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Camilius Sanga

Sokoine University of Agriculture, Center For ICT, Faculty Member

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Papers by Camilius Sanga

727201 InnovAfrica -D1.1 -i Stakeholder Knowledge and Scientific review on Sustainable Agriculture Intensification, Extension and Advisory Services and Institutional Approaches in Africa (Deliverable 1.1)

Final Technical Report Assessing the impacts of climate variability and change on agricultural systems in Eastern Africa while enhancing the region's capacity to undertake integrated assessment of vulnerabilities to future changes in climate

Delivery of Agricultural Extension Service can be Improved through Mobile Phones - POLICY BRIEF

.:. As a response to address constraints facing agriculture extension service, the Web-based and ... more .:. As a response to address constraints facing agriculture extension service, the Web-based and Mobile-based Farmers Advisory Information System (W-FAIS& M-FAIS) were developed to minimize various constraints hindering agricultural production such as lack of timely agricultural information; poor delivery of extension services because of few extension officers, lack of incentives as well as under-utilization of K'Ts .

A Survey on Detection of Sinkhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Network

ArXiv, 2015

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of large number of low-cost, resource-constrained sensor n... more Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of large number of low-cost, resource-constrained sensor nodes. The constraints of the wireless sensor node is their characteristics which include low memory, low computation power, they are deployed in hostile area and left unattended, small range of communication capability and low energy capabilities. Base on those characteristics makes this network vulnerable to several attacks, such as sinkhole attack. Sinkhole attack is a type of attack were compromised node tries to attract network traffic by advertise its fake routing update. One of the impacts of sinkhole attack is that, it can be used to launch other attacks like selective forwarding attack, acknowledge spoofing attack and drops or altered routing information. It can also used to send bogus information to base station. This paper is focus on exploring and analyzing the existing solutions which used to detect and identify sinkhole attack in wireless sensor network. The analysis is base...

A Comparative Study Between Qualitative Weight Sum and Analytic Hierarchy Process Methodologies

ABSTRACT URL: www.nmmu.ac.za/saicsit/2007/programme.htm

Contribution of Information and Communication Technology in Improving Access to Market Information among Smallholder Farmers: The case study of Kilosa District

This study investigates the contribution of information and communication technology in improving... more This study investigates the contribution of information and communication technology in improving access to market information among smallholder farmers. The study was conducted at Kilosa District. The representative sample involved 50 smallholder farmers from two villages. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information from random selected respondents. Data were analysed using statistical software. The overall findings revealed that there were great disparities in gender division of labour at the market process. Men participate much in access market information because they are the one who made decision. In other hand, women were performing more activities in the farm production compared to men who engaged themselves in market. The research concludes that there is unequal gender division of labour in the farm activities and also, on the access and use of the market information. Based on this, it is recommended that massive education campaign for mainstreaming gender is needed to both men and women who are actively engaged in smallholder farmers.

Experts’ assignment algorithm for Cloud-based Agro-advisory Service Information System (CASIS) using weighted sum model: piloting CASIS

A Cloud-based Agro-advisory Service Information System (CASIS) uses interactive operating mode wh... more A Cloud-based Agro-advisory Service Information System (CASIS) uses interactive operating mode where assignment of questions from farmers to experts is done manually. Questions as input to the system are received randomly in a day and experts are supposed to respond within a specified time. The system has 20 experts in its database who respond to farmers questions and it can receive more than 30 questions per day. If there is a significant delay in the responses to a question then the question is reassigned to another expert. Each expert behaves differently when responding to their assigned questions. In order to address the shortcomings, the experts’ assignment algorithm was developed utilizing the respondents’ response probabilities and time of responses. Assignment decision is based on using a model that trains ‘CASIS’ on the determination of best experts. CASIS training algorithm is developed to complement current weakness. The algorithm doesn’t omit experts who respond late but...

