Psikoloji

Bilingual speakers frequently report experiencing greater emotional resonance in their first language compared to their second. In Experiment 1, Turkish university students who had learned English as a foreign language had reduced skin conductance responses (SCRs) when listening to emotional phrases in English compared to Turkish, an effect which was most pronounced for childhood reprimands. A second type of emotional language, reading out loud true and false statements, was studied in Experiment 2. Larger SCRs were elicited by lies compared to true statements, and larger SCRs were evoked by English statements compared to Turkish statements. In contrast, ratings of how strongly participants felt they were lying showed that Turkish lies were more strongly felt than English lies. Results suggest that two factors influence the electrodermal activity elicited when bilingual speakers lie in their two languages: arousal due to emotions associated with lying, and arousal due to anxiety about managing speech production in non-native language. Anxiety and emotionality when speaking a non-naive language need to be better understood to inform practices ranging from bilingual psychotherapy to police interrogation of suspects and witnesses.

Emotion-memory effects occur when emotion words are more frequently recalled than neutral words. Bilingual speakers report that taboo terms and emotional phrases generate a stronger emotional response when heard or spoken in their first language. This suggests that the basic emotion-memory will be stronger for words presented in a first language. Turkish-English bilinguals performed a deep processing task (emotional-intensity rating) or shallow processing task (counting letter features) and two additional deep processing tasks (translation and word association) on five categories of words (taboo words, reprimands, positive words, negative words, and neutral words), followed by a surprise recall task. Reprimands had the highest recall in English (L2), which may be a novelty effect. If reprimands are set aside, then overall emotion-memory effects were similar in the two languages, with taboo words having the highest recall, followed by positive words. Negative words had no recall advantage over neutral words, an unexpected finding. Results indicate that emotional attributes of words are equally available to boost memory in a first and second language in both shallow and deep processing tasks, athough some task-specific effects did occur.

Whether immigrants to the U.S. from collectivist cultures will adopt American individualist values is an important question at the intersection of theories on acculturation and individualism/collectivism. According to the assimilation hypothesis, Turkish immigrants to the U.S. should become more individualistic with increasing length of stay. Alternatively, the immigrant interdependence hypothesis proposes that the exigencies of immigration require retaining or increasing collectivist values and behaviors, especially the willingness to rely on others. Measures of individualism and collectivism were obtained from Turkish immigrants to the U.S., Turks residing in Istanbul, and residents of Boston. Bostonians and Istanbul residents differed primarily on vertical collectivism, which is the tendency to subordinate ones own goals to those of in-group authority figures. Immigrants' values did not change with increasing length of stay in the U.S., refuting the assimilation hypothesis. When immigrants were compared to non-immigrants, immigrants endorsed stronger horizontal and vertical collectivism and more desire to both give and receive, consistent with the immigrant interdependence hypothesis. However, this hypothesis was not uniformly supported. Compared to non-immigrants, immigrants reported more self-reliance with competition, and more internal locus of control, indicating a sense of agency and responsibility. Findings are consistent with the view that immigrants adjust in complex ways to their new society, and may have different temperaments than non-immigrants.

Bilingual speakers report that taboo terms and emotional phrases generate a stronger emotional response when heard or spoken in their first language. This suggests that the basic emotion-memory will be stronger for words presented in a first language. Turkish-English bilinguals performed a deep processing task (emotional-intensity rating) or shallow processing task (counting letter features) and two additional deep processing tasks (translation and word association

The aim of this research is to examine the use of cigarette smoking in terms of personality traits and neuropsychological test performance. Various clinical and personality tests, and also a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery were administered to currentsmokers (n=28), former smokers (n=18) and never-smokers (n=43). Findings following clinical and personality testing indicated that current-smokers had higher scores in novelty and sensation seeking, venturesomeness and disinhibition but had lower scores in obsessivecompulsive and avoidant personality disorder than never-smokers and former smokers. For neuropsychological performance; although the current-smokers' performance was as good as never-smokers and former smokers on the neuropsychological tests which are sensitive to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction, in comparison to the never-smokers and former smokers, they performed rather poorly on the neuropsychological tests that are sensitive to inhibitory control and the orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction, such as rule breaking. The results pointed out that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a critical role in cigarette smoking.

