Scienze Giuridiche

Gli anni Venti del Novecento rappresentano un periodo di intenso confronto di Benedetto Croce tanto con la politica del fascismo, dalla quale il filosofo di Pescasseroli prese progressivamente le distanze sino ad arrivare alla critica aperta ed alla sottoscrizione del Manifesto degli intellettuali antifascisti, quanto con la scienza giuridica e con la sua pretesa di offrire un'autonoma prospettiva di conoscenza. Segnano in modo particolare questo secondo campo di intervento, la polemica con gli orientamenti giusnaturalistici del filosofo Giorgio Del Vecchio e quella con il romanista Pietro Bonfante. In questa seconda, soprattutto, emergeva in tutta la sua intensità il motivo dominante la visione crociana del diritto ossia la contestazione della stessa autonomia del discorso giuridico. La presa di distanza dalla politica del fascismo e gli attacchi portati alla scienza giuridica consentivano peraltro a Benedetto Croce di sviluppare un'intensa e significativa riflessione su taluni temi generalissimi e basilari, come quello sulla origine della libertà, nella contrapposizione fra dimensione individuale e dimensione istituzionale, di essa. Diversi gli effetti del confronto tra lo storicismo crociano e gli orientamenti dei giuristi italiani nel terzo decennio del secolo ventesimo. Un primo, non secondario (e verosimilmente non voluto) risultato della posizione assunta da Croce nei confronti della scienza giuridica fu paradossalmente quello di stimolare l'assunzione all'interno della seconda di chiavi lettura neo idealistiche del diritto. Nel tentativo di affermare la supremazia della filosofia neo idealistica, si verificò una sorta di incorporazione di essa nel metodo impiegato dai giuristi nella formulazione della loro scienza. Un secondo piano su cui si radicò quel confronto fu senz'altro quello del tema della qualificazione della legge, terreno dogmatico sul quale si verificò la progressiva evoluzione del rapporto fra momento individuale e momento sociale dell'esperienza giuridica italiana nella direzione di una definizione in senso totalitario delle regole di condotta preposte a costituire i parametri dell'attività dell'individuo.

During the 20 th Century Europe has been affected by dramatic conflicts between different visions of the world. These conflicts were based on ideological representations of reality and aimed to pursue the systematic erasing of the adversary. The path to recovery of individual subjectivity, as a human category, crucial for the full comprehension of the experience and its meaning, represents a significant positive component of post-modern contemporary philosophy: it traces back to the thought of Saint Augustine, the philosopher who placed the interiority of existence, considered in its transcendental quality, in the horizon of temporality, so affirming the undisputed centrality of the relationship between law and justice. The anthropological innovation contained in such development reflects, today, on the ground of the legal thinking, orienting it in a de-structuring sense with respect to the formalistic models that ruled in legal science for most of the 20 th Century, so that the traditional conceptual schemes are considered totally or partially unproductive compared to the frames offered by the Constitutions and their principles, while a need of justice as legal standard raises again; the very need that seemed to have strongly diminished in the very last part of the past century. The historian of law takes such changes as an occasion for a deep reflection on the role and tasks of the jurist and, at the same time, as the renewal of a comparison, that marked the whole historic development of law between the middle-age and contemporary age, between different, rather opposite models: one based on Thomism and the thought of Aristotle; the other individualistic.

Il Comitato di Direzione della Italian Review of Legal History si è proposto con questo numero di contribuire al dibattito sulla tematica della sovranità in prospettiva storica e/o nell’attualità con riferimento sia al contesto europeo sia a quello extraeuropeo e globale.Il concetto di sovranità è da secoli al centro del dibattito giuridico, politico, filosofico e economico e pochi termini relativi alle istituzioni hanno assunto nella storia una gamma così ampia di significati. In ogni ambito culturale e da una pluralità di piani prospettici non si arresta la riflessione sul contenuto polisemico e sulle tante declinazioni del concetto nelle differenti aree del mondo non solo tra passato e presente, ma anche sulle possibili configurazioni che esso potrebbe assumere in un futuro più o meno prossimo.  Allo scopo di sollecitare il dibattito tra studiosi il Comitato di direzione presenta, in contrappunto, due schemi di riflessione.

Articolo pubblicato sotto Licenza CC-BY. INTRODUCTION. PERSPECTIVES ON THE SOVEREIGNTY The Board of the Italian Review of Legal History meant in this issue of the review to contribute to the debate on the topic of the sovereignty, in a historical perspective or with regard to current events in Europe and outside Europe. The concept of sovereignty has been at the center of legal, political, philosophical and economic debate for centuries and few terms concerning institutions have taken on such a wide range of meanings in history. In different cultural spheres and from a variety of perspectives, the reflection on the polysemic content and on the various declinations of this concept in the diverse areas of the world, not only between past and present, but also regarding the possible frameworks that it could assume in the more or less near future, continues. In order to encourage the debate between scholars, the Board suggests, in counterpoint, two reflection schemes.

