Papers by Bassim H Hameed
Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020
Chitosan and chitin are categorized as low cost, renewable and eco-friendly biopolymers. However,... more Chitosan and chitin are categorized as low cost, renewable and eco-friendly biopolymers. However, they have low mechanical properties and unfavorable pore properties in terms of low surface area and total pore volume that limit their adsorption application. Many studies have shown that such weaknesses can be avoided by preparation of composites with carbonaceous materials from these biopolymers. This article provides a systematic review on the preparation of chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites. Commonly used carbonaceous materials such as activated carbon, biochar, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and graphene to prepare composites are discussed. The application of chitosan/chitin-carbonaceous material composites for the adsorption of various water pollutants, and the regeneration and reusability of adsorbents are also included. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for the adsorbents applied for the adsorption of water pollutants are summarized.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020
Epichlorohydrin crosslinked chitosan/carbon–clay (CSCC) biohybrid adsorbent was prepared for the ... more Epichlorohydrin crosslinked chitosan/carbon–clay (CSCC) biohybrid adsorbent was prepared for the adsorption of cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic azo acid blue 29 (AB 29). The 40:60 wt% of chitosan (CS) and carbon–clay (CC) was selected as the best biohybrid adsorbent (CS40CC60) for the adsorption of both dyes. The adsorption of MB and AB 29 on CS40CC60 was carried out in a batch process to investigate the effects of initial dye concentration (25–400 mg/L), initial pH (3−11), contact time and adsorption temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C). The kinetics results of dyes adsorption onto CS40CC60 fit well to the pseudo-second-order model. The isotherms analysis demonstrated that the Freundlich isotherm described the adsorption data, and the qmax (mg/g) were 95.31 for MB and 167.35 for AB29 at 50 °C. These findings reveal the potential and effectiveness of the newly prepared biohybrid adsorbent for the adsorption of both dyes.
Bioresource Technology, 2012
Wood sawdust was converted into a high-quality activated carbon (WSAC) via microwave-induced K 2 ... more Wood sawdust was converted into a high-quality activated carbon (WSAC) via microwave-induced K 2 CO 3 activation. The operational variables including chemical impregnation ratio, microwave power and irradiation time on the carbon yield and adsorption capability were identified. The surface physical characteristics of WSAC were examined by pore structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The adsorptive behavior of WSAC was quantified using methylene blue as model dye compound. The best conditions resulted in activated carbon with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 423.17 mg/g and carbon yield of 80.75%. The BET surface area, Langmuir surface area and total pore volume were corresponded to 1496.05 m 2 /g, 2245.53 m 2 /g and 0.864 cm 3 /g, respectively. The findings support the potential to prepare high surface area and mesoporous activated carbon from wood sawdust by microwave assisted chemical activation.
In this study, advanced oxidation process utilizing Fenton's reagent was investigated for degrada... more In this study, advanced oxidation process utilizing Fenton's reagent was investigated for degradation of malachite green (MG). The effects of different reaction parameters such as the initial MG concentration, initial pH, the initial hydrogen peroxide concentration, the initial ferrous concentration and the reaction temperature on the oxidative degradation of MG have been investigated. The optimal reacting conditions were experimentally found to be pH 3.40, initial hydrogen peroxide concentration = 0.50 mM and initial ferrous concentration = 0.10 mM for initial MG concentration of 20 mg/L at 30 • C. Under optimal conditions, 99.25% degradation efficiency of dye in aqueous solution was achieved after 60 min of reaction.
The present study explores the viability of microwave irradiation for the preparation of activate... more The present study explores the viability of microwave irradiation for the preparation of activated carbon (OPAC) from oil palm fiber, abundantly available from the oil palm processing industries. The activation process was performed at the microwave power of 360 W and irradiation time of 5 min. The BET surface area, pore volume and average pore size of OPAC were 707.79 m 2 /g, 0.3805 m 3 /g and 22.11Å, respectively. The monolayer adsorption capacity of OPAC for methylene blue was 312.5 mg/g. The finding provides a strong evidence to support the potential use of microwave heating as an alternative activation technique.
The decolorization of Acid Red 1 (AR1) in aqueous solution was investigated by Fenton-like proces... more The decolorization of Acid Red 1 (AR1) in aqueous solution was investigated by Fenton-like process. The effect of different reaction parameters such as different iron ions loading on rice husk ash (RHA), dosage of catalyst, initial pH, the initial hydrogen peroxide concentration ([H 2 O 2 ] o), the initial concentration of AR1 ([AR1] o) and the reaction temperature on the decolorization of AR1 was studied. The optimal reacting conditions were found to be 0.070 wt.% of iron (III) oxide loading on RHA, dosage of catalyst = 5.0 g L −1 , initial pH = 2.0, [H 2 O 2 ] o = 8 mM, [AR1] o = 50 mg L −1 at temperature 30 • C. Under optimal condition, 96% decolorization efficiency of AR1 was achieved within 120 min of reaction.
