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Juraj Marušiak

Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Political Science, Faculty Member

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Mgr. Juraj Marušiak, PhD. (1970) graduated at Faculty of Philosophy of Comenius University in Bratislava in History – Slovak language and Literature (1994). Since 1996 he works as the research fellow at the Institute of Political Science, Slovak Academy of Sciences, where he in 2003 obtained the PhD. degree. His research is focused on the history of Slovakia of 20th century and on the issues of international relations in the region of Central and Eastern Europe since 1989. In 2002-2003 he finished the Lane Kirkland scholarship in Warsaw (Poland) at Warsaw University, specialization East European Studies. He is an author of several articles in scientific journals and in the newspaper. He is an author of the monograph „Slovenská literatúra a moc v druhej polovici päťdesiatych rokov“ (Slovak Literature and the Power in the second half of the 50´s; Brno, Prius 2001) and co-author of the monograph "(Dez)integračná sila stredoeurópskeho nacionalizmu" (The (Dis)integration Power of Central European Nationalism: A Study of the Visegrad Group Countries; Bratislava, Comenius University 2015).
Supervisors: PhD. - supervisor PhDr. Jozef Jablonický, DrSc. and Mgr. - supervisor PhDr. Ľubomír Gašpierik, CSc.

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232 Papers
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Papers by Juraj Marušiak

Presidential election in Slovakia: polarization continues

AuthLIB, 2024

MARUŠIAK, Juraj. Presidential election in Slovakia: polarization continues. In AuthLIB : neo-auth... more MARUŠIAK, Juraj. Presidential election in Slovakia: polarization continues. In AuthLIB : neo-authoritarianisms in Europe and the liberal democratic response [elektronický dokument], 17.4.2024, non. p. https://www.authlib.eu/presidential-election-slovakia-polarization-continues/

POLITICAL AND CLASS RELIABILITY SCREENING 1957-1958 IN SLOVAKIA: AN ELEMENT OF FORCED SOCIAL MOBILITY

Historický časopis, vol. 72, issue 4, 2024

The 1958 political and class reliability screenings took place against the backdrop of the renewa... more The 1958 political and class reliability screenings took place against the backdrop of the renewal of repressive policy pursued by the CPC leadership. Their course in Slovakia, so far not explored in detail, is studied mainly in the context of building new executive elites loyal to the post-1948 political regime. Based on the research into the CPC archival documents, we can surmise that, in addition to cases of espionage in state bodies revealed in 1957, the screenings were prompted by general distrust of members of the pre-1948 middle classes and executive elites or their descendants. This distrust grew following the suppression of attempts to liberalise the communist regime in Czechoslovakia and political unrest in Poland and Hungary in 1956, seen by the CP leadership as part of conspiracy by the regimes enemies. One of the reasons behind the purges was an effort of the so-called new intelligentsia, i.e. new executive elites recruited from the workers and peasants backgrounds after 1948 despite not meeting the relevant qualification criteria, to restore their power positions, which had been shaken by the liberalisation of cadre policy in the mid-1950s. Apart from the political and class reliability screenings in state offices, purges were also conducted in other departments. These were primarily concerned with the pre-1948 activities of those under scrutiny and their class origin. In Slovakia, added to the above issues was the employees' relationship to so-called Slovak bourgeois nationalism, the campaign against which was renewed in the autumn of 1956. The screenings were the last mass purge before the onset of 'normalisation' of 1969-1970; its impact on society was mitigated by the political liberalisation in Czechoslovakia after 1963.

Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and its impact on the energy cooperation of Visegrad Group countries

EU energy and climate policy after COVID-19 and the invasion of Ukraine : decarbonisation and security in transition. Eds. Mišík, Matúš - Figulová, Andrea, 2025

This chapter deals with the consequences of the Russian aggression against Ukraine on the Visegra... more This chapter deals with the consequences of the Russian aggression against Ukraine on the Visegrad Group countries’ cooperation within EU energy policy. It views the V4 as a flexible, complex, and multidimensional structure that allows broader alliances to be built in the CEE region and at the EU level. V4 cooperation in energy policy focuses on two dimensions – the security of supply of energy raw materials, particularly natural gas, and a response to the EU’s green transition. Cooperation with EU institutions over the construction of a network of gas pipelines linking Central and Eastern European countries has been intensive, but the V4 response to the green transition has been rather restrained. The V4 states have all reacted to Russia’s open war against Ukraine, which started in 2022, differently, and this has caused the intensity of cooperation in other areas, including energy, to weaken. One consequence of the depoliticization of the Visegrad Cooperation is its fragmentation and deprioritization. This chapter’s analysis draws primarily on Visegrad Group documents, statements made by representatives of Visegrad Group countries, and EU documents.

