Ciencias Básicas Y Tecnológicas

We present the most comprehensive systematic study to date of Necromys, a rodent genus distributed in open areas north and south of Amazonia and in Andean grasslands. The study is based on sequences of the cytochrome-b gene that were analyzed by parsimony and Bayesian approaches. The analyses include sequences of 62 specimens from 51 localities from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, representing all but 1 of the species currently recognized in the genus. Necromys was recovered as a monophyletic group and we found a large polytomy at its base that involves 3 lineages. One, represented by the Andean N. lactens, shows a marked phylogeographic pattern. The 2nd clade is formed by N. urichi from the northern grasslands of South America and N. amoenus from the central Andes. Results suggest that each of these taxa may represent more than 1 biological species. The 3rd clade is formed by lowland species found south of Amazonia. Within this clade N. obscurus is sister to the remaining species. Haplotypes recovered from specimens assigned to N. benefactus, N. temchuki, and N. lasiurus form a clade, but these taxa do not form reciprocally monophyletic groups, nor does this large clade possess geographic structure. These genealogical results, discussed in the context of genetic variation, are the basis of taxonomic (e.g., N. benefactus and N. temchuki are regarded as junior synonyms of N. lasiurus) and biogeographic considerations.

Morphological and molecular studies allowed us to recognize a new species of Oxymycterus from the southern end of the Yungas of Argentina. External morphologic traits allow the new species, Oxymycterus wayku, to be differentiated from O. paramensis and O. akodontius, the two currently recognized species for northwestern Argentina, as well as from the remaining species of the genus. Those traits include very dark general coloration, ears covered with nearly black hairs, a white spot on the chin, and claws on fore and hind feet long and robust. Cranial characteristics of the new species include wide and relatively shallow zygomatic notches, proportionally short incisive foramina and molar series, and a relatively robust braincase compared to O. paramensis. Phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome b DNA sequences corroborates the distinctiveness of Oxymycterus wayku n. sp. Observed divergence values support this distinction. This new species is particularly important from a conservation viewpoint due to its rarity and the advanced level of alteration of its habitat.

This study presents the most comprehensive systematic revision of the genus Lutreolina to date, by means of genetic (mitochondrial DNA of 22 specimens) and morphologic (assessment of 262 specimens) evidence. Molecular analyses were based on cytochrome-b gene sequences from 22 individuals collected at 18 localities from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, which are currently allocated to L. crassicaudata. Results indicate that Lutreolina has sharp phylogeographic structure, with 2 reciprocally monophyletic groups (2.7% divergent, whereas intraclade variation is minimal) occurring east and west of the Dry Chaco, where Lutreolina is absent. The eastern clade includes populations from eastern Paraguay, northeastern central Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay. These populations were traditionally allocated to the subspecies L. c. crassicaudata and L. c. paranalis, whose monophyly is not supported in our study. Therefore, eastern populations are all assigned here to the nominotypic subspecies. The western clade is restricted to montane Yungas forests of northwestern Argentina and southern Bolivia, a very different environment from those inhabited by Lutreolina elsewhere (i.e., lowland savannah grasslands). The populations from the Yungas also are morphologically distinct, in size, shape, and in discrete characters of the skull and dentition. We found that these populations belong to a different species than that of the eastern lowlands. Because no taxonomic name is available to apply to these populations, we name and describe a new species of lutrine opossum to encompass them.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se agregan 151 nuevas localidades de distribución para 20 especies de carnívoros del Noroeste Argentino, cinco cánidos, nueve félidos, cuatro mustélidos y dos prociónidos. Se agregan tres especies a la fauna conocida de la ...

Reithrodon auritus is a living sigmodontine with one of the broader temporal records, from the lower Pliocene of Argentina. Its populations in northwestern Argentina are today found patchily and restricted to five high-elevation and isolated localities in open areas of highland grasslands vegetation (at > 3000 m). During the Pleistocene and early Holocene, R. auritus would have had a broader range, reaching lower altitudes everywhere and being one of the dominant small mammal species in some fossil localities. In this note, we summarize the known Pleistocene and early Holocene fossil record of R. auritus in northwestern Argentina, provide new paleontological sites for the species, and make comments concerning the paleoenvironmental implications of its presence at such lower altitudes. The paleontological evidence indicates that during the Pleistocene and early Holocene, R. auritus inhabited around 1000 m below their current altitudinal distribution in the eastern Andean ranges, with populations clearly more abundant than today. The fossils of R. auritus are indicative of colder and perhaps more xeric paleoenvironmental conditions, characterized by open areas with sparse grassy vegetation as those developed today around 3000 m elevation.

