Papers by Ong Tze Chin
Management of contract based on contract law is bound by the contents of the contract in providin... more Management of contract based on contract law is bound by the contents of the contract in providing protection to the contracting parties. Parties to the contract merely relied on the contents of the contract to fulfil their obligations as agreed. The problem arises when there is a breach of contract. The contracting parties are bound by what they have agreed in order to claim damages although contract law does provide remedies for breach of contract. However, the aggrieved party will not often get the remedies as desired. Consequently, remedies have therefore fail to function in protecting the interest of the aggrieved party. The empirical analysis in this article shows that contract law is not a champion for consumers’ choice of remedies. Hence, this article adopts the pure doctrinal method, using historical, jurisprudential and analytical and critical approaches in analysing the management of contract through theories of remedy to ensure protection of remedial rights among the con...
Pertanika journal of social science and humanities, 2021
The right to health is recognised as a fundamental human right in the World Health Organisation (... more The right to health is recognised as a fundamental human right in the World Health Organisation (WHO) Constitution. In Malaysia, the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is a fundamental human right without discrimination for every human being. Consequently, the principle of the "right to health," regardless of the legal status of an individual, is the driving force in creating acceptable standards of health care for all citizens. Even for individual who suffers from Covid-19, he still has a fundamental right to health. The issue of the right to health is whether the patients have any rights of their health? If they do have the right to health, the next issue is whether the hospitals are legally bound to follow such right, i.e. the right to health of the patients. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse and discuss the issues regarding the rights to health of the patients. Without the legal mechanism in recognising the right to health, i...
Jurnal Pengurusan, 2017
Pengurusan kontrak berdasarkan undang-undang kontrak terikat kepada isi kandungan kontrak dalam m... more Pengurusan kontrak berdasarkan undang-undang kontrak terikat kepada isi kandungan kontrak dalam melindungi kepentingan pihak-pihak berkontrak. Pihak-pihak berkontrak bergantung pada isi kandungan kontrak untuk melaksanakan janji masing-masing. Permasalahan timbul ketika berlakunya perlanggaran kontrak. Pihak-pihak berkontrak adalah terikat pada apa yang dipersetujui dan tertera dalam kontrak untuk mendapatkan tebus rugi walaupun undang-undang kontrak telah memperuntukkan remedi untuk perlanggaran kontrak. Namun, pihak terkilan bukan selalunya akan mendapat remedi yang diingini menurut undang-undang kontrak. Keadaan ini telah menyebabkan remedi tidak boleh berfungsi dalam menjamin kepentingan pihak terkilan. Analisis empiris dalam artikel ini mengenai pilihan remedi pengguna dalam kontrak jualan barang menunjukkan bahawa undang-undang kontrak tidak dapat menjamin pilihan remedi pengguna. Oleh itu, menggunakan pakai analisis legalistik tulen dengan pendekatan sejarah, jurisprudens serta analitis dan kritis, artikel ini menganalisis pengurusan kontrak melalui teori remedi dalam menjamin hak tebus rugi pihak-pihak berkontrak. Artikel ini memfokus pada teori remedi dalam menjamin hak tebus rugi pihak-pihak berkontrak.
Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies, 2019
Consumers faced with contract do not know what 'small print' contains or understand its e... more Consumers faced with contract do not know what 'small print' contains or understand its effect. Exclusion clauses may deprive a consumer of specific rights in which he deserves protection. The Consumer Protection Act 1999 in Malaysia, allows the consumers to identify between procedural unfairness and substantive unfairness. However, the Consumer Protection Act 1999 does not adequately protect the consumer. By applying the content analysis research method, this paper reviews the legislative and judicial intervention on unfair terms in consumer contracts. This article advocates that Malaysia should establish a specific framework on consumer law protection against unfair terms in consumer contracts. Keywords: Exclusion clauses; unfair terms; consumer contracts; judicial-legislative intervention eISSN 2514-7528 © 2019. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://cre...
Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2016
The scope and meaning of remedies are very wide and almost every legal question could be posed in... more The scope and meaning of remedies are very wide and almost every legal question could be posed in terms of remedies. Remedy is used to redress or prevent a right which is legally recognised hence remedy is the means by which a right is enforced or by which the violation of a right is prevented or compensated. In the law of contract, remedies are often linked with rights, whereby in breach of contract, damages are available as a matter of right. Rights and remedies are intertwined, the right derives from the remedy and as a matter of sequence the remedy precedes the right. Consequently, the absence of a remedy points to the non-existence of a legal right. In Malaysia, the advocacy of the consumer rights effected the government to enact Consumer Protection Act 1999 (CPA1999) which aims to provide a comprehensive scheme of protection for consumers. However, the CPA 1999 failed to recognise that in order to establish the rights of consumer, its remedies shall be sufficiently redress the consumers in time of breach. Regrettably, the CPA 1999 does not provide sufficient statutory remedies for consumers. Besides the CPA 1999, the Acts that govern the consumer sales of goods contracts include the Contract Act 1950 (CA 1950) and the Sales of Goods Act 1957 (SOGA 1957) which caused many problems in the remedies of consumer sales of goods contracts. This article critically analysed the problems underlying the statutory provisions in Malaysia that governing the contractual remedies of consumer sales of goods contracts. By adopting pure legal research methodology, this article analysed the relationship between right and remedies in the scope of consumer protection. The statutory provisions governing consumer sales of goods remedies will be critically evaluated in order to highlight the insufficiency of the contractual remedies for sales of goods contracts in Malaysia.
Corporate Responsibility via Malaysian Contract Law: A Concern for Consumer Protection
pertanika.upm.edu.my
... The main rules which are used are those of 'incorporation' and 'construction'... more ... The main rules which are used are those of 'incorporation' and 'construction'. The lack Page 4. Sakina Shaik Ahmad Yusoff, Suzanna Mohamed Isa, Azimon Abdul Aziz and Ong Tze Chin 230 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. ... In allowing the plaintiff's claim, Siti Norma Yaakob J states that: ...
Corporate responsibility through contract law in Malaysia: Areas of concern for consumer protection
Proceeding of the Tuanku Ja'afar …, 2010
Corporate responsibility is a concept whereby corporations consider the interests of society by t... more Corporate responsibility is a concept whereby corporations consider the interests of society by taking economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities for the impact of their activities on stakeholders, the environment, the community and the marketplace. Corporations in fulfilling their economic responsibility are anticipated to function within the framework of the laws and regulations as part of the legal responsibility. Legal responsibility includes consumer protection law, contract law and also competition law in marketplace. Having a good law that upholds human rights, in this context consumer rights, has been seen as a vital tool in promoting and improving the public image of a corporation in the eyes of their customers. In the area of consumer protection and contract law, the Malaysian contract law has not been a great champion of the rights of consumers vis-à-vis suppliers and manufacturers. A wide range of contracts in Malaysia where the element of bargaining is absent is entered into without the real sense of freedom of contract. In Malaysia, standard form contracts have come to dominate more than just routine transactions between suppliers and consumers. The increasing use of exemption clauses in consumer standard form contracts have now become a predominant feature of many consumer contracts. In view of increasing unethical conduct by manufacturers, consumer rights vis-à-vis manufacturers have also been a cause for concern. The absence of a contractual relationship between manufacturers and consumers has to an extent provided a good defence for escaping liability for defective goods by the manufacturers. The consumers’ rights being rights of third parties have never been acknowledged under the Malaysian law of contract. Adopting the content analysis method, this paper aims at exploring corporate responsibility vis-à-vis consumers in three selected areas of consumer and contract law, namely, the use of standard form contracts in consumer contracts, the exemption of liabilities for defective goods by traders and the rights of consumers against manufacturers under the Malaysian contract and consumer law regime.
