Engineering

Tables are one of the common data presentation structures in documents. However, the task of automatic recognition and extraction of tables embedded in documents is still a significant challenge, and data contained within tables still remains under-utilised. Although some common steps can be defined for table extraction, there is no generic approach for table extraction tasks which can be applied to different sources and provide an end-to-end repeatable work-flow. This paper looks at the table extraction problem from the process point of view and proposes a table extraction workflow, which can be considered as a plug-and-play architecture for table extraction. Also, we present an overview of our complete system where the extracted tables are stored and managed. Table extraction is considered in the context of financial statements in this work, but the methods apply generally.

In this paper, we describe a system to collect information about academic affiliation (organisations where researchers work) from Calls-for-Papers for academic conferences. The system uses a range of heuristic approaches and open-source tools in order to extract and identify entities, and to incorporate the information into a pre-defined database schema. This forms part of a larger project to automatically populate and maintain a range of data related to academic research. The proposed system is currently being tested and some promising preliminary results are available.

This paper investigates the cooling effect when using an air jet at sub-zero temperature of −15°C in the plunge grinding of a cylindrical component made of high strength steel EN 26. A three-dimensional finite element heat transfer model with a moving heat source was developed to reveal the complexity of the heat transfer mechanism involved. It was found that the use of cold air does not significantly reduce the temperature rise in grinding and that the cooling effectiveness is mainly limited by the following facts: (a) the air jet is difficult to penetrate into the grinding zone, (b) the heat transfer coefficient provided by an air jet is small and (c) cooling is limited by the time which the rotating workpiece surface can be exposed to the jet impingement. The study also showed that the present modelling method can be used as a first tool to assess the feasibility of a new cooling medium for grinding operations.

Dry air, coolant, and liquid nitrogen were applied, respectively, to study the effect of temperature and stress on plastic deformation in scratching monocrystalline silicon. Phases generated in surface deformation were characterized by means of the transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the size of the amorphous transformation zone and the depth of slip penetration in sample subsurface were mainly dependent on the stress field applied. The influence of the temperature variation to Ϫ196°C was surprisingly small and the low temperature did not suppress the phase transformation and dislocation activity.

It has been found that using a segmented grinding wheel with a fluid chamber can significantly minimise the quantity of coolant while improving the ground surface integrity. The present investigation aims to explore the fluid flow mechanism in such a wheel system. To this end, the Weber theory for Newtonian jet instability was applied to quantitatively determine the contribution of coolant flow rate to mist and ligament modes. A semi-analytical model was then developed to predict the mist flow rate by taking into account both the grinding parameters and fluid properties. It was shown that the model prediction was in good agreement with experimental measurements. Because of the comprehensive integration of variables in the formulation, the model provides a good fundamental understanding of the mist formation and offers a practical guideline for the selection and use coolant in minimising the mist flow rate.

This paper aims to study the mechanism of coolant penetration into a wheel-work contact zone when a segmented or conventional wheel is used in surface grinding. Based on the principles of fluid motion and considerations of spin-off and splash, analytical models for both conventional and segmented wheels were developed for predicting the power of pumping coolant into the contact zone. It was revealed that the pumping power of a segmented wheel increases with the increment of wheel speed, but that of a conventional wheel decreases. It was shown that coolant minimisation in surface grinding is possible when using a segmented wheel, although its efficiency depends on the wheel speed and methods of coolant supply. The model predictions were in good agreement with experimental observations.

This paper investigates the feasibility to achieve grinding-hardening in a plunge cylindrical grinding process. To understand the mechanisms, a temperature-dependent finite element heat transfer model incorporating a triangular moving heat source was developed to describe the temperature field, thus to predict the thickness of the grinding-hardened layer. The analysis carried out included the variation effect of depth of cut caused by the change in wheel-workpiece engagement. The model was applied on quenchable steel 1045 and the analysis was verified experimentally. It was shown that the heating cycle in plunge cylindrical grinding is the result of consecutive heating and cooling processes, varying from location to location in a workpiece. The ratio of the workpiece speed to the infeed rate plays an important role in the heat treatment cycle.