The Retributive Justice in Czechoslovakia after WWII and its Impact on Bilateral Relations between Slovakia and Hungary between 1993 and 2023 – The Case of the “Beneš Decrees” (p. 63-92)

Collective Guilt in Central Europe after the Second World War and Now, ed. Iván Gyurcsík, 2024

The topic of the article is the role of the so-called Beneš Decrees in the formation of bilateral... more The topic of the article is the role of the so-called Beneš Decrees in the formation of bilateral relations between Slovakia and Hungary, as well as between Slovakia and the members of the local Hungarian minority after 1993. In addition to traditional actors, such as, according to Rogers Brubaker, members of national minorities, their “external homeland” and the country in which they live, these relations are also influenced by integration processes and the action of international institutions, nowadays especially the EU. The EU’s current position is that it regards the resolution of past issues as an internal matter for its member states or for bilateral resolution between individual states. The article points to the fact that although the joint action of Slovakia and Hungary in the EU and in the Visegrád Group has long contributed to the diminishing relevance of controversial issues of the common past, it is the integration processes that may contribute to their re-escalation in the short term. The differentiated expectations of EU membership also affect the quality of bilateral relations of its member states. The relevance of research on post-1993 Slovak–Hungarian relations, based primarily on legal norms but also on statements by representatives of the political elites of both Slovakia and Hungary, has an increasing relevance in the context of the forthcoming further enlargement of the EU to include the states of Southeastern Europe and the former USSR.

Co-ethnic Migration of Vojvodina Slovaks to Slovakia: Institutional Frameworks and Everyday Practices of Interaction

by Sanja Zlatanović and Juraj Marušiak

Nationalities Papers, 2025

In this article, we explore intra-ethnic aspects of co-ethnic migration by members of the Slovak ... more In this article, we explore intra-ethnic aspects of co-ethnic migration by members of the Slovak community from Serbia to Slovakia, both at the institutional level and at the level of intra-ethnic relations, and the boundaries between migrants and the established population. In the first part, we focus on the institutional framework of co-ethnic migration: the politicization of diaspora issues in Slovakia, the Slovak community in Serbia in the hierarchy of Slovakia's diaspora policy, and co-ethnic relations as a subject of negotiations. In the second part, we investigate the role of language in co-ethnic migration, the situation of nonrecognition by co-ethnics in Slovakia, intra-ethnic boundary-making in everyday interactions, and the consequences of migration on intra-ethnic relations among those members of the community who did not migrate. We thus analyze the ongoing migration of the Slovaks of Vojvodina from Serbia into Slovakia, from the early 1990s onward, through a blend of perspectives "from above" and "from below." This article is based on extensive fieldwork conducted among members of the Vojvodina Slovak community, both migrants and nonmigrants who have remained in Vojvodina. Thus, the sending country (Serbia) and the receiving country (Slovakia) represent one research field. The data collected in the field have been complemented by legal documents and statistical data to gain an overview of the wider social and political structures within which the migration is taking place.

Die Slowakei auf dem Weg zu einer konsolidierten Demokratie? Entwicklungen ab 1998 im Kontext des EU-Beitritts

Das politische System der SlowakeiAstrid LorenzDirk Dalberg Hrsg.Konstante Kurswechsel in der Mitte Europas. Editors: Astrid Lorenz, Dirk Dalberg, 2023

Gegenstand des Beitrages ist die politische Entwicklung der Slowakei nach den Parlamentswahlen 19... more Gegenstand des Beitrages ist die politische Entwicklung der Slowakei nach den Parlamentswahlen 1998, die die Niederlage von Vladimír Mečiar und den von der Bewegung für eine demokratische Slowakei (HZDS) geführten Regierungen markierten. Der Beitrag untersucht zunächst den Prozess der demokratischen Konsolidierung im Zeitraum von 1998 bis 2008. Ebenso befasst er sich mit dem Phänomen der durch die globale Finanzkrise im Jahr 2008 ausgelöste Polykrise. Die nachfolgenden Jahre waren durch eine widersprüchliche Dynamik gekennzeichnet, in der Modernisierungsprozesse von De-Modernisierungspraktiken begleitet werden. Insbesondere seit dem Jahr 2020, dem Jahr des Ausbruchs der Covid-19-Pandemie, lässt sich von einer zunehmenden Instabilität der slowakischen Innenpolitik sprechen.

