Tourism and Hospitality

Preface 7.2.2. Evolution of Jordanian tourist sites 7.2.3. Quality of tourism services in Jordan 7.2.4. The impact of the transport sector on the performance of the Jordanian tourism product 7.2.5. Price-quality relationship in the Jordanian product 7.3. Relationship between private and public sector in Jordan 7.3.1. Decision making process 7.3.2. Relationship between MOTA and other public bodies and private sector 7.3.3. Role of various parties in the Jordanian tourism sector 7.3.4. The role of the private sector in the enactment of regulations and laws 7.3.5. Promotion of the Jordanian tourism product 7.3.5.1. Main markets for the Jordanian product 7.3.5.2. Role of the private sector in the promotion of tourism 7.3.5.3 Financing of promotional projects 7.4. Statistical system and tourist database in Jordan 7.4.1. Availability of statistics related to tourism 7.4.2. Efficiency of the tourism statistical system 7.5. Prospects for the Jordanian tourism product by 2020 7.5.1. How the tourism product should be 7.5.2. Future relationship with the tourism products of neighbouring countries 7.5.3. Strategies needed for the development of the tourism sector in Jordan 8 Conclusion Recommendations List of Tables List of Figures List of Abbreviations References Appendices to visit Israel by offering a complete package spent entirely in Israel, but including a one day visit to Petra. Thus, tourists were crossing borders, in particular the southern Wadi Araba crossing, between Jordan and Israel, every morning in order to visit Petra, and sometimes also Jerash and Amman, but after spending the day there, they were travelling back to Israel over the same border crossing. These day tourists crossing the southern border to visit Petra accounted for around 47% of the total number of tourists visiting Jordan during the same period. In fact, many Jordanians complained about this because they were not reaping any real benefit from this day tourism 1. However, since then, tourism has become a vital sector for the Jordanian economy, as it was ranked to be the first export sector, and the second most important private sector with respect to job creation and foreign exchange earnings in 2003, contributing over 800 million dollars to the Jordanian economy, which corresponds to 10% of GDP 2. Although the increasing numbers of tourist arrivals to Jordan during the last two decades compares well with previous years, many public officials at the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MOTA) and other experts agree that the tourism sector in Jordan has still not achieved the potential that it could do, particularly given the fact that Jordan has some of the most unique and rich landscape and heritage, which makes it a very competitive destination over the rest of the Middle Eastern region. Statistics show that tourism made up 10% of the Jordanian GDP in 2005, which is lower than the global average of 10.5%-12.4%.

London is one of the world's most heterogeneous and cosmopolitan cities. It is a quintessential 'global city' located at the interface of manifold networks, flows and motilities. The London Journal of Tourism, Sport and Creative Industries (LJTSCI) seeks to publish articles on a variety of related topics which encapsulates this diversity and the nature of its local-global intersections. The subjects delivered at London Metropolitan University have a history of high quality research into anthropological/developmental studies and policy analysis. It is from these platforms that the journal aims to be a meeting place for research and discussion on a wealth of topics that should appeal to scholars, practitioners, policy makers and general readers. These articles can include research papers, works-in progress, case studies, developments in theory, book reviews and general reviews that contribute to the development of the subject field. The journal addresses a broad subject field, while under the banner of Tourism, Sport and the Creative Industries it also includes, but is not restricted to, events, the arts-including music and dance, heritage, hospitality, advertising and communications, music media and entertainment. We encourage submissions relating to these topics from a wide variety of perspectives; such as all areas of anthropology, management, economics, politics, history, sociology, psychology, cultural studies and marketing. The contexts of these research papers are also broad in scope covering relevant research from public, commercial and third sector organisations and settings.

Historical heritage for a nation can be reproduced and recruited to attract tourists who are aspiring to see how the ancient civilizations’ traditions were. Jordan has witnessed many initiatives to revitalize the immersed heritage and its traditional tools. This paper aims to shed some critical light on the use elements of daily life of Nabataeans in tourism by simulating that life with all its components (dresses, traditions, and some activities that are relevant to the Nabataean civilization). In conclusion, more detailed study on the realia of Nabataean life is postulated by the author in the scope of a closer cooperation between scholars and tourism product organizing authorities at Petra.

