Faculty of Philosophy

The article analyzes the introductory treatise on the "institution of metaphysics" by Fr. Suarez, SI (DM 1), namely: the definition of its adequate object, its scope, properties of the object and principles of demonstration in this science, according to Suarez. As a result, we distinguish four essential features of metaphysics as a science: metaphysics is a real, rational, natural and natural-human science.
Published in Russian: Ontology and Metaphysics, ed. by E.V. Barbashina. NSU-RND. Novosibirsk, Russia, 2005. P. 34-47.

Фр. Суарес, ОИ. Disputationes Metaphysicae, disp. I, sectiones IV-VI. Перевод с латыни на русский Иванова В.Л. Опубликован как приложение в: Франсиско Суарес, Метафизические Рассуждения, I т., Рассуждения I-V. Издательство Института философии, теологии и истории Св. Фомы, Москва 2007. С. 657-751.
Translation of Suarez' DM I.4-6 into Russian. Published in:  Franciscus Suarez (S.J.). Disputationes Metaphysicae. Vol. I. Disputationes 1–5 (tr. by G. V. Vdovina). Moscow: IFTI, 2007. P. 657-751.

Статья посвящена анализу ключевого для теологии и метафизики Дунса Скота понятия "бесконечности". В порядке познания показана связь понятия бесконечности с понятием сущего, эксплицировано понятие "внутреннего модуса или меры" реальности, в порядке совершенства вещей указано на содержание понятия бесконечности как интенсивной величины существенности и на связь с проблематическим понятием природы сущего.
The article "The intensive magnitude of perfection: The Infinity as the essential concept in the theology and philosophy of John Duns Scotus, OFM" is devoted to the analysis of the concept of "infinity", which is crucial for the theology and metaphysics of Duns Scotus. In the order of cognition, the relationship between the concept of infinity and the concept of being is shown, the concept of an “intrinsecus modus or measure” of reality is explicated, and in the order of perfection of things, the meaning of the concept of infinity as an intensive quantity of entity is explicated and its connection with the problematic concept of nature of being is demonstrated. The article was published in Russian in: Cosmos and Soul. Teachings on Nature and Mind in Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern time. Second Issue. Ed. by A.V. Seryogin. Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences. Progress-Tradition. Moscow, 2010. P. 379-431.

PRINCIPIUM OMNIUM PRIMUM: МЕСТО ПРИНЦИПА ПРОТИВОРЕЧИЯ В ПОРЯДКЕ ЭКСПЛИКАЦИИ ПОНЯТИЯ СУЩЕГО В НАУКЕ ОНТОЛОГИИ ХРИСТИАНА ВОЛЬФА.
PRINCIPIUM OMNIUM PRIMUM: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTRADICTION IN THE ORDER OF EXPLICATION OF THE NOTIO ENTIS IN THE ONTOLOGY OF CHRISTIAN WOLFF.
The article tries to interpret the significance of the first Principle within the ontology by Chr. Wolff and to determine the characteristic features of this science. It describes the place of the Principle of Contradiction in the scientific deduction of notio entis in genere within the first two sections of Ontologia by Wolff. Furthermore it explains the connection between the Principle of Contradicti on and the Principle of Sufficient Reason in Wolff. Then the extraordinary significance of the Principle of
Contradiction for Wolff is explicated as a kind of indicator for the peculiar understanding of the new science of ontology in order to determine the specific form of Wolff ’s modern ontology. To this purpose the significance of the Principle is compared to the role it plays in the scholastic metaphysics (in the 3rd Metaphysical Disputation of Fr. Suarez, SJ). As a result a peculiar displacement of the concept of metaphysics as the rational science that occurs in the Modern Age is identified.