This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of two types of activated carbons (ACs), NOR... more This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of two types of activated carbons (ACs), NORIT Granular Activated Carbon (NAC 1240) and NORIT Granular Activated Carbon 010 (NAC 010), for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions. The study was carried out under batch mode at different initial concentrations (10-60 mg/I) and at temperature of 30°C. The adsorption isotherm parameters for the LangmUir and Freundlich models were determined using the adsorption data. It was found that both the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms described well the adsorption behavior of phenol on NAC 010, while the Freundlich isotherm described very well the adsorption of phenol on NAC 1240.
Transesterification of vegetable oil with different acid contents into FAME. Best conditions from... more Transesterification of vegetable oil with different acid contents into FAME. Best conditions from the reaction of vegetable oils with different acid contents. The synthesized catalyst was feasible for high-and low-acid-content oil. The properties of both products confirmed the standard requirements. Keywords: Calcium–lanthanum–aluminum catalyst Crude palm oil Karanj oil Fatty acid methyl ester Transesterification a b s t r a c t The synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from the high-and low-acid-content feedstock of crude palm oil (CPO) and karanj oil (KO) was conducted over CaO–La 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 mixed-oxide catalyst. Various reaction parameters were investigated using a batch reactor to identify the best reaction condition that results in the highest FAME yield for each type of oil. The transesterification of CPO resulted in a 97.81% FAME yield with the process conditions of 170 °C reaction temperature, 15:1 DMC-to-CPO molar ratio, 180 min reaction time, and 10 wt.% catalyst loading. The transesterification of KO resulted in a 96.77% FAME yield with the conditions of 150 °C reaction temperature, 9:1 DMC-to-KO molar ratio, 180 min reaction time, and 5 wt.% catalyst loading. The properties of both products met the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard requirements. The above results showed that the CaO–La 2 O 3 –Al 2 O 3 mixed-oxide catalyst was suitable for high-and low-acid-content vegetable oil.
In this work, the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on activated carbon derive... more In this work, the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on activated carbon derived from date stones (DSAC) was studied with respect to pH and initial 2,4-D concentration. The experimental data were analyzed by the Freundlich isotherm, the Langmuir isotherm, and the Temkin isotherm. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 238.10 mg/g. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics models were tested with the experimental data, and pseudo-first-order kinetics was the best for the adsorption of 2,4-D by DSAC with coefficients of correlation R 2 ≥ 0.986 for all initial 2,4-D concentrations studied. The results indicated that the DSAC is very effective for the adsorption of 2,4-D from aqueous solutions.
A critical review on the advancements in sol–gel method of doping TiO2 photocatalysts is provided... more A critical review on the advancements in sol–gel method of doping TiO2 photocatalysts is provided.
Various sol–gel and related systems of doping were considered, ranging from co-doping, transition metal
ions doping, rare earth metal ions doping to other metals and non-metals ions doping of TiO2. The results
available showed that doping TiO2 with transition metal ions usually resulted in a hampered efficiency of
the TiO2 photocatalyst, though in some few cases, enhancements of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2
were recorded by doping it with some transition metal ions. In most cases, co-doping of TiO2 increases
the efficiency of its photocatalytic activity. The review reveals that there are some elemental ions that
cannot be used to dope TiO2 because of their negative effects on the photocatalytic activity of the
catalyst, while others must be used with caution as their doping will create minimal or no impacts on the
TiO2 photocatalytic efficiency
Water scarcity and pollution rank equal to climate change as the most urgent environmental turmoi... more Water scarcity and pollution rank equal to climate change as the most urgent environmental turmoil for the 21st century. To date, the percolation of textile effluents into the waterways and aquifer systems, remain an intricate conundrum abroad the nations. With the renaissance of activated carbon, there has been a steadily growing interest in the research field. Recently, the adoption of titanium dioxide, a prestigious advanced photo-catalyst which formulates the new growing branch of activated carbon composites for enhancement of adsorption rate and discoloration capacity, has attracted stern consideration and supports worldwide. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state of art review of titanium dioxide/activated carbon composites technology, its fundamental background studies, and environmental implications. Moreover, its major challenges together with the future expectation are summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbons composites material represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the plausible improvement of environmental conservation.