Bilingual speakers report that taboo terms and emotional phrases generate a stronger emotional response when heard or spoken in their first language. This suggests that the basic emotion-memory will be stronger for words presented in a first language. Turkish-English bilinguals performed a deep processing task (emotional-intensity rating) or shallow processing task (counting letter features) and two additional deep processing tasks (translation and word association

Bilingual speakers frequently report experiencing greater emotional resonance in their first language compared to their second. In Experiment 1, Turkish university students who had learned English as a foreign language had reduced skin conductance responses (SCRs) when listening to emotional phrases in English compared to Turkish, an effect which was most pronounced for childhood reprimands. A second type of emotional language, reading out loud true and false statements, was studied in Experiment 2. Larger SCRs were elicited by lies compared to true statements, and larger SCRs were evoked by English statements compared to Turkish statements. In contrast, ratings of how strongly participants felt they were lying showed that Turkish lies were more strongly felt than English lies. Results suggest that two factors influence the electrodermal activity elicited when bilingual speakers lie in their two languages: arousal due to emotions associated with lying, and arousal due to anxiety about managing speech production in non-native language. Anxiety and emotionality when speaking a non-naive language need to be better understood to inform practices ranging from bilingual psychotherapy to police interrogation of suspects and witnesses.

There are surprisingly few studies investigating the effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) blinding protocols. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a commonly used DC stimulator (neu-roConn, Ilmenau, Germany) effectively blinds subjects participating in a single trial, double-blind/sham-controlled protocol. We investigated the question by analyzing blinding assessment in a double-blinded tDCS memory trial. Findings from that trial will be reported elsewhere (i.e., separate abstract submitted to the brain stimulation conference). Subjects were instructed to indicate whether they received 20 minutes of active-or sham-tDCS to determine whether blinding was successful. Participants were informed prior to the stimulation session that they would be assigned to an active-or sham-tDCS group. University students were assigned to genuine-tDCS (n ¼ 27) or sham-tDCS (n ¼ 26) groups. Subjects in the active-tDCS group underwent left DLPFC anodal/right frontopolar cathodal stimulation during a single tDCS session (2 mA, 20 minutes duration). During the sham session, genuine tDCS was delivered for the initial 30 seconds of the 20 minute session. The initial scalp sensations associated with tDCS (e.g., tingling) were experienced by participants receiving sham stimulation. Thus, the subject should be unaware of his/her group assignment. Analysis revealed that 29 of 53 subjects (54.7 %) correctly identified group assignment (binomial test, p ¼ .58). 22 of 27 subjects (81.4 %) in the active-tDCS group correctly identified group assignment (i.e., believed that they had received genuine tDCS), while only 7 of 26 (26.9%) participants in the sham group correctly identified group assignment (i.e., stated that they had received "sham" stimulation). Thus, 19 of 26 participants (73.0 %) assigned to the sham group believed that they had received genuine tDCS. Results support the use of the current blinding protocol in single trial, sham-controlled tDCS studies.

Introduction: Understanding the function of the thalamic oscillatory neural activity is essential for developing and improving interventions for neuropathic pain. However, there has been a lack of investigation on the relationship between the thalamic oscillations and pain relief in patients with neuropathic pain. This study aims to identify the representative neural oscillations related to pain relief by thalamic stimulation, and develop a quantitative model to predict pain relief by integrating characteristic measures of the neural oscillations. Methods: The measures of thalamic local field potentials (LFPs) recorded post-operatively in thirteen patients with neuropathic pain were screened in three dimensional behaviour space according to the rhythm, balancing, and coupling neural behaviours, and correlated with pain relief. An integrated approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis is proposed to integrate the multiple measures and provide a predictive model. Results: This study reveals distinct thalamic rhythms of theta, alpha, high beta and high gamma oscillations correlating with pain relief. The balancing and coupling measures between these neural oscillations were also significantly correlated with pain relief. Moreover, the study provides a quantitative approach for predicting pain relief. The correlation between the predicted and actual pain relief achieved 0.85, between the predicted and actual post-operative VAS achieved 0.89. Discussion: These findings will be valuable for optimizing neuromodulation as well as providing biomarkers for developing adaptive stimulation strategies.