В статье анализируются обстоятельства исчезновения из историографии философии раннего Нового времени исторического феномена схоластической философии и теологии Общества Иисуса, причем показывается, что это исчезновение было параллельным с формированием привычного нам большого нарратива "научной революции" и канона "новой философии" XVII в. в немецкой традиции философской истории философии XVIII-XIX в. Кроме того, демонстрируется значение иезуитов как ведушей образовательной силы Европы XVII в. и описывается тип философии Общества, формирование первых систем - "философских курсов" Общества, а также важность метафизики иезуитов для философского ландшафта всего XVII в.
„The Philosophy of the Jesuits as the lost key element in the scientific landscape of the XVIIth century: On the Insufficiency of traditional image of the history of philosophy and sciences in the Early Modern time”.
The article analyzes the circumstances of disappearance of scholastic philosophy and theology of the Society of Jesus from the historiography of Early Modern philosophy. It shows that this disappearance was parallel with the formation of the familiar narrative of the “scientific revolution” and of the canon of the “new 17th century philosophy” in the German tradition of the philosophical history of philosophy in the XVIII-XIX centuries. In addition, the importance of the Jesuits as the leading educational power of Europe in the 17th century is demonstrated, and the type of philosophy of the Society, the formation of the first systems - the "philosophical courses" of the Society, as well as the importance of the Jesuit metaphysics for the philosophical landscape of the whole XVIIth century is explained.

METAPHYSICA OF A.G. BAUMGARTEN WITHIN THE TRADITION OF THE GERMAN SCHOOL PHILOSOPHY OF THE XVIIIth CENTURY: AN INTRODUCTION. (in Russian)
This article plays a role of introduction to the translation of the Preface and the 1st Chapter of Metaphysica by A.G. Baumgarten. It describes the philosopher’s biography, explicates the scientific genre and the stylistic aspects of this opus. Likewise, it shows the German school philosophy of the XVII — XVIII centuries as the context for the creation and reception of this book. The article contains the Baumgarten’s own Synopsis of the Metaphysica. Besides, some specific features of the treatise in Ontologia have been also analysed.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ПУБЛИКАЦИИ ПЕРЕВОДА ТРАКТАТА ПЕТРА АУРЕОЛИ «О ЕДИНСТВЕ ПОНЯТИЯ СУЩЕГО».
«On the unity of the concept of being» by Peter Aureoli.
Translator’s foreword.
The article is a historiographical introduction to the translation (with commentaries) of the treatise «On the unity of the concept of being» by the Franciscan theologian Peter Aureoli (ca. 1280–1322). It shows the significance of Aureoli within the history of Scholasticism, describes his academic and order biography, outlines his philosophical and theological works, and explicates the genre and style differences between the two versions of his main scholastic Oeuvre, i. e. «Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard»: Scriptum and Reportatio. Besides, the article analyzes the structure of the treatise «On the unity of the concept of being» in the both versions and gives the reasons for the choice of the later Reportatio-version for the translation.

Петр Ауреоли, ОМБ. О единстве понятия сущего. Часть I. Репортация о первой книге Сентенций Петра Ломбардского. Дистинкция 2, часть 1, вопросы 1-3. Перевод с латыни с научными комментариями Иванова В.Л.
This is translation of Petrus Aureoli, OFM. De unitate conceptus entis. Pars I. Reportatio in I Sententiarum. Dist. 2, p. 1, q. 1-3 into Russian. Translation with commentary by V.L. Ivanov.

ЛУИС ДЕ МОЛИНА, ОИ, И НАЧАЛА СХОЛАСТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОЛОГИИ ОБЩЕСТВА ИИСУСА. ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ К ПУБЛИКАЦИИ ПЕРЕВОДА 52-Й ДИСПУТАЦИИ «КОНКОРДИИ».
"Luis de Molina SJ and the beginnings of scholastic theology of the Society of Jesus. Translator’s foreword to the publication of the 52nd Disputation of Concordia".
The article is a historiographical introduction to the translation (with
commentaries) of the 52nd Disputation «Whether in God there is knowledge of future contingents» of the "Concordia" by the Jesuit theologian Luis de Molina (1535–1600). It shows the significance of Molina within the history of posttridentian Scholasticism, describes his academic biography, outlines his philosophical and theological works, explicates the genre and delineates the general scheme of his main scholastic Oeuvre, i. e. «Concordia» (1588). Besides, the article analyzes the structure of the 52nd Disputation and gives the reasons for the choice of this treatise for the translation.