Background: Lithium is an effective treatment for Bipolar Disorder (BD) and significantly reduces suicide risk, though the molecular basis of lithium's effectiveness is not well understood. We seek to improve our understanding of this effectiveness by posing hypotheses based on new experimental data as well as published data, testing these hypotheses in silico, and posing new hypotheses for validation in future studies. We initially hypothesized a gene-by-environment interaction where lithium, acting as an environmental influence, impacts signal transduction pathways leading to differential expression of genes important in the etiology of BD mania. Results: Using microarray and rt-QPCR assays, we identified candidate genes that are differentially expressed with lithium treatment. We used a systems biology approach to identify interactions among these candidate genes and develop a network of genes that interact with the differentially expressed candidates. Notably, we also identified cocaine as having a potential influence on the network, consistent with the observed high rate of comorbidity for BD and cocaine abuse. The resulting network represents a novel hypothesis on how multiple genetic influences on bipolar disorder are impacted by both lithium treatment and cocaine use. Testing this network for association with BD and related phenotypes, we find that it is significantly over-represented for genes that participate in signal transduction, consistent with our hypothesized-gene-by environment interaction. In addition, it models related pharmacogenomic, psychiatric, and chemical dependence phenotypes.

Since the second world war, as large-scale technological innovations have become more and more expensive, complex and risky, western economies (recently followed by China’s guided economy) have sought to bridge the chasm between laboratoryscale technology trial and commercial rollout, through the use of publicly funded demonstration projects and market measures which seek to limit the risk by commercial actors willing to invest in commercial deployment.

Check (CRC) implementations simultaneously process multiple bits of data in parallel, increasing the data processing rate, with only a relatively small increase in the hardware complexity of serial CRC implementations that process data bit serially. This paper develops octet (8 bit), 16 bit and 32 bit parallel realizations of two serial ATM cell header CRC circuits. We show that both octet parallel ATM cell header CRC implementations can perform CRC error detection at a speed of 4 to 6 times the data processing rate of equivalent serial implementations, with the 16 and 32 bit realizations yielding even greater improvement. We also explore other practical applications of these parallel realizations, such as cell header HEC generation and cell delineation. The circuit operation of the octet parallel CRC Register ATM cell header error detection circuit and octet parallel moving window Polynomial Divider ATM cell delineation circuit has been implemented and verified experimentally in the laboratory, with the circuit operation of all other parallel realizations verified in simulation using MAX+plus II.

Continuous haulage systems have not always presented a satisfactory operational
experience for hard rock or coal miners. Not all mines have used continuous haulage. Some mines
presently use one of the continuous haulage systems. Some have tried and abandoned continuous
haulage. Yet, continuous haulage offers considerable benefits, which are not always realized.
However, there is now a resurgence of interest in these systems as coal mines seek to improve gate
road development rates. As most market players are very reluctant to publish information,
benchmarking continuous haulage systems can be difficult. This is to the detriment of the industry as a
whole. The continuous haulage examples discussed are; bridge, flexible belt, chain, temporary belt
support, pipe conveyors and pneumatic systems.

Clarence Colliery is exploring the 4FCT as a continuous haulage system. The 4FCT
(Flexible Conveyor Train) is used as a continuous conveyor between the current continuous miner unit
and the fixed boot end of the panel conveyor vs the three shuttle car system, currently in use in a
continuous miner partial pillar extraction panel at Clarence Colliery. At Clarence the base case is three
shuttle cars per continuous miner, using a cut and flit partial pillar mining method.
The Joy 4FCT has not been utilised in Australia before. The main questions are: What is a 4FCT? How
does it function? What are the benefits? How do we introduce the 4FCT safely? Why Clarence
Colliery? What else needs to change at Clarence to optimise the 4FCT
? Moving forward?
Clarence Colliery needs to meet specific subsidence, water make, geological and mine design
requirements. The 4FCT implementation offers Clarence colliery the opportunity to explore new
technology, while testing Clarence’s analysis, measurement, assessment and continuous improvement
processes.
The choice of the ‘better option’ in any analysis is not always made for monetary reasons. Often option
choice decisions are made for safety, operational ease or engineering or mine design optimisation.
Money is not the prime driver, but part of the decision making process.

