Engineering

Helicobacter pylori causes a lifelong infection in the stomach after exposure. H. pylori has been shown to be associated with peptic ulcer and gastric cancer development. Moreover, it is held responsible for some other nongastric diseases. Among them, coronary heart disease attracts much debate. Many studies have demonstrated a close relationship between insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Chronic inflammation and alterations in counter-regulatory hormones are deemed responsible for the etiology of insulin resistance. We aimed to examine the effect of H. pylori on insulin resistance. Sixty-three patients were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into two groups according to H. pylori presence. HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) level was used to assess insülin resistance. Thirty-six patients were H. pylori positive and 27 were H. pylori negative. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to age, gender, or body mass index. HOMA-IR level was 1.73 ± 1.1 in the H. pylori-negative group, whereas it was 2.56 ± 1.54 in the H. pylori-positive group (P < 0.05). This study provides the first direct evidence for an association between chronic H. pylori infection and insulin resistance.

Bu çalışmada; Selçuk Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi İç Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı'nda Ocak 1993-Aralık 2000 tarihleri arasında teşhis ve tedavi edilen 133 nonHodgkin lenfoma olgusunun dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 54.8 ± 18.4 (18-92) yıl, kadın/erkek oranı 1.11 idi. En sık nodal başlangıç baş-boyun bölgesinde (%45.9), en sık ekstranodal başlangıç ise gastrointestinal sistem bölgesinde (%9.7) idi. En sık klinik Evre IV (%59.4) olup, onu Evre III (%33.8) takip etti. Histolojik subtiplendirmede en sık orta dereceli histolojiler (%39.1) görülürken, düşük dereceli histolojiler (%35.3) onu takip etti. B semptomları hastaların %63.2'sinde görüldü. Primer tedavi seçeneği olarak hastaların %78.2'sine sistemik kemoterapi uygulanırken, %21.8'ine cerrahi ile birlikte sistemik kemoterapi uygulandığı belirlendi. Beş yıllık yaşam süresi 115 hastada %38 olarak bulundu. Teşhis esnasında hastalığın evresinin yaşam süresi için önemli bir prognostik faktör olduğu görüldü.

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory agent which is used in serious diseases. Its use should be limited due to side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, especially during high doses in cancer treatment. Hypertension may accompany patients due to nephrotoxicity, which is shown as one of the most important side effects. Nebivolol (NBV), which is a beta blocker and used in the treatment of hypertension, also contributes to vasodilation in tissues by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme. The purpose of this study is to research the effect of NBV on MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through the AKT1/Hif-1⍺/eNOS signaling pathway.The rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight each. Groups were control, MTX and MTX + NBV. A single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX was given intraperitoneally to the rats on the first day of the study and 10 mg/kg NBV was given orally to the treatment group for seven days.At the end of the study, rats&#39; ...

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic and anti-in ammatory agent which is used in serious diseases. Its use should be limited due to side effects such as nephrotoxicity, myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, especially during high doses in cancer treatment. Hypertension may accompany patients due to nephrotoxicity, which is shown as one of the most important side effects. Nebivolol (NBV), which is a beta blocker and used in the treatment of hypertension, also contributes to vasodilation in tissues by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme. The purpose of this study is to research the effect of NBV on MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through the AKT1/Hif-1 /eNOS signaling pathway. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight each. Groups were control, MTX and MTX + NBV. A single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX was given intraperitoneally to the rats on the rst day of the study and 10 mg/kg NBV was given orally to the treatment group for seven days. At the end of the study, rats' blood and kidney tissues were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical examinations. Total antioxidant status levels were increased and total oxidant status levels were decreased signi cantly in MTX + NBV group compared with MTX group. Although creatinine levels increased in the MTX group compared to the control, while decreased in the MTX + NBV group. MTX administration was signi cantly decreased the expression levels of AKT1, eNOS and Hif1α compared to control group and NBV treatment increased these values compared to MTX group. In conclusion, NBV treatment ameliorated the MTX induced nephrotoxicity via AKT1/Hif-1 /eNOS signaling pathway.