Slovakia’s National Interests and Slovak-Russian Bilateral Relations in the Context of the Ukrainian Crisis

SEEKING THE NATIONAL INTEREST Slovakia after 15 Years of EU and NATO Accession. Ed. Brlhlíková, Radoslava. Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag 2019, 2019

What is Slovakia’s “National Interest” and Where is it Created - In Lieu of an Introduction

Seeking the National Interest : Slovakia after 15 Years of EU and NATO Accession. Ed.: Radoslava Brhlíková, 2019

MARUŠIAK, Juraj. What is Slovakia’s “National Interest” and Where is it Created? In Lieu of an In... more MARUŠIAK, Juraj. What is Slovakia’s “National Interest” and Where is it Created? In Lieu of an Introduction. In Seeking the National Interest : Slovakia after 15 Years of EU and NATO Accession. - Stuttgart : ibidem-Verlag, 2019, p. 1-26. ISBN 978-3-8382-1417-7.

Slovakia and North Macedonia: A Comparison of Experiences in Resolving Neighbourly Disputes

Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, 2023

The aim of the present article is to compare the experiences of Slovakia and North Macedonia – co... more The aim of the present article is to compare the experiences of Slovakia and North Macedonia – countries with similar path of problematic nation-state formation and at the same time to identify to what extent Slovakia’s experience in improving relations with its neighbors can serve as an example of “good practice” for North Macedonia. In the case of Slovakia and North Macedonia, which have been chosen as the subject of comparative research, it is possible to speak of the existence of a number of “unresolved” problems in relations with neighboring states, which they have to face as newly “nationalizing” states. In the case of Slovakia, bilateral relations with Hungary are key, in the case of North Macedonia, relations with Greece and Bulgaria. The following research question is, what role the factor of Europeanization of internal and foreign policy played in this case.

Snap elections to the parliament 2023 – will Slovakia follow in the footsteps of Poland and Hungary? Academic conference, 30 November 2023. Book of abstracts

by Juraj Marušiak and Petra Grigelová

Predčasné parlamentné voľby 2023 - pôjde Slovensko cestou Poľska a Maďarska? Vedecká konferencia ... more Predčasné parlamentné voľby 2023 - pôjde Slovensko cestou Poľska a Maďarska? Vedecká konferencia

"Snap elections to the parliament 2023 - will Slovakia follow in the footsteps of Poland and Hungary? Academic conference

30. novembra 2023/ 30 November 2023

Medzi Slovenskom, Juhosláviou a Srbskom – obraz vojvodinskej slovenskej komunity v slovenských a srbských politických naráciách v 19. – 21. storočí

by Juraj Marušiak and Sanja Zlatanović

SLOVENSKÁ LITERATÚRA - Slovak Literature: Journal for Literary Studies, vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 615-639, 2023

Title: Between Slovakia, Yugoslavia, and Serbia – The image of the Vojvodina Slovak community in ... more Title: Between Slovakia, Yugoslavia, and Serbia – The image of the Vojvodina Slovak community in Slovak and Serbian political narratives in the 19th – 21st century

The article examines the dynamics of the formation of the image of the Slovak community in Vojvodina in Slovak and Serbian political narratives from the 19th century to the present. It focuses on how its differences manifest in the (Czecho-)Slovak and Yugoslav (Serbian) context. The first part of the article explores the nationalising processes among the members of the Slovak community in present-day Vojvodina from the 19th century till the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire. The following parts are devoted to the position of the Slovak minority in Vojvodina in the conditions of the Yugoslav state in the interwar period, as well as its relations with the Czechoslovak Republic. The article also deals with the position of this community during the Second World War, in socialist Yugoslavia and after its dissolution in the early 1990s in the context of inter-state relations, but also the dynamics of intra-ethnic interactions. The paper draws on the symbolic interactionism approach, i.e. the shaping of mutual perceptions along and across ethnic boundaries and through intra-ethnic integration and differentiation practices.