Although much talked about, social licence to operate (SLTO) is a relatively new concept that has been deemed as one of the four biggest business risks to a mining project over the life-of-mine. There is no accepted single definition of SLTO and this author understands
SLTO to be stakeholder perception of the legitimacy of a project, a company or an industry. At a specific site, and across different sites within the same organisation, SLTO ranges through different levels according to stakeholders’ degrees of acceptance in time and space. Management of SLTO is vital for the mining sector but is difficult as it is informal and intangible. Although there are no key performance indicators, there are certain indicators that enable relative measurement of the ‘level’ of the SLTO. Because of the importance
of the SLTO, information management during the entire life-of-mine, from exploration to rehabilitation, becomes crucial for the continued operation of a project. This paper identifies ten basic principles for the management of information to support the SLTO.

Although much talked about, social licence to operate (SLTO) is a relatively new concept that has been deemed as one of the four biggest business risks to a mining project over the life of mine. There is no accepted single definition of SLTO and this author understands SLTO to be stakeholder perception of the legitimacy of a project, a company or an industry. At a specific site, and across different sites within the same organisation, SLTO ranges through different levels according to stakeholders degrees of acceptance in time and space. Management of SLTO is vital for the mining sector but is difficult as it is informal and intangible.  Although there are no key performance indicators (KPI’s), there are certain indicators that enable relative measurement of the “level” of the SLTO.  Because of the importance of the SLTO, information management during the entire life of mine from exploration to rehabilitation becomes crucial for the continued operation of a project. This paper identifies ten basic principles for the management of information to support the SLTO.

Abstract
Quality assurance programs were introduced into industry in 1973. Over time these systems have evolved to what is available to management today. How can quality assurance programs be used to ensure management excellence and are they relevant to the Coal Mining Industry?

How can quality assurance programs be used to ensure management excellence and are they relevant to the Coal Mining Industry?

Abstract
Polymer plaster forms part of a group of spray on products that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder in grout systems. The types include but are not limited to polymer plasters, polymer-impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer-Portland-cement concrete.

Polymer plaster and concrete has historically not been widely adopted due to the high costs and difficulty associated with traditional manufacturing techniques. However, recent progress has led to significant reductions in cost, meaning that the use of polymer plaster and concrete is gradually becoming more widespread.

This paper will focus on addressing these particular questions:
.
• What are polymers?
• Are polymers a dangerous OHS additive?
• Why polymers should be considered in plaster & concretes underground
• Examples of polymer modified products and their applications

ABSTRACT: Polymer plaster forms part of a group of spray on products that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder in grout systems. The types include but are not limited to polymer plasters, polymer-impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer-Portland-cement concrete. Polymer plaster and concrete has historically not been widely adopted due to the high costs and difficulty associated with traditional manufacturing techniques. However, recent progress has led to significant reductions in cost, meaning that the use of polymer plaster and concrete is gradually becoming more widespread. This paper will focus on addressing aspects of the use of polymers

ABSTRACT
Gunite was invented in 1907 by Carl Akeley to repair a crumbling facade of the Field Columbian
Museum in Chicago. The method used was to blow dry material out of a hose with compressed air
and inject water at the nozzle as it was released. In 1911, he was granted a patent for his invention,
the ‘cement gun’; the equipment used; and ‘gunite’, the material that was produced.
The advantages of using the dry mix process is that the water content can be adjusted
instantaneously, allowing more effective placement in overhead and vertical applications without
using accelerators. The dry mix process is useful in repair applications when it is necessary to stop
frequently as the dry material is easily discharged from the hose.
This paper describes the applications and principles of the gunite pump system in underground
coal mining and discusses why it is the preferred spraying system for both cement and plaster
products.
It also addresses improving productivity and examines dust, respirable crystalline silica (RCS)
and health issues around gunite pump systems. The solutions include development of the latest
componentry for current gunite pumps to improve their efficiency and allow their operation to be
dustless.
In particular, this paper addresses:
•• why and where RCS is a problem in underground coal mining
•• how RCS hazards and its propagation can be managed
•• how the gunite pump system has become dustless
•• how the gunite system has become more productive
•• gunite occupational health and safety issues and how they have been solved
•• a case study of gunite dry spraying.