Appreciating the humor in jokes involves incongruity-detection and resolution, which requires good language skills. Foreign language comprehension is challenging, including interpreting words within their sentence context. An implication is that jokes in a foreign language will be more difficult to understand and therefore probably less humorous, compared to native language jokes. To study this question while preserving humor across translations, jokes were selected from Turkish and English websites to minimize language play and cultural references. Turkish university students rated both Turkish and English jokes for humor. Humor for foreign language jokes was positively correlated with ease-of-understanding of specific jokes and also by the individual-differences characteristics of English proficiency and likely career investment (e.g., preparing for a future career as English teacher or translator). We propose the proficiency X investment theory: Foreign language jokes will be exp...

Women have higher rates of depression and report more depressive symptoms than men, in diverse societies and contexts. Typical explanations make reference to hormonal aspects of being female, and to women's lower social status, which occurs in every culture. However, gender differences are absent or reduced in rural contexts and in non-Western cultures. The current paper sought to contribute to the literature on both gender differences and urban-rural differences in depression with data from a rapidly developing society, Turkey. The Beck Depression Inventory was administered to college students in rural and urban regions of Turkey, along with questions about personal achievement, parental control, and individualism-collectivism scales. Males and females reported similar amounts of depressive symptoms in both urban and rural areas, with symptom report being lower in the urban sample compared to the rural sample. These findings cast doubt on the proposal that women are inevitably more depressed than males. It is useful to consider what factors exist in Turkish society, or in the lives of Turkish college students, that equalize stressors for males and females.

Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'de yapılmış ebeveyn tutum ve davranışlarına ilişkin yayınlanmış çalışmaları derlemek ve bu tutum ve davranışların çocuk ve gençler üzerindeki gözlenen etkilerini genel olarak incelemektir. Bu derleme çalışmasına ebeveyn tutumlarının bağımsız değişken olarak ele alındığı ve bir sonuç değişken üzerinde etkisinin incelendiği, örneklemi Türkiye'den olan, herhangi bir ulusal ya da uluslararası bilimsel bir dergide yayınlanan 34 yayın seçilmiş ve sistematik olarak bir tabloda sunulmuştur. Türkiye'de yürütülmüş olan ebeveyn tutum ve davranışları araştırmalarında en yaygın olarak Aile Hayatı ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutum Ölçeği, Ana-Baba Tutum Ölçeği, Ana Baba Tutum Envanteri ve Ebeveyn Kabul-Red Ölçeği'nin çeşitli formları kullanılmıştır. İncelenen çalışmalarda en yaygın kullanılan sonuç (bağımlı) değişkenlerinin ise benlik saygısı, saldırganlık, akademik başarı, kaygı, kendini kabul, genel psikolojik uyum ve bağlanma stilleri olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ebeveyn tutum ve davranışlarında baskı, disiplin ve aşırı koruyuculuğa karşılık gelen davranışların çocuk ve ergenler üzerindeki etkileri tutarlı olarak olumsuz; demokratik ve kabul edici tutum ve davranışların etkileri ise tutarlı olarak olumlu bu-lunmuştur. Ele alınan araştırmalarda genel olarak, doğrudan Türkiye'de geliştirilen ölçeklerden ziyade, çeviri ya da uyarlanmış ölçekler kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaların çoğunluğu kesitsel yöntemle yapılmış ve veriler genellikle tek bir kaynaktan (çoğunlukla çocuk ya da ergenden) toplanmıştır. Erken ve orta çocukluk döneminde yürütülen çalışmalar görece daha azdır. Bulgular, ebeveyn tutum ve davranışlarında kültürel örüntüler dikkate alınarak tartışılmıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Ana-baba tutumları ve davranışları, demokratik dengeli, yetkeci, izin verici-şımartan ve ihmalkar ana-babalık tarzları, kültürel faktörler Abstract The present study aims to review the published studies on parenting styles and behaviors conducted in Turkey and to explore the overall effects of parenting on children and adolescents. This review included the studies in which parenting styles and/or behaviors were employed as the independent variables, the effects of parenting variables were examined on an outcome variable, published in a scientifi c outlet, and the samples were selected from Turkish participants. Thirty-four studies meeting the criteria were selected for the review and they were systematically presented in Table 1. Examination of the studies demonstrated that the majority of the measures used in these studies were adopted into Turkish from other languages. The commonly utilized measures were the Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI), the Parenting Style Inventory, Parenting Style Scale and various forms of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ). The individual differences regarding parenting behaviors were mostly examined on self-esteem, aggressiveness, academic achievement, anxiety, self-acceptance, psychological adjustment, and attachment styles in the reviewed studies. Overall, results have suggested that whereas parenting behaviors that can be described as authoritarian, over controlling, restrictive, and punitive consistently have negative effects on the child and adolescent outcome behaviors; parenting that can be characterized as democratic, accepting, and emotionally warm have positive effects on the observed variables. The majority of the reviewed studies had cross-sectional design and employed the measures which were originally developed in other cultures and the culture specifi c aspects of parenting were rarely considered. The data were collected from a single source, usually from children and adolescent, rather than multiple sources including parents. Finally, the samples from early and middle childhood were very rare in the Turkish literature. The implications of the reviewed studies were discussed considering the cultural relevance of the fi ndings.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether the self-compassion levels and family support perception levels of individuals who have children with learning disability, autism spectrum disorder and mental disabiliy have a significant effect on parental stress. In this context, a research was conducted with 180 individuals whose children received special education in a special education and rehabilitation center in Istanbul. Self-Compassion Scale, Family Social Support Scale, and Parental Stress Index Short Form were used to collect the data. In the study, data were analyzed using Independent Sample t-Test, Pearson Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis. According to the findings, it was determined that the self-compassion levels and family support levels of the parents who have children with learning disability, autism spectrum disorder and mental disability had a significant effect on parental stress. Accordingly, as the level of self-compassion and family support increases, the level of parental stress of their parents decreases.