Slovakia: Emergence of an Old-New Pseudo-Pan-Slavism in the Context of the Conflict Between Russia and Ukraine After 2014

Pan-Slavism and Slavophilia in Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe. Eds. Mikhail Suslov, Marek Čejka, Vladimir Ðorđević. Palgrave Macmillan 2023., pp. 329-355., 2023

This chapter analyses the phenomenon of Pan-Slavism in Slovakia after 1989. The subject of the an... more This chapter analyses the phenomenon of Pan-Slavism in Slovakia after 1989. The subject of the analysis are two waves of Slavophilic sentiment, the first during the third government of Vladimír Mečiar (1994–1998), the next after the outbreak of conflict in Ukraine in 2014. Pan-Slavism is discussed in the context of its intersection with other ideological discourses. Its characteristic features can be defined as anti-Westernism, illiberalism and conservatism. It is an instrumental part of the pro-Russian agenda also among part of the left-wing spectrum. It has become an identitarian and civilisationalist response to integration and globalisation processes in Europe, based on the linguistic and cultural proximity of the Slavic nations. After 1989, Pan-Slavism in Slovakia can be characterised as an orientation towards close cooperation with the Russian Federation.

Ukraine as a Reflection of Slovakia’s Self-Identification in International Politics

Schäffer, Sebastian (ed.). Ukraine in Central and Eastern Europe : Kyiv's Foreign Affairs and the International Relations of the Post-Communist Region, 2022

* While the Editorial Committee and Advisory Board support the General Editor in the choice and i... more * While the Editorial Committee and Advisory Board support the General Editor in the choice and improvement of manuscripts for publication, responsibility for remaining errors and misinterpretations in the series' volumes lies with the books' authors.

Skutki społeczne pandemii COVID-19 w Republice Słowackiej [Social consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Slovak Republic]

by Juraj Marušiak and Michał Lubicz Miszewski

Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej” 20(2022), no. 3, pp. 61-96, Dec 2022

The article’s main objective is to present the social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Slov... more The article’s main objective is to present the social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Slovak Republic. It describes its course (from March 2020 to April 2022) and the legal regulations introduced at that time to limit its impact. The most critical demonstrations against restrictions to prevent the spread of the coronavirus are described. Special attention is paid to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the education system and the function ing of churches and religious associations. The analysis uses mainly articles from Slovak Internet portals, but also is based on the public opinion polls conducted during the pandemic (2020-2022). According to the authors, the anti-pandemic measures taken by the Slovak authorities are characterised by a restrictive approach, which contributed to a deepening of social divisions. As a result, public support for them and vaccination was relatively low, and Slovakia is one of the countries with the lowest percentage of vaccinated people in the European Union.

Slovenská komunita v Srbsku v kontexte politických a socioekonomických zmien po roku 1989 [Slovak Community in Serbia in the Context of Political and Socio-Economic Changes after 1989]

by Juraj Marušiak and Sanja Zlatanović

Marušiak, Juraj & Sanja Zlatanović. 2022. Slovenská komunita v Srbsku v kontexte politických a socioekonomických zmien po roku 1989. In Stará Pazova v premenách času (Miroslav Kmeť, Patrik Kunec, eds.). Banská Bystrica: Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Mateja Bela, pp. 92–113. ISBN 978-80-557-1957-3, 2022

The aim of this article is to analyze an impact of political and socio-economic changes after 198... more The aim of this article is to analyze an impact of political and socio-economic changes after 1989 on the Slovak community members of Serbia. Serbia, as well as Slovakia, underwent a painful post-communist transformation, however, both countries adopted a different path of reforms. In 2004, Slovakia joined European Union, whereas Serbia received a status of EU-candidate state only in 2012. Because of an economic growth and decline of unemployment rate, Slovakia became an attractive target of labor migrations from Serbia, including Slovak community members from Serbian province of Vojvodina. The political changes in Serbia in 1990 and after 2000 improved the political rights of the Slovak minority members, however, the economic situation contributed to the acceleration of the de-population of the areas inhabited by Slovaks of Vojvodina.