During the 20 th Century Europe has been affected by dramatic conflicts between different visions of the world. These conflicts were based on ideological representations of reality and aimed to pursue the systematic erasing of the adversary. The path to recovery of individual subjectivity, as a human category, crucial for the full comprehension of the experience and its meaning, represents a significant positive component of post-modern contemporary philosophy: it traces back to the thought of Saint Augustine, the philosopher who placed the interiority of existence, considered in its transcendental quality, in the horizon of temporality, so affirming the undisputed centrality of the relationship between law and justice. The anthropological innovation contained in such development reflects, today, on the ground of the legal thinking, orienting it in a de-structuring sense with respect to the formalistic models that ruled in legal science for most of the 20 th Century, so that the traditional conceptual schemes are considered totally or partially unproductive compared to the frames offered by the Constitutions and their principles, while a need of justice as legal standard raises again; the very need that seemed to have strongly diminished in the very last part of the past century. The historian of law takes such changes as an occasion for a deep reflection on the role and tasks of the jurist and, at the same time, as the renewal of a comparison, that marked the whole historic development of law between the middle-age and contemporary age, between different, rather opposite models: one based on Thomism and the thought of Aristotle; the other individualistic.

The Twenties of the past century is a period of strong debate on the part of Benedetto Croce either with the politics of fascism (from which he gradually took the distance up to an open disapproval and to the undersigning of the anti-fascist intellectuals Declaration), or with legal science and with its demand to offer an autonomous perspective of knowledge. This second field of intervention is particularly characterized by the controversy with the doctrine of natural law of the philosopher Giorgio Del Vecchio and with the one of the Romanist Pietro Bonfante. In this second one particularly, the vision of the Law under Benedetto Croce point of view, i.e. the objection to the same autonomy of the legal speech, raised up in all its intensity. The distance from the politics of fascism and from the attacks brought to the legal science allowed Benedetto Croce to develop a deep and significant thought on some very general and basic topics, as the one on the origin of freedom, in the contrast between its individual and institutional dimension. Different effects we can find in the comparison between the historicism of Benedetto Croce and the tendencies of the jurists of the third decade of the twentieth century. A first, not secondary (and presumably unwilled) result of the position assumed by Croce toward the legal science was paradoxically to encourage the assumption, within the second, of a neo idealism interpretation of the law. In the attempt to affirm the supremacy of neo idealism philosophy, a sort of incorporation of the latter in the method used by the jurists in the formulation of their science took place. A second field where such comparison took place was for sure the issue about the qualification of the Law, a dogmatic ground where the progressive evolution of the relationship between individual and social moment of the Italian legal experience, in the direction of the definition in a totalitarian way of the behavior rules designed for founding the parameters of the activity of individuals, took place.

English: The contribution aims to investigate the relationship between civil and political society between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, up to the birth of the Italian Republic and to verify how much the rift in it influenced the stability of the constitutional order, producing its transformation. The investigation is carried out considering the importance of the relationship between the constitutional model and the anthropological paradigm under it and also capturing its reflections on the different forms that sovereignty progressively takes on over the period considered. The starting point is identified in the reversion of the position between law and politics brought by the French Revolution, with the systematic subjection of the former to the latter. The point of arrival is identified in the reconciliation between the first and the second, carried out during the work of the Constituent Assembly in the years between 1946 and 1947. The anthropological paradigms that follow one another over time are the individualist one, the organicist one and the personalist one, the latter of which represents the basis on which the 1948 Constitution was built.

The contribution aims to investigate the relationship between civil and political society between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, up to the birth of the Italian Republic and to verify how much the rift in it influenced the stability of the constitutional order, producing its transformation. The investigation is carried out considering the importance of the relationship between the constitutional model and the anthropological paradigm under it and also capturing its reflections on the different forms that sovereignty progressively takes on over the period considered. The starting point is identified in the reversion of the position between law and politics brought by the French Revolution, with the systematic subjection of the former to the latter. The point of arrival is identified in the reconciliation between the first and the second, carried out during the work of the Constituent Assembly in the years between 1946 and 1947. The anthropological paradigms that follow one another over time are the individualist one, the organicist one and the personalist one, the latter of which represents the basis on which the 1948 Constitution was built.

The contribution aims to investigate the relationship between civil and political society between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, up to the birth of the Italian Republic and to verify how much the rift in it influenced the stability of the constitutional order, producing its transformation. The investigation is carried out considering the importance of the relationship between the constitutional model and the anthropological paradigm under it and also capturing its reflections on the different forms that sovereignty progressively takes on over the period considered. The starting point is identified in the reversion of the position between law and politics brought by the French Revolution, with the systematic subjection of the former to the latter. The point of arrival is identified in the reconciliation between the first and the second, carried out during the work of the Constituent Assembly in the years between 1946 and 1947. The anthropological paradigms that follow one another over time are the individualist one, the organicist one and the personalist one, the latter of which represents the basis on which the 1948 Constitution was built.

This paper proposes a control strategy for nonlinear constrained continuoustime uncertain systems which combines robust Model Predictive Control with Sliding Mode Control. In particular, the so-called Integral Sliding Mode control approach is used to produce a control action aimed to reduce the difference between the nominal predicted dynamics of the closed-loop system and the actual one. In this way, the Model Predictive Control strategy can be designed on a system with a reduced uncertainty. In order to prove the stability of the overall control scheme, some general regional Input-to-State practical Stability results for continuous-time systems are proved.