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic and anti-in ammatory agent which is used in serious diseases. Its use should be limited due to side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, especially during high doses in cancer treatment. Hypertension may accompany patients due to nephrotoxicity, which is shown as one of the most important side effects. Nebivolol (NBV), which is a beta blocker and used in the treatment of hypertension, also contributes to vasodilation in tissues by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme. The purpose of this study is to research the effect of NBV on MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through the AKT1/Hif-1 /eNOS signaling pathway. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight each. Groups were control, MTX and MTX + NBV. A single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX was given intraperitoneally to the rats on the rst day of the study and 10 mg/kg NBV was given orally to the treatment group for seven days. At the end of the study, rats' blood and kidney tissues were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical examinations. Total antioxidant status levels were increased and total oxidant status levels were decreased signi cantly in MTX + NBV group compared with MTX group. Although creatinine levels increased in the MTX group compared to the control, while decreased in the MTX + NBV group. MTX administration was signi cantly decreased the expression levels of AKT1, eNOS and Hif1α compared to control group and NBV treatment increased these values compared to MTX group. In conclusion, NBV treatment ameliorated the MTX induced nephrotoxicity via AKT1/Hif-1 /eNOS signaling pathway.

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic and anti-in ammatory agent which is used in serious diseases. Its use should be limited due to side effects such as nephrotoxicity, myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity, especially during high doses in cancer treatment. Hypertension may accompany patients due to nephrotoxicity, which is shown as one of the most important side effects. Nebivolol (NBV), which is a beta blocker and used in the treatment of hypertension, also contributes to vasodilation in tissues by activating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme. The purpose of this study is to research the effect of NBV on MTX-induced nephrotoxicity through the AKT1/Hif-1 /eNOS signaling pathway. The rats were randomly divided into three groups of eight each. Groups were control, MTX and MTX + NBV. A single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX was given intraperitoneally to the rats on the rst day of the study and 10 mg/kg NBV was given orally to the treatment group for seven days. At the end of the study, rats' blood and kidney tissues were taken for histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical examinations. Total antioxidant status levels were increased and total oxidant status levels were decreased signi cantly in MTX + NBV group compared with MTX group. Although creatinine levels increased in the MTX group compared to the control, while decreased in the MTX + NBV group. MTX administration was signi cantly decreased the expression levels of AKT1, eNOS and Hif1α compared to control group and NBV treatment increased these values compared to MTX group. In conclusion, NBV treatment ameliorated the MTX induced nephrotoxicity via AKT1/Hif-1 /eNOS signaling pathway.

Cevher hazırlamada en yoğun enerji ''öğütmede'' harcanır. Tane boyutu küçüldükçe enerji harcanımı fazlalaşır. Çimento üretiminde %40 elektrik masrafı ''öğütmede'' gerçekleşir. Değirmenlerde boy uzarsa tane inceliği azalır,çap artarsa kapasite artar. Çubuklu değirmen öğütmede çok fazla şlam oluşturmaz. Bilyalı değirmende sınıflandırıcı kullanılmazsa aşırı şlam oluşur. Bilyalı değirmenler genellikle kapalı devre ile çalıştırılırlar. Çubuklu değirmende öğütülen ürün boyut bakımından homojendir. Homojen ürün veren değirmenler açık devre ile çalıştırılır.Vermiyorsa kapalı. Seramik endüstrisnde öğütücü ortam almina bilya,cam boncuk mal. Kullanılır Otojen değirmendeiri boyut mal.olması lazım ve kolay ufanmamalıdır. Dikey karıştırılmalı değirmenler metalik cevherleri öğütmeden yaygındır. Valsli değirmenler kömür,çimento,fosfat,kireçtaşı vs malzemelerde kullanılır. Valsli değirmenlere çok sert-aşındırıcı , kırılgan-gevrek olmayan malzeme istenir. Jet tipi değirmenler aşındırıcı malzemelerin öğütülmesinde kullanılır. Titreşimli değirmenler demir,bentonit,bakır vs.ince öğütmesi için kullanılır. Sarkaç değirmenlerde çok sert malzeme öğütülebilir.Kimberlit gibi.. Çekiçli ve darbeli kırıcı çok fazla şlam oluşturur.(Krom,manganez vs.) Değirmenler genellikle kapalı devre ile çalışıtırılır.Homojen ürün verir. Yaş öğütmelerde elek,hidrosiklon,spiral kuruda,havalı sınıflandırıcı kullanılır. Açık devre öğütmede ; çok iri tane çok ince tane birlikte bulunabilir. Kapalı devrede ; ince iri taneden ayrılır,iriler tekrar değirmene gönderilir. Kuru öğütmede ; malzemenin sınıflandırılması zordur. Yaş öğütmede ; malzeme elek veya klasifikatör ile keskin olarak sınıflandırılır. Kuru öğütmede yaş öğütmeye göre enerji çok daha fazla harcanır. Jet,valsli,merdaneli değirmenler sadece kuru olarak kullanılabilir.