Eastern policy of the Slovak Republic — the end of an era

Brezáni, P. (ed.). YEARBOOK OF SLOVAKIA’S FOREIGN POLICY 2021. , 2022

of-law-in-slovakia-meps-carried-out-a-monitoring-visit (accessed on January 13, 2022). 12 "EP del... more of-law-in-slovakia-meps-carried-out-a-monitoring-visit (accessed on January 13, 2022). 12 "EP delegation: Slovak government must do more to improve inclusion of disadvantaged communities," Press release, European Parliament, November 5, 2021. Available online: . europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20211029IPR16216/slovak-government-must-do-more-for-inclusion-of-disadvantaged-communities (accessed on January 13, 2022). / YEARBOOK OF SLOVAKIA'S FOREIGN POLICY 2021 --The year of the Conference on the Future of Europe and... / 27 the roadshow, the Foreign Ministry organized a series of discussions with students in schools (the "Back to school" initiative), focusing the CoFoE activities on Slovak youth involvement. The second of the two main pillars of the Slovak CoFoE was the National Convention on the EU. These expert roundtables were first set up for Slovakia's EU accession process. They will help generate analyses and recommendations to help develop official Slovak positions on specific EU policies and its future vision of the EU. In 2021, the National Convention meetings were organized under the auspices of the foreign minister and based around the Concept of the Conference on the Future of Europe, 22 with around 16 topics up for consideration. Four (Digital and Green Transition; Disinformation and Populism; Single Market; Slovakia and the EU in a Global Context) were assigned to expert working groups for discussion at meetings in the eight Slovak regions organized in cooperation with the Slovak Foreign Policy Association (SFPA). The remaining topics were assigned to relevant ministries. Apart from the roadshow, the National Convention and discussions with students, there were various one-off events and debates. The regional Europe Direct offices as well as other organizations were involved in the arrangements. However, there may be problems with citizen participation at the CoFoE events organized in Slovakia. During the roadshow in August 2021, 550 questionnaires were collected, 23 which does not seem much, nor is it a representative sample of the 5.5 million inhabitants. Moreover we have yet to see the recommendations by Slovak experts as part of the National Convention as they had not been released by the end of 2021. Focusing on participation in the official CoFoE online platform, by November 2021 there had been 364 contributions 24 in total. Slovakia had 67 contributions per million inhabitants, placing it approximately in the middle of the other EU member states (Poland had the lowest number with 14 and Malta 22 "Koncepcia Konferencie o budúcnosti Európy v Slovenskej republike," [Concept of the Con-

Political science in Slovakia and the Covid-19 pandemics

In: Żukowski, Arkadiusz – Hartliński, Maciej – Haček, Miro (eds.). Political Science in Central Europe in the Time of Pandemic. Olsztyn : Institute of Political Science, University of Warmia and Mazury 2021, pp. 69-83. ISBN 978-83-66259-34-8 (hardback); 978-83-66259-33-1 (e-book)., 2021

How to manage political science in Central Europe in the time of pandemic? 7 to distance learning... more How to manage political science in Central Europe in the time of pandemic? 7 to distance learning took place immediately. On the other hand, for example, in Poland, classes were initially suspended for two weeks, and only after that remote learning was implemented "step-by-step." Moreover, different solutions were employed in an attempt to return to in-person teaching in October 2021. In Poland, regular education was then started, and when a case of infection is detected, individual groups of students switch to distance learning. In Czechia, for instance, education in the hybrid system began immediately, which, in this case, means that classes are held at the university's premises, but are simultaneously broadcast online, which results in approximately 30% of students participating in-person in such classes. The internationalization of research and education was perhaps the greatest challenge with limited travel opportunities and closed campuses. It is visible in the drastic decrease in the number of foreign students and trainees. Opportunities for participating in student and research mobility programmes are now severely affected. All political scientists employed at universities faced technical obstacles as well as subject-matter-related difficulties. It seems that the greatest challenge everywhere was to adapt the content and teaching methods to distance learning. From the lecturer's point of view, the lack of interaction with students and many hours of talking in front of a monitor screen was particularly burdensome, which increased both mental and physical fatigue manifold. The advantages of online education certainly include the emergence of new research areas, but also a completely new approach to classic studies on parties or elections, as they are now seen from the pandemic perspective. Forced computerization and informatization resulted in a significant increase in the skills and proficiency in using software dedicated to distance learning. Managing research and education during a pandemic, as well as maintaining a balance between attempts to return to normal life and the health and safety of students and teachers, are extremely challenging tasks. It is not easy to identify which solutions are most effective. However, it can certainly be said that guidelines for the functioning of universities are created on three levels: national, university and faculty. The changing dynamics of the virus forces executives at various levels to take difficult and unpopular decisions. The benefits and difficulties outlined above are thoroughly presented and analysed in each of the chapters. The editors believe that getting acquainted with them will allow readers to understand the specificity of solutions implemented in each country much better. Preliminary results and the ongoing pandemic en-References