This paper aims to highlight the significant impact of the tourism industry on enhancing respect and mutual understanding concepts among people by giving the necessary space to dialogue and cultural interaction between tourists and local residents. Most studies made so far focused on the economic role of tourism, taking into consideration, the contribution to national domestic product (GDP), creation of new job opportunities, foreign exchange earnings,...etc. These studies neglected the importance of tourism in the cultural life of mankind, and also, the extreme necessity to resort to this industry as authentic means for communication, in order to build confidence among people of world irrespective of their cultural or religious backgrounds. This paper tries to highlight the importance of this vital role by considering various cases in which tourism has succeeded to yield its potentials in order to bridge the gap between cultures across the world.

A plethora of research has been conducted over the past few years to explore several aspects of the key exchange actors within the sharing accommodation sector (i.e. hosts and guests). However, despite the exponential growth in the sharing accommodation entrepreneurship, literature exploring the characteristics, motivations, and challenges of entrepreneurs venturing in this sector is still scant. This study draws on a qualitative study approach using semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs involved in the sharing accommodation sector in Petra, Jordan. Findings revealed that sharing accommodation entrepreneurs were mainly driven by the desire for economic and cultural benefits. The positive host-guest relationship (e.g., honesty toward guests and enhancing positive reputation) emerged as a key factor influencing the growth of the sharing accommodation businesses whereas market-related issues (e.g., severe competition and lobbying efforts from traditional lodging businesses) were found to be the key challenges derailing the businesses.

Abstract Tourist harassment is one of the major challenging issues influencing the competitiveness of various tourist destinations across the globe. While the topic has received some attention over the past two decades, there is still a dearth of research on the influence of tourist harassment on travelers' perceptions and behaviors. Drawing on qualitative data collected through 27 semi-structured interviews with international travelers visiting Petra, Jordan, the study reveals that the perceived destination image and travelers' behavioral intentions are unlikely to be influenced by harassment experiences. However, there is evidence that harassing tourists to achieve greater sales has an adverse impact on tourists’ expenditure level. That is, when harassed, tourists are less likely to be willing to make purchases. The study adds to a still-maturing stream of research on tourist harassment and provides several theoretical as well as practical implications.

Tourist harassment has received some attention over the past two decades as a major challenge affecting travelers' personal safety and their perceptions of tourism destinations. However, there is still a need to understand and explore in depth the types of behavior that constitute tourist harassment. Using a qualitative netnographic study approach, this study identified the types of harassment that tourists are likely to experience in archeological sites. Travelers' anecdotes reporting harassment incidents in two Jordanian archeological sites, Petra and Jerash, were retrieved from TripAdvisor and examined using a hybrid content analysis approach. Six key categories of tourist harassment emerged from the data. These categories were labeled as vendors' persistence, obtrusive on-site service providers, beggar children, sexual harassment, verbal abuse, and physical abuse. Each category was explored in depth and exemplified using travelers' anecdotes. A typology of tourists' response to harassment was also developed based on the anecdotes. Results suggest that vendors' persistence was the most frequently reported type of harassment. When experiencing harassment, tourists are likely to respond by resisting the harassers. The findings have several theoretical and managerial implications for both researchers and destination managers.

Purpose Drawing on a qualitative study approach using data collected from children in a primary school in Marmaris, Turkey, this study aims to intend to understand children’s vacation perceptions and preferences. Design/methodology/approach Students were asked to write a short composition describing where they would love to go for vacation (either in Turkey or abroad), why they would choose that destination(s) in particular and what they would do while on vacation. A task-based research technique was adopted, which is more adequate for research involving children participants. A total of 103 compositions were collected and a thematic content analysis was conducted. This approach has been widely used in tourism and hospitality research. Findings The findings revealed that children can clearly express their perceptions and preferences with regard to leisure activities. The majority of children wanted to visit overseas destinations (specifically, the USA, Germany and France), while a s...

This study identified why students in China, Taiwan, and Korea at both undergraduate and master's level want to major in hospitality and tourism management (HTM), why they prefer to study abroad, and their preferred concentration of study in the HTM major. Three Asian national student groups were selected at both the undergraduate and master's student level. In a comparison of motivations for HTM programs between the three national groups at both the undergraduate and master's levels, Taiwanese students showed the highest level of motivation. The most preferred country for studying abroad for a graduate school was the US. In the preferred fields of study or major during their study abroad, three national student groups showed different responses. Detailed information is given in this paper.