Fat contents of sausages were reduced from 20% to 10% and 5%. Citrus fibre (CF) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) were added to the sausages at the rates of 2% as fat replacers. Changes in energy values and cholesterol contents of the sausages were investigated. Energy values and cholesterol contents significantly decreased with decreasing fat level. Addition of fat replacers increased energy values, but cholesterol contents decreased. There was no difference between sausages treated with CF and those with SPC. Total decreases in energy values and cholesterol contents were 38.6% and 45.7%, respectively.

Some quality characteristics of frankfurters manufactured in three different fat levels (20%, 10% and 5%) and added citrus fibre (CF) and soy protein concentrate (SPC) were investigated. While moisture content of frankfurters increased with decreasing fat levels, protein contents increased. Lower fat levels resulted in lower water-holding capacity (WHC), cooking losses and penetrometer values. Lower L* values and higher a* values were obtained in low fat frankfurters. SPC significantly increased the cooking losses in the sausages with 5% and 20% fat, but decreased in the sausages with 10% fat. The lower cooking loss values were obtained in sausages added CF for all fat levels. Addition of fat replacers decreased the L values but did not affect the a and b values. Addition of fat replacers increased hardness in case of low fat levels. The softer product was obtained with high-fat formulation than low-fat formulation. Lower taste scores were observed with addition of fat replacers.

Five treatments of wieners were prepared with replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of added beef back fat with safflower oil (SO). Changes in pH, thiobarbuturic acid reactive substances (TBARS) and color (L*, a*, b*) values of wieners were determined during manufacturing day and refrigerated storage (5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 d). Fatty acid profile, cholesterol content, cooking loss, proximate composition and textural properties of wieners were also determined on manufacturing day. Results revealed that SO incorporation in wiener formulation resulted in a higher unsaturated fatty acid contents (P < 0.05). Wieners manufactured with a 50% or higher fat replacement with SO resulted in lower cholesterol content compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). Increasing the amount of SO used for beef back fat replacement in wieners created higher TBARS formation during the storage period (P < 0.05). Incorporation of SO increased CIE L* and b* values, whereas it caused a decrease in CIE a* values of wieners (P < 0.05). On the other hand, replacing beef back fat with SO did not affect sensory attributes of wieners. Study results indicated that replacement rate of beef back fat with SO up to 50% can be good strategy for the meat industry to produce desirable and healthy weiners.

Coğrafi konumundan dolayı çeşitli medeniyetlere uzun bir tarih süreci ile ev sahipliği yapmış olan Anadolu, zengin ve kendine özgün bir gıda çeşitliliğine sahiptir. Türk yemek kültürünü yansıtan geleneksel gıdalar içerisinde yer alan et ürünleri bu çeşitliliğe önemli bir katkı sağlamaktadır. Sucuk, pastırma, döner, kokoreç ve kavurma gibi ürünler ekonomik öneme sahip Türk et ürünleridir. Et ve et ürünlerinin yüksek biyolojik yararlılığa sahip besin öğelerini içermelerine karşın yapılarındaki doymuş yağlar, sodyum ve diğer katkı maddelerinin kanser, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hipertansiyon ve obeziteye neden olması tüketicilerde et ürünlerini daha az tercih etme yönünde eğilimler oluşturmaktadır. Son yıllarda et ürünleri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar, kalite özelliklerinin geliştirilmesinin yanı sıra beslenme-sağlık alanındaki bilgi birikimine dayanarak daha sağlıklı ürünler geliştirmeye yönelmiştir. Derlemede, ülkemizde ve diğer ülkelerde tüketilen et ürünlerinde son dönemlerde gerçekleştirilmiş ve hedefi daha sağlıklı ürünler olan çalışmalara yer verilmiştir.