Using soft systems methodology and activity theory to exploit security of web applications against heartbleed vulnerability

The number of security incidents exploiting security holes in the web applications is increasing.... more The number of security incidents exploiting security holes in the web applications is increasing. One of the recently identified vulnerability in the web applications is the Heartbleed bug. The Heartbleed bug is a weakness found in OpenSSL, open source cryptographic software. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were employed. Case study and content/documentary analysis research methods were used to collect data for probing the web applications which are vulnerable to the bug. Due to the complexity of the problem, Soft Systems Methodology was adopted for the management of the analysis of data. The evaluation of security of web applications involved 64 selected websites of higher education institutions in Africa. SSM was supported by a theory called Activity Theory. The collected data was analysed using “R statistical computing package”. The study found that 89% of the universities web applications in Africa were vulnerable to the Heartbleed attack;...

Algorithm for the evaluation of Free and Open Source Software when the Evaluator is "Uncertain

Free and Open Source Software is freely available on the Internet and making use of it, could ben... more Free and Open Source Software is freely available on the Internet and making use of it, could benefit many higher learning institutions in developing countries. However, before adoption, it is necessary to evaluate the software to see if it meets the requirements of the institution. The evaluation of software involves considering the quality attributes of the software, which can either be evaluated objectively or subjectively, depending on whether the attributes are measured directly or indirectly. To handle the subjectivity of qualitative evaluation an algorithm with inherent computational intelligence was developed. The algorithm, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process incorporates a modified version of extent analysis. It can tolerate fuzziness, ambiguity, imprecision, uncertainty and ill-illustrated judgements. In addition to the improved Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process development, the Group Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process was developed. Using a specially derived set of end-user centric metrics, the algorithm provides the means for evaluating software according to quality attributes. Software developers, to predict end-user requirements, and to more accurately measure end-user satisfaction can use these quality attributes. Soft Systems Methodology was the preferred research methodology in this investigation as it is well suited for fuzzy problems. The algorithm was validated by evaluating Moodle, a free and open source e-learning system, adopted by a University in Tanzania. Students and staff from the university were involved in providing the subjective opinions about the software. The data collected from the subjective evaluation was captured and using Soft System Methodology, the data was analysed cyclically, improving the algorithm with each cycle. The advantages of the proposed final algorithm are: it is efficient, simple to use and cost-effective. It guides the end user to form an informed decision based on the evaluation results of software. The evaluation results determine whether the outlook is pessimistic, moderate or optimistic.

Evaluation of livestock information network knowledge system (LINKS) based on user satisfaction

The advancement of technology has brought low cost mobile phones which are affordable to majority... more The advancement of technology has brought low cost mobile phones which are affordable to majority of livestock keepers and traders in Kilosa District. The Government of Tanzania has developed livestock market information system which offers markets and market information for different livestock products. The system was established to enhance the bargaining power of livestock keepers to traders and middlemen in livestock markets. Thus the ultimate goal of the developed system was to create a platform to link farmers and lenders, as well as farmers and buyers. Despite the potential of the developed system, few livestock keepers are using it. This study was designed to evaluate the usability of the livestock market information system as well as the causes of its limited use. The Software Usability Measurement Inventory approach for usability was used during system evaluation to gauge user’s satisfaction. The results indicate that development of the livestock market information system w...

The Rapid Growth of Cybercrimes Affecting Information Systems in the Global: Is This a Myth or Reality in Tanzania?

Abstract-. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the rapid growth of cybercri... more Abstract-. The main objective of this study was to determine whether the rapid growth of cybercrimes affecting information systems in the global: is a myth or reality in Tanzania. The study was undertaken using a mixed research (quantitative and qualitative) methods. The research findings reveals that 12.8 % of users are victims of cybercrimes due to visiting unhealthy websitesÂ in cyberspace, more than 90.89% of users have been denied access to torrents/p2p applications (with malicious codes); more than 63.29% of e-mails received by users are spam. It has been notedÂ that Internet users has risen to 5.63 million users in 2012 out of 46.9 million of population in Tanzania; and is increasing at the rate of 416.98% per year; with this increase rate, there will be 7.34 million users of internet by December 2015 in Tanzania. The increase in the number of Internet users has direct implication to the increase in cybercrimes affecting information systems. The Government of Tanzania has d...

