of each of the soils in the study area and an indication of its types and water resources.

Environmental factors, whether natural or human, are significantly affected by the drainage water network. One of the most important factors to consider when considering any project for the discharge of water that exceeds the need of the plant is directly related to the water and soil to be disbursed such as the topography of the study area, the characteristics of the climate, soil characteristics, ground water, water resources, government subsidies and cleaning drainage. The drainage network in the study area is characterized by its low efficiency and low drainage capacity from agricultural fields. It is also not connected in a major network system and suffers a lot of problems, including non-greasy and non-lining. In addition, it is exposed to natural environmental factors in high temperatures, evaporation and intensive growth of aquatic plants. All these factors have greatly affected the quality of water discharge. In addition, these direct water discharges to the nearby rivers, causing an environmental problem that is dangerous to surface water pollution and high salinity.

The research aims to reveal the levels of drought and its indicators by studying and analyzing the change in the Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) through comparison between the years (2013 and 2023) and for four months that express the climatic condition in the study area using remote sensing technologies, as a satellite image was relied upon for each month and each category and converted into a map and determined the areas for each level of this index using satellite data from the satellite (Land Sat 8).

The geomorphic processes mean all the physical and chemical changes which result in centralization of earth surface which are various and overlapped concerning the type of process and the factor affecting it. Studying the geomorphic processes has a great importance for it becomes an essential element in the contemporary and modern studies because the earthly form cannot be understood without pre-realization of nature of the process that has led to its formation. Hence, it is possible to say that all forms of earth surface in the studied area have been subjected to geomorphic processes depending on the nature of the factors variably affecting them; the important ones are atmospherization whether physical or chemical, water erasion and precipitation, wind erasion and precipitation, and the biological processes resulting from man, animal, and plant interference. :‫الخالصة‬

The survey by the G.P.R. in the site of Fatimah shrine and around it in the city of Najaf was represented an indications of cavities within the penetrated depth up to about 18m as shown in the profiles No.(232cavity, 234cavity, 235cavity). Inside the site the profiles are not indicate any cavities within the layers. The G.P.R profiles indicate the following layers : 1-(5m) reworked material. 2-(12m) sandstone with velocity of (6.5cm/ns) and (ε= 21.4). This layer consist of sandstone of Dibdibba formation which consist of cross bedded sandstone with very hard thin beds of Celestite in the upper most part and very hard massive sandstone in the lower part. In the lower most part of this layer (1.5-2m) loosed friable pebbly sandstone was found. From the above mentioned description the area of Fatima shrine was found on the Dibdibba sandstone formation. 3-(6m) clay stone with (8.4 cm/ns) and (ε= 12.7). 4-(25m) cyclic deposits of clastic sediments. Consist of sandstone cross bedded and siltstone and clay stone. Within this bed the water table could be recognize. The boundaries below the water table are not highly clears for recognition, then we used many different type of filter and processing methods to recognize these boundaries .The water table in the city of Al-Najaf is between (20-25m) below the surface of the earth.

This study deals with the
morphometric properties for the floods
of the western hill in Al-Najaf
Alashraf city. The number of floodsin
the study area reached (48) floods, in a
space of 271,908679 KM in a ratio of
1% from the total of the study area
which is totally covered 25860274602
KM, where the most of them are
located in the middle of the study area
and reached to the borders of Saudi
Arabia, there are also some floods that
locate on the cleavages in the same
area or near them, rather than exciting
at the end of the floods or the
convergence of some rivers that pour
in higher rivers (map 1). The floods
dimensions (length and periphery)
have been divided into five categories
and through the shape properties, they
inferred that there are 15 floods that
nearly come to be shaped as rectangle
and 13 of them near in shape
totriangle while there are 20 floods
that are between the both shapes of
tringle and rectangle .

الهضبة الغربية لمحافظة النجف, اذ بلغ عددها (48) فيضة, وبمساحة تقدر بـ (271,908679) كم2 وبنسبة (1)% من المساحة الكلية لمنطقة الدراسة والبالغة (25860) كم2, ان غالبيتها تقع من منتصف المنطقة إلى الحدود مع المملكة العربية السعودية, فضلاً عن أنها تقع عند نهايات الوديان أو التقاء المراتب النهرية التي تصب في مرتبة أعلى (خريطة ـ 1), وبلغ حجم الايراد المائي (0,611650111) مليار م3, أما خلال سنة 2013 باعتبارها سنة رطبة فقد بلغ الايراد المائي (1,026961743)مليارم3, بلغت تعرية الرياح (1259)سم3/م2 /سنة هذا يعني ان فيضات منطقة الدراسة تحتاج مدة تقدر بـ (794) سنة لكي تنخفض متر مكعب واحد, أما تعرية المياه فقد بلغت (5,4487)سم3/م2/سنة أي تنخفض الفيضات واحد متر لكل (183530) سنة . هذا يعني ان فيضات منطقة الدراسة تشكلت نتيجة عدة عمليات منها تعرية المياه والرياح وان تعرية الرياح تسهم بالدور الأكبر