Borderline Kişilik Bozukluğu uzun zamandan beri tartışmalı bir konudur. Öncelikle psikanalitik yönelimli ruh sağlığı çalışanlarınca ele alınan bu kişilik bozukluğu daha çok gizli şizofreni ile eşdeğer olarak değerlendirilse de yakın dönemde şizofreniden ayrı olarak adlandırılmış ve bu bağlamda ele alınmaya başlanmıştır. Bu olguda bireyin kimlik duygusunda, ilişkilerinde ve duygulanımlarında yaygın ve süreğen bir dengesizlik belirgindir. Bu nedenle sosyal, mesleki ve özel hayatlarında güvensizlik ve dengesizlik gözlenir. Kimlik duyguları sağlam olarak inşa edilmemiştir. Çabuk düş kırıklığına uğramaktadırlar ve sıklıkla bunaltı, çökkünlük belirtileri göstermektedirler. Boşluk ve anlamsızlık duygularından yakınırlar. Bu duyguların bir yansıması olarak anti sosyal davranış örüntüleri, madde kötüye kullanımı ya da uyuşturucu/uyarıcı madde bağımlılığı kendilerine zarar verme eğilimleri (kendilerini jiletle kesme, sigara ile yakma, özkıyım girişimleri) gösterebilirler. Bu davranış örüntüleri bağlamında hekimler tarafından çoğu zaman şizotipal, histriyonik, narsisistik veya antisosyal kişilik bozukluğu tanısı da alabilmektedirler. DSM IV Tanı Ölçütlerine göre Borderline Kişilik Bozukluğu Kriterleri şöyle açıklanmıştır: Aşağıdakilerden beşinin ya da daha fazlasının olması ile belirli, genç erişkinlik döneminde başlayan ve değişik koşullar altında ortaya çıkan, kişilerarası ilişkilerde, benlik algısında ve duygulanımda tutarsızlık ve belirgin dürtüselliğin olduğu sürekli bir örüntü: 1) Gerçek ya da hayali bir terk edilmeden kaçınmak için çılgınca çabalar gösterme 2) Gözünde aşırı büyütme (göklere çıkarma) ve yerin dibine sokma uçları arasında gidip gelen, gergin ve tutarsız kişilerarası ilişkilerin olması 3) Kimlik karmaşası: Belirgin olarak ve sürekli bir biçimde tutarsız bir benlik algısı ya da kendilik duyumu 4) Kendine zarar verme olasılığı yüksek en az iki alanda dürtüsellik (para harcama, cinsellik, madde kötüye kullanımı, pervasızca araba kullanma, tıkınırcasına yemek yeme) 5) Yineleyen intiharla ilgili davranışlar, girişimler, göz korkutmalar ya da kendine kıyım davranışı