ECAWsoft: A Web based Climate and Weather Data Visualization for Big Data Analysis

Global journal of computer science and technology, 2017

Purpose: In Tanzania, data for climate and weather are normally analyzed by Meteorological Agency... more Purpose: In Tanzania, data for climate and weather are normally analyzed by Meteorological Agency and then are published through TV, website and radio. Different stakeholders normally obtain the weather and climate data / information in a generalized way. This calls for a need of a system which allows data to be shared openly to different stakeholders so that they can analyze those data as per their specific needs. The paper presents the overview of the developed system, ECAWsoft. Also, it gives some few interfaces showing different outputs from the system. Findings: The goal of this paper has been attained by developing a working data visualization tool for climate and weather called ECAWsoft. The system is current operational and is providing open data for different stakeholders. It is user friendly and interactive with capability of displaying visualization of data as per fine granularity required by user. Development of open data system for data visualization has lead to a trans...

Poultry Farmers’ Information needs and Extension advices in Kilosa, Tanzania: Evidence from Mobile-based Extension, Advisory and Learning System (MEALS)

Library Philosophy and Practice, 2018

Background: Poultry farmers need different information in order to improve their farming and cont... more Background: Poultry farmers need different information in order to improve their farming and contribute to the national economy. Information on poultry management is usually obtained from family members, friends, and neighbors with previous experience, extension officers, researchers, Television, radio, web and mobile based agriculture information systems. Promoting utilisation of vetted sources of information is envisaged to support poultry farmers in making informed decisions about management practices. This in turn will result into increased poultry productivity. Objective: Many researches have been done to evaluate various information sources but few have been done to evaluate the mobile based extension, advisory and learning system here referred to “UshauriKilimo”. This study particularly assessed poultry farmers’ information needs and extension advices given through the agro-advisory system among farmers in Kilosa district of Tanzania. The objective was to determine poultry fa...

Experimenting open agricultural extension service in Tanzania: A case of Kilosa Open Data Initiative (KODI)

This paper presents results from the application of Open Data System to improve coverage of agric... more This paper presents results from the application of Open Data System to improve coverage of agricultural extension services using web-based and mobile-based farmers‘ advisory information Ushaurikilimo in Kilosa District. The research adopted a participatory action research method to develop the interventions. The findings from this study show that farmers and other actors get timely, relevant and personalized advisory services. The user interface of the Open System hosting Open Data is in Swahili language, a language widely spoken in the study area, which enhanced adoption of the system. The Open System did not require farmers and other actors to pay for the services, which motivated to attract farmers and actors to adopt the system. In order to lower the cost of implementing the project, agricultural extension officers in study villages were used to receive questions from farmers and provided answers, and sent difficulty questions to experts from Sokoine University of Agriculture t...

On the development of climate data visualization tool for interpretation of empirical results from c

In time of climate change there is a lot of interest in communicating detailed information and kn... more In time of climate change there is a lot of interest in communicating detailed information and knowledge pertaining to climate to different stakeholders. In order to aid informed decision making related to changing climate and weather variability there is need for data visualization tool. Data visualization tool plays a great role in interpreting bulk climate information produced or collected from different districts, regions and nations at large. In Tanzania, online real-time data visualization tool can help to bridge the gap in the current system whereby climate information is disseminated using television, radio as well as face-to face. These methods have many problems, one being difficulty for end user to aggregate the disseminated climate information over long period of time. This paper seeks to present a work toward developing of a tool for such purpose. The work was done by Database for Crop Models Simulation team from Tanzania with consultation of team members from Kenya, Ug...