MARKET STRUCTURE OF E-COMMERCE CONSUMER SALE OF GOODS: COMPETITION LAW PERSPECTIVE, 2020
e-commerce creates its own borderless market with advance technologies and availability of vast i... more e-commerce creates its own borderless market with advance technologies and availability of vast information, which generated significant harms to consumers. The technologies driven, borderless context of e-commerce seems to create a prefect competition of market structure. In fact, e-commerce that creates its own market and regulates its own game is an anti-competition practices, which directly interfere with domestic market. E-commerce markets obtain strong economies of scale and scope in order to provide low marginal cost and in returns for data provided by consumers. E-commerce has disrupt the market equilibrium creating segregate wide margin of producer and consumer surplus directly affecting consumers economic and welfare. In many instances, data provided by consumers were sold for other purposes without the knowledge of consumers. The issue of e-commerce platforms that is capable of exploit their market power to increase profits and for its own gain is of alarming issues in encouraging a fair competitive market. This paper provide analysis of e-commerce market power of consumer sale of goods in the context of competition perspective in Malaysia. Qualitative research by employing content analysis, this paper aims to analyses the market power of e-commerce consumer sale of goods and the issues arising in the technologies driven market structure for a deeper understanding of competition perspective in Malaysia.
The rise of standard form contracts and the use of unfair terms to deprive consumers from their r... more The rise of standard form contracts and the use of unfair terms to deprive consumers from their rights have indeed inspired the law in many countries to react against the increasing decline of individual's capacity to make free and rational choice. The legal development in this area illustrates the role of contract law that is to develop criteria and procedures through which contractual fairness can be assured. The development of contract laws throughout the Southeast Asian region is impacted by the tremendous historical and social diversity among the various countries. For example, the Malaysian, Singaporean and Bruneian contract laws reflected that of the English common law due to historical development. However countries such as Indonesia, has been profoundly affected by long periods of civil law influence. The experiences of the common law countries of the ASEAN member states in controlling the use of unfair terms in consumer contracts demonstrate a different regime of protection as opposed to the civil law countries. Harmonisation of ASEAN contract laws is essential for regional cooperation of the ASEAN countries in order to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development of the region. Bringing harmony between various contract laws of ASEAN countries would enhance economic prosperity as the laws of contract serve the economical and cultural values of society, in particular, consumer protection. Adopting the content analysis method, this paper aims at exploring the legal treatment of unfair terms in consumer contracts among the selected ASEAN member states. The paper will first discuss the legal treatment in Malaysia, focusing both on the legislative provisions as well as the judicial treatment of these terms. It will then analyse the legislative provisions on unfair terms in Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines. An analysis in the legal treatment in these four countries will then be undertaken in the light of harmonizing the ASEAN contract law. The legal regime of all these four countries reflects that there the statutory control of exemption clauses in Singapore, Brunei and Philipines has taken many forms but since there are common features in the legislations, harmonizing it in the grounds of consumer protection can be achieved by reasonable compromises among all the member states.
Corporate responsibility is a concept whereby corporations consider the interests of society by t... more Corporate responsibility is a concept whereby corporations consider the interests of society by taking economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities for the impact of their activities on stakeholders, the environment, the community and the marketplace. Corporations in fulfilling their economic responsibility are anticipated to function within the framework of the laws and regulations as part of the legal responsibility. Legal responsibility includes consumer protection law, contract law and also competition law in marketplace. Having a good law that upholds human rights, in this context consumer rights, has been seen as a vital tool in promoting and improving the public image of a corporation in the eyes of their customers. In the area of consumer protection and contract law, the Malaysian contract law has not been a great champion of the rights of consumers vis-à-vis suppliers and manufacturers. A wide range of contracts in Malaysia where the element of bargaining is absent is entered into without the real sense of freedom of contract. In Malaysia, standard form contracts have come to dominate more than just routine transactions between suppliers and consumers. The increasing use of exemption clauses in consumer standard form contracts have now become a predominant feature of many consumer contracts. In view of increasing unethical conduct by manufacturers, consumer rights vis-à-vis manufacturers have also been a cause for concern. The absence of a contractual relationship between manufacturers and consumers has to an extent provided a good defence for escaping liability for defective goods by the manufacturers. The consumers’ rights being rights of third parties have never been acknowledged under the Malaysian law of contract. Adopting the content analysis method, this paper aims at exploring corporate responsibility vis-à-vis consumers in three selected areas of consumer and contract law, namely, the use of standard form contracts in consumer contracts, the exemption of liabilities for defective goods by traders and the rights of consumers against manufacturers under the Malaysian contract and consumer law regime.