Oligoryzomys brendae was poorly described by Massoia in 1998 to include populations of the large form of Oligoryzomys that inhabits the Yungas and high altitudinal grasslands of northwestern Argentina, which were previously referred as O. longicaudatus, O. stolzmanni, O. destructor or Oligoryzomys sp. Contrary to some interpretations, we state that the name O. brendae is available, given that it fully accomplishes the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. We also present morphologic and genetic evidence showing that this taxon represents a distinct species and provide an emended diagnosis and re-description of it. In addition, the evidence at hand indicates that O. brendae is the only large-sized species of Oligoryzomys inhabiting northwestern Argentina.

Oxymycterus wayku Jayat, D’Elía, Pardinãs, Miotti & Ortiz, 2008, a rodent species recently described, is known in only four localities within the Subtropical Mountain Forests of the Yungas eco-region in Tucumán, northwestern Argentina. Specimens were recorded in an owl pellet sample during a recent survey. This record represents the first for Oxymycterus in Catamarca Province, extending approximately 60 km south its southern distribution in the region. Sixteen other small non-volant mammal species were recorded there, turning this area into one of the most diverse for this understudied group in Argentina.

Abrothrix jelskii is one of the lesser-known species in the genus Abrothrix, and it has only been recorded in a few localities in highland environments along the central Andean range. In Argentina, existing records are restricted to just one locality in Jujuy province. We have recently recorded this species in Salta Province, extending its known distribution 150 km northward in northwestern Argentina and 175 km further to the southeast compared to existing records from localities in southern Bolivia. Ten other rodent species were also recorded in the same area, with some of these records, such as those for Auliscomys sublimis, Akodon boliviensis, and Phyllotis sp., being noteworthy as well.

El conocimiento preciso de las áreas de distribución de las especies constituye la base sobre la cual se estructuran estudios avanzados acerca de su taxonomía, ecología, biogeografía y evolución. Buenas descripciones de la distribución real y potencial de los distintos taxones tienen implicancias importantes para su conservación, ya que constituyen el fundamento de la identificación de las áreas de simpatría, endemismo y diversidad, así como también de la utilización de hábitat por parte de los mismos. El conocimiento de las áreas de distribución de las especies de sigmodontinos del noroeste argentino permanece en un estado incipiente. Aunque en las últimas décadas se han realiza

We report the first record of the genus Cavia and the species Cavia tschudii (Rodentia, Caviidae) in Catamarca province, northwestern Argentina, which represents a range extension of about 110 km southward for the species. The cranial and dental remains were recovered from an owl pellet sample found in eastern slopes of the Ambato range, at 1600 m elevation, in a highland grasslands-Chaco Serrano ecotone. According to the environmental continuity along the Ambato range, we suggest that the presence of C. tschudii in southernmost Catamarca and northern La Rioja province is likely.

Two subspecies of Andinomys edax are currently recognized. Andinomys e. edax ranges from southern Perú to northernmost northwestern Argentina and A. e. lineicaudatus is mainly distributed in southern northwestern Argentina. However, some workers have recognized both taxa as distinct species, stating that A. edax is restricted to Puna and Prepuna habitats between 2,000 and 4,800 m elevation, whereas A. lineicaudatus occurs in Yungas forest below 2,500 m. We assessed the taxonomic status of both forms through an integrative approach including morphological (discrete skin and skull characters), morphometric (univariate and multivariate), geographicenvironmental niche modeling (Mahalanobis Typicalities), and molecular (Bayesian analysis of cytochrome-b gene sequences) analyses. We did not find characters that consistently differentiated skins and skulls of the 2 forms. The morphometric analysis indicated that lineicaudatus is, on average, larger than edax for some measurements, but only 2 (alveolar width and occipital condyle width) differed significantly between forms. No group of specimens was clearly segregated in the PCA morphospace. Distribution models obtained separately for each taxon do not offer a better fit to the known distribution than models based on the combined data sets. We documented coincident environmental variables as relevant in the model building of edax and lineicaudatus, noting some segregation in elevation, but similar habitat suitability for the remainder of the environmental variables. The geographic continuity between niche models of edax and lineicaudatus was clear but specimens morphologically assignable to each of the nominal forms were not found in areas of overlap. The phylogenetic analyses recovered a polytomy of 4 allopatric and genetically divergent clades, which also failed to support the taxonomic hypothesis of 2 species. Based on all available evidence, we conclude that Andinomys consists of a single species. Nevertheless, observed genetic divergences among clades and their geographic distribution indicate that past events probably fragmented populations of A. edax. Actualmente se reconocen 2 subespecies de Andinomys edax. Andinomys e. edax se extiende desde el extremo sur de Perú hasta el extremo norte del noroeste argentino y A. e. lineicaudatus se distribuye principalmente en el extremo sur del noroeste argentino. Sin embargo, algunos autores consideran a ambos taxones como especies diferentes, restringiendo a A. edax a ambientes de Puna y Prepuna entre 2000 y 4800 m de altitud, y a A. lineicaudatus