Unlocking the potential of the mobile phones by University undergraduate students: A case of Sokoine University of Agriculture

International Journal of Computing and ICT Research, ISSN 1818-1139 (Print), ISSN 1996-1065 (Onli... more

Silent Adoption of Bring-Your-Own-Device in Tanzania Higher Learning Institutions - Adoption Policies

2020 IST-Africa Conference (IST-Africa), 2020

Tanzania Higher Learning institutions (HLIs) have not fully deployed the ICT infrastructure to fa... more Tanzania Higher Learning institutions (HLIs) have not fully deployed the ICT infrastructure to facilitate smooth performance of their business functions. They have inadequate computers, insufficient network infrastructure, low bandwidth; their computers are ageing and have limited ICT investment. The research examined usage of employees’ personal ICT devices for performing office work and the policies, guidelines and practices that can be implemented by HLIs while adopting usage of employees’ personal devices in the work environment. As an interpretive research, data were collected through interviews and observations during the survey at HLI, Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). Results confirmed inadequate computers, low bandwidth at HLIs and revealed usage of employees’ personal ICT devices for office work and for communicating issues related to employers’ work. Further, HLIs are not concerned if employees use their ICT devices for office work. It is like HLIs have silently ad...

Visual Analytics of Tuberculosis Detection Rat Performance

Online Journal of Public Health Informatics

The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) disease remains a global challenge, and the need for innovativ... more The diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) disease remains a global challenge, and the need for innovative diagnostic approaches is inevitable. Trained African giant pouched rats are the scent TB detection technology for operational research. The adoption of this technology is beneficial to countries with a high TB burden due to its cost-effectiveness and speed than microscopy. However, rats with some factors perform better. Thus, more insights on factors that may affect performance is important to increase rats’ TB detection performance. This paper intends to provide understanding on the factors that influence rats TB detection performance using visual analytics approach. Visual analytics provide insight of data through the combination of computational predictive models and interactive visualizations. Three algorithms such as Decision tree, Random Forest and Naive Bayes were used to predict the factors that influence rats TB detection performance. Hence, our study found that age is the mos...

Human Sensor Web Crowd Sourcing Security Incidents Management in Tanzania Context

Journal of Information Security

Security incidents affecting information systems in cyberspace keep on rising. Researchers have r... more Security incidents affecting information systems in cyberspace keep on rising. Researchers have raised interest in finding out how to manage security incidents. Various solutions proposed do not effectively address the problematic situation of security incidents. The study proposes a human sensor web Crowd sourcing platform for reporting, searching, querying, analyzing, visualizing and responding to security incidents as they arise in real time. Human sensor web Crowd sourcing security incidents is an innovative approach for addressing security incidents affecting information systems in cyberspace. It employs outsourcing collaborative efforts initiatives outside the boundaries of the given organization in solving a problematic situation such as how to improve the security of information systems. It was managed by soft systems methodology. Moreover, security maturity level assessment was carried out to determine security requirements for managing security incidents using ISO/IEC 21827: Systems security engineering capability maturity model with a rating scale of 0-5. It employed descriptive statistics and non-parametric statistical method to determine the significance of each variable based on a research problem. It used Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test (X 2) to determine the statistical significance of result findings. The findings revealed that security controls and security measures are implemented in ad-hoc. For managing security incidents, organizations should use human sensor web Crowd sourcing platform. The study contributes to knowledge base management learning integration: practical implementation of Crowd sourcing in information systems security.

ICT for e-learning in three higher education institutions in Tanzania

Knowledge Management & E-Learning: An International Journal

The advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought new opportunities f... more The advancement in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has brought new opportunities for learning. Tanzania is adopting the new technologies in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) through e-learning and m-learning. However, delivery of learning contents is becoming a challenge for HEIs due to the constraints in resources and network bandwidth. This study discussed learners’ perceptions on using e-learning applications and mobile devices for learning in three HEIs in Tanzania. Findings show that majority of the students own more than one mobile devices which can be used as a tool for facilitating the learning process. It is suggested that in order to improve e-learning content delivery and accessibility under limited resource settings, HEIs in developing countries should make an effective use of emerging mobile computing technologies which are relevant to their respective environments.