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Lloyd Rutledge

Open University The Netherlands, Informatics, Faculty Member

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Papers by Lloyd Rutledge

HyOctane: a HyTime engine for an MMIS

a HyTime engine named HyOctane for access to and presentation of document instances. We have crea... more a HyTime engine named HyOctane for access to and presentation of document instances. We have created a HyTime-conforming document type definition (HDTD) for encoding interactive multimedia presentations. Our system parses document instances encoded using our HDTD and stores the document descriptions in the database for presentation by our application. The architecture of our system is layered and is designed to be easily extended to support other HDTDs.

HyOctane: A HyTime Engine for an MMIS

Multimedia Systems, 1994

We are interested in the development of distributed multimedia information systems that use the H... more We are interested in the development of distributed multimedia information systems that use the HyTime international standard as the data model and interchange format. We have developed and implemented a prototype system in which interactive multimedia presentations can be stored and retrieved. Sample document instances are externally encoded in HyTime and stored in the database using the HyTime data model. The architecture and operation of our system are presented. Issues related to using a HyTime engine for general multimedia presentation and interchange are discussed.

Integrating Object-Oriented Scripting Languages with HyTime

HyTime provides a comprehensive set of primitives for composing hypermedia documents, but does no... more HyTime provides a comprehensive set of primitives for composing hypermedia documents, but does not provide facilities for representing interaction or dynamic behavior, areas which are required in commercial multimedia authoring environments. In previous work we have developed and implemented a prototype HyTime engine called HyOctane in which HyTime interactive multimedia documents can be stored and retrieved. In this paper we extend this work to include scripting language facilities, an area currently not dealt with by the standard but which is crucial in order to represent interactive multimedia documents. We compare different approaches to integrating HyTime document type definitions with scripts and describe the extensions to our engine architecture and implementation status.

Media semantics: who needs it and why

Interactive User Modeling for Personalized Access to Museum Collections: The Rijksmuseum Case Study

In this paper we present an approach for personalized access to museum collections. We use a RDF/... more In this paper we present an approach for personalized access to museum collections. We use a RDF/OWL specification of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam collections as a driver for an interactive dialog. The user gives his/her judgment on the artefacts, indicating likes or dislikes. The elicited user model is further used for generating recommendations of artefacts and topics. In this way we support exploration and discovery of information in museum collections. A user study provided insights in characteristics of our target user group, and showed how novice and expert users employ their background knowledge and implicit interest in order to elicit their art preference in the museum collections.

Recommendations based on semantically enriched museum collections

Journal of Web Semantics, 2008

This article presents the CHIP demonstrator 1 for providing personalized access to digital museum... more This article presents the CHIP demonstrator 1 for providing personalized access to digital museum collections. It consists of three main components: Art Recommender, Tour Wizard, and Mobile Tour Guide. Based on the semantically enriched Rijksmuseum Amsterdam 2 collection, we show how Semantic Web technologies can be deployed to (partially) solve three important challenges for recommender systems applied in an open Web context: (1) to deal with the complexity of various types of relationships for recommendation inferencing, where we take a content-based approach to recommend both artworks and art-history topics; (2) to cope with the typical user modeling problems, such as cold-start for first-time users, sparsity in terms of user ratings, and the efficiency of user feedback collection; and (3) to support the presentation of recommendations by combining different views like a historical timeline, museum map and faceted browser. Following a user-centered design cycle, we have performed two evaluations with users to test the effectiveness of the recommendation strategy and to compare the different ways for building an optimal user profile for efficient recommendations. The CHIP demonstrator received the Semantic Web Challenge Award (third prize) in 2007, Busan, Korea.

CHIP Demonstrator: Semantics-Driven Recommendations and Museum Tour Generation

The main objective of the CHIP project is to demonstrate how Semantic Web technologies can be dep... more The main objective of the CHIP project is to demonstrate how Semantic Web technologies can be deployed to provide personalized access to digital museum collections. We illustrate our approach with the digital database ARIA of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. For the semantic enrichment of the Rijksmuseum ARIA database we collaborated with the CATCH STITCH project to produce mappings to Iconclass, and with the MultimediaN E-culture project to produce the RDF/OWL of the ARIA and Adlib databases. The main focus of CHIP is on exploring the potential of applying adaptation techniques to provide personalized experience for the museum visitors both on the Web site and in the museum.

Towards a multimedia formatting vocabulary

Time-based, media-centric Web presentations can be described declaratively in the XML world throu... more Time-based, media-centric Web presentations can be described declaratively in the XML world through the development of languages such as SMIL. It is difficult, however, to fully integrate them in a complete document transformation processing chain. In order to achieve the desired processing of data-driven, time-based, mediacentric presentations, the text-flow based formatting vocabularies used by style languages such as XSL, CSS and DSSSL need to be extended. The paper presents a selection of use cases which are used to derive a list of requirements for a multimedia style and transformation formatting vocabulary. The boundaries of applicability of existing text-based formatting models for media-centric transformations are analyzed. The paper then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of a fully-fledged time-based multimedia formatting model. Finally, the discussion is illustrated by describing the key properties of the example multimedia formatting vocabulary currently implemented in the back-end of our Cuypers multimedia transformation engine.

Mix'n'match: exchangeable modules of hypermedia style

When the utility of a hypertext system depends on the number of users and amount of data in the s... more When the utility of a hypertext system depends on the number of users and amount of data in the system, the system exhibits network effects. This paper examines how the core differences in control assumptions between monolithic hypertext systems, open hypermedia systems, and the Web, lead to different incentive structures for readers and content providers and hence varying levels of network effects.