Activated carbon derived from rattan sawdust (ACR) was evaluated for its ability to remove phenol... more Activated carbon derived from rattan sawdust (ACR) was evaluated for its ability to remove phenol from an aqueous solution in a batch process. Equilibrium studies were conducted in the range of 25–200 mg/L initial phenol concentrations, 3–10 solution pH and at temperature of 30 • C. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm models. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 149.25 mg/g. The dimensionless separation factor R L revealed the favorable nature of the isotherm of the phenol-activated carbon system. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best described the adsorption process. The results proved that the prepared activated carbon was an effective adsorbent for removal of phenol from aqueous solution.
The adsorption characteristics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) on activated carbon prepared from o... more The adsorption characteristics of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) on activated carbon prepared from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) were evaluated. The effects of TCP initial concentration, agitation time, solution pH and temperature on TCP adsorption were investigated. TCP adsorption uptake was found to increase with increase in initial concentration, agitation time and solution temperature whereas adsorption of TCP was more favourable at acidic pH. The adsorption equilibrium data were best represented by the Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherms. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The mechanism of the adsorption process was determined from the intraparticle diffusion model. Boyd plot revealed that the adsorption of TCP on the activated carbon was mainly governed by particle diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (H •), standard entropy (S •), standard free energy (G •) and activation energy were determined. The regeneration efficiency of the spent activated carbon was high, with TCP desorption of 99.6%.
Removal of acid green 25 (AG25) dye onto activated palm ash from aqueous solutions was investigat... more Removal of acid green 25 (AG25) dye onto activated palm ash from aqueous solutions was investigated. Experiments were carried out as function of contact time, initial concentration (50–600 mg/L), pH (2–12) and temperature (30–50 • C). The equilibrium adsorption data of AG25 dye on activated palm ash were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results indicate that the Freundlich model provides the best correlation of the experimental data. The adsorption capacities of the activated palm ash for removal of AG25 dye was determined with the Langmuir equation and found to be 123.4, 156.3 and 181.8 mg/g at 30, 40, and 50 • C, respectively. Adsorption data were modeled using the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion kinetics equations. It was shown that pseudo-second-order kinetic equation could best describe the adsorption kinetics. Isotherms have also been used to obtain the thermodynamic parameters such as free energy, enthalpy and entropy of adsorption. The positive value of the enthalpy change (26.64 kJ/mol) indicates that the adsorption is endothermic process. The results indicate that activated palm ash is suitable as adsorbent material for adsorption of AG25 dye from aqueous solutions.
Activated carbon prepared from non-wood forest product waste (rattan sawdust) has been utilized a... more Activated carbon prepared from non-wood forest product waste (rattan sawdust) has been utilized as the adsorbent for the removal of meth-ylene blue dye from an aqueous solution. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir model with maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 294.14 mg/g. The dimensionless factor, R L revealed the favorable nature of the isotherm of the dyeeactivated carbon system. The rates of adsorption were found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetics with good correlation. The kinetic parameters of this best-fit model were calculated and the results are discussed.
In this work, activated carbon was prepared from bamboo waste by chemical activation method using... more In this work, activated carbon was prepared from bamboo waste by chemical activation method using
phosphoric acid as activating agent. The activated carbon was evaluated for chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and color reduction of a real textile mill effluent. A maximum reduction in color and COD of
91.84% and 75.21%, respectively was achieved. As a result, the standard B discharge limit of color and
COD under the Malaysian Environmental Quality act 1974 was met. The Freundlich isotherm model was
found best to describe the obtained equilibrium adsorption data at 30 ◦C. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area, total pore volume and the average pore diameter were 988.23 m2/g, 0.69 cm3/g and
2.82 nm, respectively. Various functional groups on the prepared bamboo activated carbon (BAC) were
determined from the FTIR results.
Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and carbofuran usin... more Adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and carbofuran using
commercial granular activated carbon, Filtersorb 300 (GAC F300) were studied in a batch system with
respect to initial concentration of 2,4-D and carbofuran. The Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models
were applied to the equilibrium data of 2,4-D and carbofuran adsorption. Observed results showed that the
equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir equilibrium model in the studied concentration range of 2,4-D
and carbofuran. The monolayer adsorption capacities of GAC F300 were 181.82 and 96.15 mg/g for 2,4-D and
carbofuran, respectively. Two simplified models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic, were
used to test the adsorption kinetics of 2, 4-D and carbofuran on GAC F300. The data was best fitted to the
pseudo-second-order kinetic model
Developments in activated functionalized carbons and their applications in water decontamination: a review
Desalination and Water Treatment, 2014
ABSTRACT Extremely high surface area, porosity, and other surface properties make activated carbo... more ABSTRACT Extremely high surface area, porosity, and other surface properties make activated carbons (ACs) a versatile and universally acclaimed adsorbent. High production costs limit the use of ACs as adsorbents, and this is a major driver for worldwide research targeting cheap precursors to reduce the production cost and to enhance the adsorption efficiency. This review highlights the preparation of ACs from various precursors, their functionalization, characterization, and their applications in water decontamination. A list of cost-effective precursors derived from agricultural waste materials along with the pollutants removed is presented. ACs can be functionally modified to develop highly efficient and adsorbate selective materials. Enhancement of the adsorption efficiency of ACs for inorganic pollutants and metal ions can be achieved by chemical modification, while physical modification of ACs via thermal treatment can enhance the pore size and surface area. A summary of the various chemical, physical, and biological processes that are utilized for these modifications is presented.