New geographic distribution records for ten species of sigmodontine rodents (Rodentia: Cricetidae) from Northwestern Argentina. The Sigmodontinae have radiated to encompass all the terrestrial environments and a wide altitudinal gradient through its large geographic distribution. In Northwestern Argentina (NWA) this group constitutes approximately 30% of the mammals of the region. Several works in the last years have contributed to the knowledge of the geographic distribution of the sigmodontine rodents in NWA. Notwithstanding, many of the species are known only by old and scarce records, most of them heavily biased towards more accessible areas. From surveys conducted in the last three years in the area, which include captures and collections of pellets samples of strigiform birds, in this work we report novel distribution records for the species in this group. We contribute with new record for ten species and eight localities. The new records include the addition of Abrothrix illutea and Oxymycterus wayku for Salta province and Andalgalomys cf. A. olrogi for La Rioja province, the first mentions of Calomys lepidus and Phyllotis tucumanus in high altitudinal grasslands located in Monte de Sierras y Bolsones and Akodon boliviensis in the Puna of Argentina, and several distributional records for Abrothrix andina, Neotomys ebriosus, P. anitae, and Reithrodon auritus, four species not well documented in the study area. Finally, we discussed some methodological and taxonomic aspects, and the relevance of each one of the obtained records.

The taxonomic history of Euryoryzomys legatus has been complex and controversial, being either included in the synonymy of other oryzomyine species or considered as a valid species, as in the most recent review of the genus. Previous phylogenetic analyses segregated E. legatus from E. russatus, its putative senior synonym, but recovered it nested within E. nitidus. A general lack of authoritative evaluation of morphological attributes, details of the chromosome complement, or other data types has hampered the ability to choose among alternative taxonomic hypotheses, and thus reach a general consensus for the status of the taxon. Herein we revisit the status of E. legatus using an integrated approach that includes: (1) a morphological review, especially centered on specimens from northwestern Argentina not examined previously, (2) comparative cytogenetics, and (3) phylogenetic reconstruction, using mitochondrial genes. Euryoryzomys legatus is morphologically and phylogenetically dist...

Trophic ecology of the barn owl (Tyto furcata) in the Yungas of northwestern Argentina. There is few information on the trophic habits of Tyto furcata in northwestern Argentina, and none in Yungas ecoregion. From pellets analyses, we characterized the diet of this raptor in six localities from Yungas of Argentina. We documented the diversity and composition of the prey-items and analyzed trophic parameters in the context of different degrees of natural cover transformation. The study includes a general characterization and a seasonal analysis. Rodents constituted 98% of the total preys and were the prey items which contributed the most to the diet in terms of biomass. The values for food niche breadth (FNB) and the standardized food niche breadth were higher in comparison with those observed in other areas of Argentina. We observed key seasonal changes in species composition in each locality. FNB was higher during the wet season and the trophic overlap among seasons was relatively high. The relationship between the degree of anthropic modification and trophic parameters was weak. Our results agree with those reported for South America, with a relatively broad spectrum of prey and a marked selectivity for cricetid rodents. Some localities exhibited a trend towards the reduction of FNB during the dry season, which might reflect the seasonal variation in the abundance of small mammals, with higher population sizes in the dry season. This would force the barn owl to adopt a more generalist diet in summer. In the studied localities, the proportion of land use does not seem to be relevant on the trophic parameters assessed, at least at this scale of analysis. Although our results constitute an important starting point for the study of the food niche of Tyto furcata in the Yungas, is evident the need for additional studies to elucidate many aspects related to the ecology of this raptor.