Hypermedia and the semantic web: a research agenda

Sigmod Record, 2001

Until recently, the Semantic Web was little more than a name for the next-generation Web infrastr... more

Presenting Multimedia on the Web and in TV Broadcast

This paper investigates the main issues related to the translation of SMIL into MHEG-5 documents.... more This paper investigates the main issues related to the translation of SMIL into MHEG-5 documents. This is driven by the more general objective to achieve interoperability between the domains of Web and digital-TV, where MHEG-5 is used in the digital-TV environment and SMIL is the Web format to specify interactive synchronized multimedia presentations. A summary of both formats is presented, on the basis of which it is shown how SMIL translates into MHEG-5. Although the formats have differences, such translation appears to be feasible. Aspects of authoring for both domains and other interoperability issues are discussed.

The Use of SMIL: Multimedia Research Currently Applied on a Global Scale

Journal of Computational Physics, 1999

SMIL (Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, pronounced SMIL) is the W3C format for mult... more

GRiNS: A GRaphical INterface for Creating and Playing SMIL Documents

Computer Networks and Isdn Systems, 1998

The W3C working group on synchronized multimedia has developed a language for Web-based Multimedi... more The W3C working group on synchronized multimedia has developed a language for Web-based Multimedia presentations called SMIL: the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language. This paper presents GRiNS, an authoring and presentation environment that can be used to create SMIL-compliant documents and to play SMIL documents created with GRiNS or by hand.

Towards a formatting vocabulary for time-based hypermedia

Practical application of existing hypermedia standards and tools

In order for multimedia presentations to be stored, accessed and played from a large library they... more In order for multimedia presentations to be stored, accessed and played from a large library they should not be encoded as final form presentations, since these consume storage space and cannot easily be adapted to variations in presentation-time circumstances such as user characteristics and changes in end-user technology. Instead, a more presentation independent approach needs to be taken that allows the generation of multiple versions of a presentation based on a presentation-independent description.

Inter-dimensiona l Hypermedia Communicative Devices for Rhetorical Structure

Hypermedia communicative devices are patterns of hypermedia presentation structure with specific ... more Hypermedia communicative devices are patterns of hypermedia presentation structure with specific affects on the user. Some devices have been determined for affecting the user with abstract authoring constructs, such as rhetorical structure. However, these devices each typically focus on particular aspects of the structure of hypermedia presentation. This paper presents a framework for hypermedia communicative devices that simultaneously affects multiple dimensions of presentation structure. In discussing this, we focus on the document's rhetorical structure as input to these devices.

Generating presentation constraints from rhetorical structure

Hypermedia structured in terms of the higher-level intent of its author can be adapted to a wider... more Hypermedia structured in terms of the higher-level intent of its author can be adapted to a wider variety of final presentations. Many multimedia systems encode such highlevel intent as constraints on either time, spatial layout or navigation. Once specified, these constraints are translated into specific presentations whose timelines, screen displays and navigational structure satisfy these constraints. This ensures that the desired spatial, temporal and navigation properties are maintained no matter how the presentation is adapted to varying circumstances.

A framework for generating adaptable hypermedia documents

Being able to author a hypermedia document once for presentation under a wide variety of potentia... more Being able to author a hypermedia document once for presentation under a wide variety of potential circumstances requires that it be stored in a manner that is adaptable to these circumstances. Since the nature of these circumstances is not always known at authoring time, specifying how a document adapts to them must be a process that can be performed separately from its original authoring. These distinctions include the porting of the document to different platforms and formats and the adapting of the document's presentation to suit the needs of the user and of the current state of the presentation environment. In this paper we discuss extensions to our CMIF hypermedia authoring and presentation environment that provide adaptability through this distinction between authoring and presentation specification. This extension includes the use of HyTime for document representation and of DSSSL for presentation specification. We also discuss the Berlage architecture, our extension to HyTime that specifies the encoding of certain hypermedia concepts useful for presentation specification.

Making RDF presentable: integrated global and local semantic Web browsing

This paper discusses generating document structure from annotated media repositories in a domain-... more This paper discusses generating document structure from annotated media repositories in a domain-independent manner. This approaches the vision of a universal RDF browser. We start by applying the search-and-browse paradigm established for the WWW to RDF presentation. Furthermore, this paper adds to this paradigm the clustering-based derivation of document structure from search returns, providing simple but domain-independent hypermedia generation from RDF stores. While such generated presentations hardly meet the standards of those written by humans, they provide quick access to media repositories when the required document has not yet been written. The resulting system allows a user to specify a topic for which it generates a hypermedia document providing guided navigation through virtually any RDF repository. The impact for content providers is that as soon as one adds new media items and their annotations to a repository, they become immediately available for automatic integration into subsequently requested presentations.

Structural distinctions between hypermedia storage and presentation

In order to facilitate adaptability of hypermedia documents a distinction is often made between t... more In order to facilitate adaptability of hypermedia documents a distinction is often made between the underlying conceptual structure of a document and the structure of its presentation. This distinction enables greater variety in how a presentation can be adapted to best convey these underlying concepts in a given situation. What is often confusing for those applying this distinction is that although both levels of structure often share similar components: transformation form the storage of a document to its presentation sometimes occurs directly between these similar components and sometimes does not. These similarities typically fall in the categories of space, time and relationships between document portions. This paper identifies some primary similarities between the structure of hypermedia storage and presentation. It also explores how the transformation from storage to presentation often does not follow these similarities. This discussion is illustrated with the Fiets hypermedia application, which addresses the issues of storage, presentation and transformation using public domain formats and tools. The intention is to help authors who separate storage from presentation to better understand this distinction.