'Slovak, not Brussels Social Democracy'. Europeanization/De-Europeanization and the Ideological Development of Smer-SD Before 2020 Parliamentary Elections in Slovakia

Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science, Feb 28, 2021

This paper is focused on the evolution of the ideology of Smer - Social Democracy (Smer-SD) party... more This paper is focused on the evolution of the ideology of Smer - Social Democracy (Smer-SD) party and its positions on European integration before the political elections in Slovakia in February 2020. As the ‘social-democratization’ of Smer-SD was the result of party’s Europeanization, the article explores the dimensions of de-Europeanization in the politics of this party in 2017–2020. Since 2006, Smer-SD has occupied a dominant position among political parties in Slovakia. However, a substantive decline in the electoral support of the party took place after 2016. Smer-SD faced a significant political challenge during the political crisis after the assassination of the journalist Ján Kuciak and his fiancée Martina Kušnírová in February 2018. The result was the resignation of Prime Minister Robert Fico. The appointment of party vice chairman Peter Pellegrini as Prime Minister created a new situation within the party, as for the first time the positions of Prime Minister and head of the party were separated. The political crisis in 2018 revealed the presence of internal conflicts within the party and the weakening of the authority of its chairman, Robert Fico. The establishment of two centres of power within the party resulted in competition between Fico and Pellegrini and, finally, in June 2020, a split, as Pellegrini announced the founding of a new political party.

Between the “Gentle Revolution” and the Independent State (1990–1992). Two Dimensions of Democratic Change in Slovakia

Abraham, Florin (ed.). 1989 Annus Mirabilis. Three Decades After: Desires, Achievements, Future. Bucharest: Comunicare.ro 2020., 2020

Marušiak, Juraj. Between the “Gentle Revolution” and the Independent State (1990–1992). Two Dimen... more Marušiak, Juraj. Between the “Gentle Revolution” and the Independent State (1990–1992). Two Dimensions of Democratic Change in Slovakia. In Abraham, Florin (ed.). 1989 Annus Mirabilis. Three Decades After: Desires, Achievements, Future. Bucharest: Comunicare.ro 2020, p. 139-164.

Slovakia as a Safe Country – The Perspective of the Slovak Community Members of Vojvodina

by Juraj Marušiak and Sanja Zlatanović

Slovenský národopis - Slovak Ethnology, 2020

This article explores the current migration of the Slovak community members of Serbia to Slovakia... more This article explores the current migration of the Slovak community members of Serbia to Slovakia, focusing on their perception of safety and risk, in the period since 1990 when the post-Communist transition began both in Serbia and Slovakia. The authors attempt to analyse how the members of the given community, who migrated to Slovakia during the reference period, perceive Slovakia today from the point of view of their safety, understood as the search for freedom from threats. They focus on individual safety factors (life, health, status, wealth and freedom). After 1990, Slovakia became not only a country left by migrants, but also a country of destination for migrants. One such migrant group is the members of Slovak communities abroad, in particular Serbia, Romania and Ukraine. The first wave of migration of Slovaks from Serbia took place in the early 1990s in connection with the violent ethnic conflicts in former Yugoslavia, and the next one as a result of the global financial crisis in 2008, which intensified after 2015. The main push factors of the migration of Vojvodina Slovaks to Slovakia in the 1990s included attempts to avoid mobilisation and participation in combat operations; after 2008, the key role was played primarily by material issues which they perceived as an existential threat to themselves and to their families. The main pull factor in favour of choosing Slovakia comprise of the relatively small administrative barriers and linguistic proximity. While our interlocutors regarded their concerns about the impacts of the 1990s war conflicts as short-term threats, they perceived the social impacts of the economic transition and uncontrolled global financial crisis after 2008 as long-term or even permanent threats. In this context, they consider Slovakia a safe country. The article is based on extensive multi-sited fieldwork – in-depth interviews with the members of the community – and on other available sources (legal documents, statistical data, media, etc.).

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