„Philosophia Nov-antiqua“: The “most ancient truth” of the Modern philosophy and the possibility of the new in the knowledge of the School in the 17th century.
This article describes the phenomen of the „philosophia novantiqua“, i.e. the early Cartesians’ search for the consensus with the Aristotelism of the Schools, and analyzes the conditions for its rise and the various forms of its establishment. The article thematizes the manner how Descartes opposes his own philosophy and traditional knowledge, and shows the specifical Cartesian conception of “cognition of principles” as condition for distributing the terms of opposition “old”/“new” in the knowledge between his own and traditional philosophy. Finally, referring to the treatise of the Jesuit philosopher S. Izquierdo (1659), it is proved that the knowledge of the School perfectly admits the novelty as something useful, preferable and necessary, but this novelty is always understood as something that exists within the common tradition of knowledge.

V.L. Ivanov, „“ens, hoc est, cui non repugnat esse“: The Doctrine of John Duns Scotus on the possible being and contradictory „nothing“ in the context of the theological explication of the essence of creature as the object of divine scientia and omnipotentia“.
The article analyzes the concept of possibility constituting the "essentia creaturae" and its function in theological and metaphysical explication of finite essence before the creation in Duns Scotus' question on the ratio impossibilitatis creaturae (Ordinatio I, dist. 43, q. un.) The theological context of distinction between the possible being and impossible nothing in Scotus is explicated and the twofold ratio possibilitatis of creature consisting in the divine intellect and in the formal essence of creature itself is demonstrated.

This is Russian translation (with commentary) of Duns Scotus, Ordinatio I, dist. 43, q. un.; and fragments from: Ordinatio I, dist. 36, q. un.; Ordinatio II, dist. 1, q. 2; Reportatio I-A, dist. 43, q. 1. Translation and commentary by V.L. Ivanov.

Статья является вступлениемм к переводу первых трех разделов из VI "Метафизического рассуждения" Франсиско Суареса. В статье содержатся биографические сведения о Суаресе (1548–1617), сжатая характеристика его философского наследия и замечания
о месте метафизики Суареса в современном ему философском
ландшафте схоластики. Далее кратко обсуждается значение трактата «Метафизические рассуждения» в истории схоластической философской традиции и его структура.
FRANCISCO SUÁREZ. METAPHYSICAL DISPUTATIONS. DISPUTATION VI. ON FORMAL AND UNIVERSAL UNITY. INTRODUCTION TO THE RUSSIAN TRANSLATION. The article provides some biographical information about Suárez (1548–1617), offers a brief description of his philosophical heritage and situates his place in the scholastic philosophical landscape of his time. There then follows a brief discussion of the structure of the “Metaphysical Disputations” (Disputationes Metaphysicae) and its significance in the history of scholastic philosophical tradition.

This is a translation into Russian of the “Disputation VI, sections 1-3” from Francisco Suárez’ “Metaphysical Disputations”. In the sixth Disputation
Suárez analyzes the formal or essential unity of being as well as universal unity. The translation by G. V. Vdovina is accompanied by a commentary by V. L. Ivanov.

Данный текст является по форме фрагментом из переписки автора с А.В. Тимофеенко, а по содержанию размышлением об исторической диспозиции философии в её эпохальном разделении на античность, Средневековье и Новое время. В тексте делается попытка сопоставить школьность и самостоятельность философии как возможные критерии для разделения философских эпох и показывается исключительная значимость самостоятельности для современности, являющейся прямым наследником кантовского просвещённого определения существа мышления.
Vitaly Ivanov. On the Essence of School and Historical Disposition
of Philosophy. This text is a fragment of correspondence between the
author and A.V. Timofeenko in its form, and a reflexion on the
historical disposition of philosophy and on the reasons for epochmaking
divisions (Antiquity, Middle Ages and Modernity) in the
history of philosophy in its meaning. The author tries to contrast the
scholastic and autonomous character of philosophy as the possible
criteria for the epoch-division of philosophy and to determine
the particular importance that the autonomy of thinking has for
Modernity as expressed in the classic formulation of the first axiom
for the enlightened reason by Kant.