London is one of the world's most heterogeneous and cosmopolitan cities. It is a quintessential 'global city' located at the interface of manifold networks, flows and motilities. The London Journal of Tourism, Sport and Creative Industries (LJTSCI) seeks to publish articles on a variety of related topics which encapsulates this diversity and the nature of its local-global intersections. The subjects delivered at London Metropolitan University have a history of high quality research into anthropological/developmental studies and policy analysis. It is from these platforms that the journal aims to be a meeting place for research and discussion on a wealth of topics that should appeal to scholars, practitioners, policy makers and general readers. These articles can include research papers, works-in progress, case studies, developments in theory, book reviews and general reviews that contribute to the development of the subject field. The journal addresses a broad subject field, while under the banner of Tourism, Sport and the Creative Industries it also includes, but is not restricted to, events, the arts -including music and dance, heritage, hospitality, advertising and communications, music media and entertainment. We encourage submissions relating to these topics from a wide variety of perspectives; such as all areas of anthropology, management, economics, politics, history, sociology, psychology, cultural studies and marketing. The contexts of these research papers are also broad in scope covering relevant research from public, commercial and third sector organisations and settings.

Historical heritage for a nation can be reproduced and recruited to attract tourists who are aspiring to see how the ancient civilizations’ traditions were. Jordan has witnessed many initiatives to revitalize the immersed heritage and its traditional tools. This paper aims to shed some critical light on the use elements of daily life of Nabataeans in tourism by simulating that life with all its components (dresses, traditions, and some activities that are relevant to the Nabataean civilization). In conclusion, more detailed study on the realia of Nabataean life is postulated by the author in the scope of a closer cooperation between scholars and tourism product organizing authorities at Petra. Keywords: Nabataeans, costumes, Heritage, and Tourism.

Summary The study of National Tourism System in Jordan aims to shed some light on the structure of tourism industry in Jordan by illustrating the real resources present in the country, assessing the quality of services, and then exploring the management efficiency, ie. Governance dimension. The work has been based on the structure provided by the Resource-based Theory (RBT) which gives a significant weight to the existed resources in the territory and considers them as an important factor for the development of the product. Moreover RBT draws a connection between the various components in the area and the evolution and sustainability of tourism product. The author used the Resource-Service-Governance framework to show the relationship between these three elements in order to understand to how extent they affect the final product and its image. Five Jordanian tourist destinations were chosen, for this purpose, as a research field. That was useful to portray the reality of the Jordani...

Hospitality and Tourism Management (HTM) programs in Jordan are among the most important emerging fields of study that have been attracting increasing number of students in the last two decades. This paper aims at identifying the reasons why students in Jordan choose to major in hospitality and tourism management, and examining their intentions to pursue graduate degree in this field abroad. Preferred majors within HTM and preferred overseas study destinations were also identified. The findings suggested that job opportunity, academic success, perceived easiness of study, field attractiveness and features of the fieldare the motivations that explain Jordanian students' decision to major in HTM. Driven mainly by cultural motives, slightly more than 73 percent of the surveyed sample showed interest in pursuing a graduate degree in tourism abroad. Germany, Spain and England were found the most preferred overseasstudy destinations. Findings were discussed and recommendations to both education institutions and tourism stakeholders were offered.

Tourist harassment has received some attention over the past two decades as a major challenge affecting travelers' personal safety and their perceptions of tourism destinations. However, there is still a need to understand and explore in depth the types of behavior that constitute tourist harassment. Using a qualitative netnographic study approach, this study identified the types of harassment that tourists are likely to experience in archeological sites. Travelers' anecdotes reporting harassment incidents in two Jordanian archeological sites, Petra and Jerash, were retrieved from TripAdvisor and examined using a hybrid content analysis approach. Six key categories of tourist harassment emerged from the data. These categories were labeled as vendors' persistence, obtrusive on-site service providers, beggar children, sexual harassment, verbal abuse, and physical abuse. Each category was explored in depth and exemplified using travelers' anecdotes. A typology of tourists' response to harassment was also developed based on the anecdotes. Results suggest that vendors' persistence was the most frequently reported type of harassment. When experiencing harassment, tourists are likely to respond by resisting the harassers. The findings have several theoretical and managerial implications for both researchers and destination managers.