Conference Presentations by Ong Tze Chin
Abstrak Sejak revolusi perindustrian yang meningkatkan pengeluaran komoniti dan barang telah meni... more Abstrak Sejak revolusi perindustrian yang meningkatkan pengeluaran komoniti dan barang telah meningkatkan taraf hidup populasi dunia serta mengubah sistem ekonomi, sosial dan persekitaran sedunia. Perubahan ini telah membawa pelbagai impak positif dan negatif kepada sifat penggunaan. Sehingga era globalisasi yang berpaksikan libelisasi perdagangan telah mendorong maksima penggunaan sedunia. Tambahan pula dengan perdagangan eletronik telah menyebabkan penggunaan melebihi had sehingga menyebabkan pembaziran. Untuk mengelakkan pembaziran dan memupuk penggunaan mampan, remedi yang memberi tebus rugi kepada pengguna harus berfungsi secara berkesan dengan memadai. Dengan remedi yang berkesan pengguna boleh mendapat tebus rugi yang memadai dan secara tidak langsungnya akan mengurangkan pembaziran penggunaan barang. Remedi komprehensif yang memadai turut akan memupuk penggunaan mampan dengan memaksa pengeluaran barang yang berkualiti sekaligus mengubah rantaian perdagangan yang lebih berhemah. Di Malaysia, Akta Pelindungan Pengguna 1999 (APP 1999) sebagai akta perundangan utama dalam memberi perlindungan pengguna telah gagal memperkenalkan skema remedi yang berkesan dalam memberi tebus rugi kepada pengguna. Kertas kerja ini mengupas remedi kontrak jualan barang pengguna dalam APP 1999 dengan analisis yang kritikal dalam memberi perlindungan pengguna yang berkesan melalui remedi supaya memupuk penggunaan mampan. Kata kerja: Penggunaan mampan, remedi, kontrak, jualan barang, pengguna. PENGENALAN Baru-baru ini, peralihan gaya hidup dan penggunaan mampan telah menjadi tumpuan sedunia untuk kualiti hidup yang lebih baik demi menjaga keperluan generasi-generasi selanjutnya. Peralihan penggunaan mampan telah menyebabkan pelbagai perubahan kepada polisi negara-negara serta menyebabkan pengubalan perundangan untuk menggalakkan penggunaan mampan. Penggunaan mampan sering dikaitkan dengan alam sekitar dan pencemaran semata-matanya, tetapi sebenarnya penggunaan mampan juga mempengaruhi perkembangan ekonomi dan sosial secara langsung. Dalam hasrat menggalakkan penggunaan mampan haruslah bermula dari penggurangan pembaziran. Pembaziran boleh dikurangkan dengan memberi remedi tebus rugi yang memadai kepada pengguna. Dengan skema remedi perundangan yang cekap dan berkesan maka pengguna boleh mendapatkan tebus rugi yang memadai. Selain itu, remedi yang komprehensif juga akan memaksa pengeluaran barang yang lebih berkualiti dalam rantaian perdagangan. Tebus rugi pengguna dalam remedi seperti penggantian, pembaiki barang, pengurangan harga barang telah secara langsungnya akan mengurangkan pembaziran. Disebabkan remedi-remedi dapat bertindak dengan berkesan, penjual akan memastikan bahawa barang yang dijual adalah barang yang bermutu tinggi dan tidak akan mengambil barang daripada pengedar yang mengedarkan barang yang tidak berkualiti. Dengan ini, pengedar dan pembekal juga akan mengambil langkah berjaga-jaga untuk memastikan barang yang diedarkan itu berkualiti. Oleh demikian, dengan perdagangan yang lebih berhemah pengeluar dan pengilang terpaksa mengeluarkan barang yang berkualiti. Kesan rantaian berkenaan dengan pengeluaran barang berkualiti akan bertindak daripada
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Papers by Ong Tze Chin
Conference Presentations by Ong Tze Chin