Статья является аналитическим и историографическим введением
к публикации перевода на русский язык текстов францисканского
теолога и метафизика Иоанна Дунса Скота, посвященных понятию
формальной дистинкции или формального не-тождества.
В статье показывается важнейшее место, которое занимало обсуждение тринитарной проблематики в схоластической теологии Высокой схоластики, и демонстрируется, что главным мотивом и целью введения Дунсом Скотом понятия «формальной дистинкции» и разработки учения о дистинкциях вообще была попытка разрешить «великую трудность» тринитарной теологии.
Vitaly Ivanov. AT THE ORIGIN OF THE FORMALIST METAPHYSICS OF DISTINCTIONS: THE THEOLOGICAL PURPOSE OF INTRODUCTION OF DISTINCTIO FORMALIS IN THE WORK OF JOHN DUNS SCOTUS, OFM.
This article is an analytical and historiographical introduction to the publication of a Russian translation of the texts by the Franciscan theologian and metaphysician John Duns Scotus, dedicated to the concept of formal distinction or formal non-identity. The article shows that discussion of trinitarian problems took the most important place in the Scholastic theology of the High Scholasticism, and demonstrates that the main motive and purpose of introducing the concept of “formal distinction” by Duns Scotus and of the development of the doctrine of distinctions in general was an attempt to resolve the “great difficulty” of Trinitarian theology. According to Scotus, only the assumption of a distinction between a personal property and an essence in a divine Person is capable of providing a possibility of a consistent understanding of the main article of Christian doctrine — the compatibility of the unity and indivisibility of the divine essence and of the multitude of three Persons really different from each other. Moreover Scotus insists that this distinction should be inherent in the Person “ex natura rei”, i. e. not only be the product of an act of human or even divine intellectus. Further, the article shows the importance of Scotus’s formal distinction for the subsequent scholastic theology. In addition, we single out and characterize the four main argumentative and thematic contexts of Scotus’s use of the concept of “formal distinction” in his works: trinitarian, the context of attribute theology, the constitution of the finite being, and the general metaphysical context. Finally, the article describes the main discussion in the modern studies of Scotus’s doctrine of formal distinction — concerning the degree of reality inherent to the formal distinction, and also gives a short assessment regarding the main topic of this discussion and validity of the positions taken by its main participants.

This is a translation into Russian of texts about the formal distinction in the Trinitarian context by John Duns Scotus, OFM: LECTURA. LIB. I, DIST. 2, P. 2, Q. 1. ORDINATIO. LIB. I, DIST. 2, P. 2, Q. 1. REPORTATIO I-A, DIST. 33, Q. 1. REPORTATIO I-A, DIST. 33, Q. 2. Translation and commentary by V. L. Ivanov.

Статья является переработанной версией доклада, прочитанного на международной конференции о Лейбнице, прошедшей в апреле 2014 г. в Гранаде, Испания. В статье рассматривается рецепция и особенности истолкования и трансформации Лейбницем схоластического учения о вечных истинах и возможных конечных сущностях, бывшего важной частью метафизики и теологии как средневековой, так и современной Лейбницу схоластики. Подчеркивается особая сложность и многообразие схоластических позиций в обсуждении данной проблемы в 17 в. и указывается на тех схоластов, кто мог быть авторами позиции, обсуждаемой Лейбницем в пар. 184 "Теодицеи". Статья написана на немецком.
The article discusses the reception and features of the interpretation and transformation by Leibniz of the scholastic doctrine of "eternal truths" and "possible finite essences", which was an important part of metaphysics and theology of both medieval and contemporary to Leibniz scholasticism. The special complexity and diversity of scholastic positions in the discussion of this problem in the 17th century is emphasized and hypothesis is made about who among the scholastics could be the authors of the position discussed by Leibniz in § 184 of "Theodicy". The article is written in German.