Wood sawdust was converted into a high-quality activated carbon (WSAC) via microwave-induced K 2 ... more Wood sawdust was converted into a high-quality activated carbon (WSAC) via microwave-induced K 2 CO 3 activation. The operational variables including chemical impregnation ratio, microwave power and irradiation time on the carbon yield and adsorption capability were identified. The surface physical characteristics of WSAC were examined by pore structural analysis, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The adsorptive behavior of WSAC was quantified using methylene blue as model dye compound. The best conditions resulted in activated carbon with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 423.17 mg/g and carbon yield of 80.75%. The BET surface area, Langmuir surface area and total pore volume were corresponded to 1496.05 m 2 /g, 2245.53 m 2 /g and 0.864 cm 3 /g, respectively. The findings support the potential to prepare high surface area and mesoporous activated carbon from wood sawdust by microwave assisted chemical activation.
The purpose of this work is to obtain optimal preparation conditions for activated carbons prepar... more The purpose of this work is to obtain optimal preparation conditions for activated carbons prepared from rattan sawdust (RSAC) for removal of disperse dye from aqueous solution. The RSAC was prepared by chemical activation with phosphoric acid using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM based on a three-variable central composite design was used to determine the effect of activation temperature (400–600 • C), activation time (1–3 h) and H 3 PO 4 :precursor (wt%) impregnation ratio (3:1–6:1) on C.I. Disperse Orange 30 (DO30) percentage removal and activated carbon yield were investigated. Based on the central composite design, quadratic model was developed to correlate the preparation variables to the two responses. The most influential factor on each experimental design responses was identified from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum conditions for preparation of RSAC, which were based on response surface and contour plots, were found as follows: temperature of 470 • C, activation time of 2 h and 14 min and chemical impregnation ratio of 4.45.
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Papers by Bassim H Hameed
Various sol–gel and related systems of doping were considered, ranging from co-doping, transition metal
ions doping, rare earth metal ions doping to other metals and non-metals ions doping of TiO2. The results
available showed that doping TiO2 with transition metal ions usually resulted in a hampered efficiency of
the TiO2 photocatalyst, though in some few cases, enhancements of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2
were recorded by doping it with some transition metal ions. In most cases, co-doping of TiO2 increases
the efficiency of its photocatalytic activity. The review reveals that there are some elemental ions that
cannot be used to dope TiO2 because of their negative effects on the photocatalytic activity of the
catalyst, while others must be used with caution as their doping will create minimal or no impacts on the
TiO2 photocatalytic efficiency
phosphoric acid as activating agent. The activated carbon was evaluated for chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and color reduction of a real textile mill effluent. A maximum reduction in color and COD of
91.84% and 75.21%, respectively was achieved. As a result, the standard B discharge limit of color and
COD under the Malaysian Environmental Quality act 1974 was met. The Freundlich isotherm model was
found best to describe the obtained equilibrium adsorption data at 30 ◦C. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
(BET) surface area, total pore volume and the average pore diameter were 988.23 m2/g, 0.69 cm3/g and
2.82 nm, respectively. Various functional groups on the prepared bamboo activated carbon (BAC) were
determined from the FTIR results.
commercial granular activated carbon, Filtersorb 300 (GAC F300) were studied in a batch system with
respect to initial concentration of 2,4-D and carbofuran. The Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherm models
were applied to the equilibrium data of 2,4-D and carbofuran adsorption. Observed results showed that the
equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir equilibrium model in the studied concentration range of 2,4-D
and carbofuran. The monolayer adsorption capacities of GAC F300 were 181.82 and 96.15 mg/g for 2,4-D and
carbofuran, respectively. Two simplified models, pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic, were
used to test the adsorption kinetics of 2, 4-D and carbofuran on GAC F300. The data was best fitted to the
pseudo-second-order kinetic model