The research aims to study the landforms that are located within Tar Najaf. Which is located in the northern part of Najaf Governorate, and it has a northwest-southeast extension, its length is about 68 km. Its highest altitude was 130 meters above sea level on the western side. Its height vanishes as we head southeast until it reaches 20 meters above sea level, specifically at the city of Al-Hira. This tyre is a steep rocky cliff in most of its parts, some of which have a slope angle of 90 degrees. This rocky cliff has retreated as a result of water sculpting its lower sides during the rainy ages. Also, this steep cliff turns into scattered hills as we head towards its western side. In addition, the research aims to study the rock formations of the Tertiary period, represented by the formations of Injana and Al-Dibbeh, and the deposits of the Quaternary time, which are represented by the gypsum deposits. And the study of climate from the Quaternary period to the present time, The land forms formed by geomorphological processes such as weathering, water erosion and wind erosion in the aforementioned rock formations were studied. Which is represented by the movement of rocky crumbs (crawling, rockfall, rockslides), and forms of water erosion (rock edges, cliffs, slopes, cliffs, mesa, houses, tombs), And forms of groundwater as well as forms of wind erosion. And the study of the raw materials (sand, gravel and gypsum) deposited within the Najaf region, and the construction industries that depend on these materials mainly. As the deposits of the formation of Anjana containing sandstone, And the deposits of the formation of Al-Dibbah, represented by the thin wind sediments, In addition to the gypsum deposits within the gypsum deposits, raw material for construction industries, Whether it is for the manufacture of ready-made concrete, the manufacture of the cache, the cement bricks (blocks), plaster, or other construction industries, The research dealt with suggested industrial places in the middle of the study area, that would be complementary or alternative to the industries already existing in the city of Najaf.

  يهدف الدراسة الى الكشف عن الاتجاهات المستقبلية للنشاط البشري وعلاقته بالمظهر الارضي في قضاء المشخاب لبيان دور الانشطة في تغيّر المظهر الارضي , وتضمن  الدراسة ثلاث محاور، المحور الأول  تناول التقدير المستقبلي للحجم السكاني اما المحور الثاني فقد تضمن التقدير المستقبلي للنمو العمراني  حيث تم من خلال معرفة عدد الوحدات السكنية الموجودة حاليا وعدد الوحدات السكنية الغير متوفرة في الوقت الحاضر وعدد  والوحدات السكنية الواجب توفرها في عام(2040), اما المحور الثالث فقد تم دراسة أثر النمو العمراني على الأراضي الزراعية  ومعرفة أهم الآثار الناتجة عن النمو العمراني في منطقة الدراسة وهي (اثر الزحف العمراني على الأراضي الزراعية, اثر الزحف العمراني على البيئة والبنية التحتية).

أن الحاجة للتوقع المستقبلي لدور النشاط البشري وعلاقته المباشرة في تغير المظهر الأرضي في أي منطقة مهمة لمعرفة وتقدير حجم التغير الناتج عن النشاط البشري في ضوء النتائج التي تم التوصل إليها , ووضع تصورات قائمة على معايير علمية لما يمكن أن يُحدثه الإنسان من تغير , ولكي تُبنى التصورات على أسس صحيحة ينبغي تحقيق التوافق بين السكان وهو العامل الأساس في التغير وبيئته الحضرية التي يعيش فيها , من خلال التوقع المستقبلي للحجم السكاني والتوسع العمراني وعلاقتهما بتغير المظهر الأرضي , وللحصول على نتائج مستقبلية أكثر دقة أخترنا مدة التوقع (20) سنة , أي مدة متوسطة المدى لنحصل على ربط يوافق دراستنا (الطبيعية – البشرية) , كون الدراسات الطبيعية تعتمد على التوقع البعيد المدى , والدراسات البشرية تعتمد على التوقعات قصيرة المدى للحصول على نتائج أكثر دقة .

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The survey by the G.P.R. in the site of Fatimah shrine and around it in the city of Najaf was represented an indications of cavities within the penetrated depth up to about 18m as shown in the profiles No.(232cavity, 234cavity, 235cavity). Inside the site the profiles are not indicate any cavities within the layers.
The G.P.R profiles indicate the following layers :
1- (5m) reworked material.
2- (12m) sandstone with velocity of (6.5cm/ns) and (ε= 21.4).
This layer consist of sandstone of Dibdibba formation which consist of cross bedded sandstone with very hard thin beds of Celestite in the upper most part and very hard massive sandstone in the lower part. In the lower most part of this layer (1.5-2m) loosed friable pebbly sandstone was found. From the above mentioned description the area of Fatima shrine was found on the Dibdibba sandstone formatio

In this research, the chemical properties of the soil of the Eastern Hamza District in the Sabakh Formation were identified through the laboratory analysis of soil samples for ( ) samples that varied in their distribution within the Eastern Hamza District Center and the Al-Sudair Al-Shanafiyah sub-district. Samples were taken from the study area within the first depth (0-30) cm, and (EC, PH, Mg +2 , CaCO3, CaSO4) were analyzed for the selected soil samples, and the outputs of the Arc Gis 10.7 program were adopted in the distribution of samples in the study area.