The Department of English

The paper relates to the depiction of Indian women in contemporary advertisements and the
possible effects such type of advertisements can have on the youngsters and the society in general. It also
questions the need of showing such kind of portrayal in the media and the role of governing bodies in the same.

The objective of this research paper is highlight the hidden reality of Indian social system and the subjucation of Dalit people in India. The caste system is a burning reality of Indian society; Dalits are exposed to discrimination and violence all the time. The structure of Indian society, with its hierarchies and power structure, is an ideal place to better comprehend the practice of oppression. Dalits throughout the longest established Indian hierarchy and members of the lower castes and classes have traditionally born to force the oppression generated by the Indian social structure.  Dalits are often treated worse than animals. They have to face dishonor and murders of a different kind. The caste system is so much rooted in the Indian Culture that it is effectively difficult to escape from it. The Dalits should accept the ill-treatment done against them as the result of their own actions of past birth. They should contemplate that they committed some bad deeds due to which they are facing such kind of persecution.

Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipual was born on 17th August 1932 at Chaguanas, Trinidad. He is known for his comic novels set in Trinidad.  Naipaul has published more than 30 books both of fiction and nonfiction.  His best known works are A House for Mr. Biswas, In a Free State and A Bend in The River. He was awarded the Booker prize in 1971 and Nobel Prize in 2001. A House for Mr. Biswas tells the story of its protagonist; he experienced a new life at every step of his life.  A House for Mr. Biswas (1961), Naipaul took inspiration from childhood memories of his father.  Mr. Biswas seemed fated from his birth to be a victim of circumstances and misfortune.  Poverty and despondence hang out his life throughout.  But he refuses to give up his ambition of owning a house and so build another during the Port of Spain phase of his life.  A House as a metaphor works throughout the novel. He is known as a cosmopolitan writer. He is unhappy about the cultural and spiritual life of Trinidad, he feels disgruntle from India and in England

This Dissertation looks at the Social Dominance and oppression which has been continued
to be a serious issue of concern in India since the existence of human being.  The structure
of Indian society, with its hierarchies and power structure, is an ideal place to better
comprehend the practice of oppression. Dalits throughout the longest established Indian
hierarchy and members of the lower castes and classes have traditionally born the force
of oppression generated by the Indian social structure.  Dalits are often treated worse
than animals. They have to face dishonor and murders of a different kind. The caste
system is so much rooted in the Indian Culture that it is effectively difficult to escape from
it.  The cast follows you anywhere you go, even into the temple, purely because the caste
system is static in the minds of the Indian people. On the one side this makes the condition
more multifaceted and hard to change, but on the other side it offers hope for better
future also.

The objective of this research paper is to prominence the concealed reality of Indian social system and the suppression of low class people in India. The caste system has spread its roots deep in Indian society. The constitution of Indian society, with its hierarchy is an ideal place to better realize the practice of oppression. Lower class throughout the longest conventional Indian hierarchy and members of the lower castes and classes have usually born to force the repression generated by the Indian communal structure. Premchand is generally considers the greatest Hindi writer. Premchand was also a social reformer. The remarkable characteristic of his writing was the reality that he depicted as exploitation of poor people. He gave the massage on social evils like dowry, poverty, communalism and corruption. He was the first writer of twenty century to reflect reality in the literature. Premchand is the most prominent Hindi novelist, and Godaan is Premchand's renowned novel. The economic and social struggle in a north village are deeply depicted the condition of the pre-independence of a countryside. That was the era of poverty, ignorance and exploitation of the illiterate peasants at the hands of rich landlords. But the situation has not changed as greatly as it had been expected and the subaltern condition cannot change

The Awakening, novel is written at the end of the 19th century in America. In the 19 th century in America and Europe, men and women were expected to fill the distinct domain of the society, where men were expected to live a public life that is the common life of the people and women were supposed to do the household duties such as the housebound, cooking, taking care of children and husband. Their identity was limited as a wife and as a mother only. The ideology of keeping women in the four walls of the house, taking care of children, obedient were and are at the centre of disparity at that time and now. The core objective of this paper is to explore the hindrances in the development of women after marriage and also shows how marriage become an obstruction in the progress of women. The novelist, Kate Chopin depicts main protagonist, Edna unsatisfied with her position in life. P a g e | 883

Victorian England was a strictly patriarchal society. A woman was considered not more than a piece of furniture in the house. She was suppose to be kept confined within the four walls of the house to perform domestic duties. Broadly speaking a girl is trained and bred for marriage alone where her future depends. Every women's life was in a way all same, they were deprived from their rights since their birth and is expected to be submissive to their husbands. Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte is altogether a different woman from other women at that time, the self independence and liberation which she exercise within herself makes her a feminist who fights for her dignity. The paper will examine how Jane Eyre has incorporated feminist ideals or more likely bringing the view of equality of women by refusing to the objectified and standing out different from a Victorian typical submissive woman. Charlotte Bronte portrays the status of women and the inequality prevalent in the society during those time through Jane Eyre.

This paper aims at analysing Emma Donoghue's Slammerkin, written in 2000 and set in mid-eighteenth century England, projects a girl who in no time is pushed into the category of a 'fallen woman' for violating the prescribed patriarchal norms and roles for women. Here the girl, Mary, is represented as a universal subject who lives in the wretched condition of most women of her rank and background in the eighteenth century, at the same time, her singular personality interrogates the anti-women stance of the Enlightenment as she emerges into her own in the same inimical historical time and place to reach beyond it to the current readership. The scope of reclamation is dealt to facilitate lost selfhood in general and of women victims in particular. Its objective is to asseverate the wholeness of one's identity. Reclamation is synonymous to the redefinition of womanhood and her selfhood. The victory of assertion can be felicitously traced when Mary redefines the term prostitute by combating the patriarchal society of the Enlightenment that makes her a peripheral character. Thus, Mary in Slammerkin, works its way through the narrative of trauma and seek to reclaim itself persistently, powerfully and substantially.

In this research paper, I have made an attempt to analyze The Changing Dynamics of Motherhood in Emma Donoghue’s Room. The concept Motherhood is used as a tool to propound the feminist aspect using subversion for reclamation and reparation. Donoghue situates her protagonists—a woman and a child—in the historical and temporal contexts of extant societal processes. The novel delineates the disadvantageousness and subjugation of women in male dominated societies and their discourses. The three intertwined themes namely subversion, reclamation and reparation have been studied through the representation of the female protagonist and a little son, as they face and endure violent encounters with male-centred society. They experience stigmatization and double marginalization, imposed debilitating femininity, and negation of their humanity. They respond to these with their acts of transgression and subversion of the patriarchal oppressors to assert their selfhood and demand justice and reparation. Donoghue adopts a style of writing in Room that turns a potentially maudlin and gothic story into a powerful multilayered narrative of uncompromising female assertion and rejuvenated humanity. The story of Ma and Jack is illuminated throughout by the effulgent bond of a mother and her child. The novels succinctly establish Emma Donoghue’s contribution to the understanding of the development of complex matrixes of masculinity and femininity through history, tradition, and literary expositions till the contemporary feminist discourse.
Subversion, Donoghue postulates and concludes, is symbiotically joined with reclamation, as the very aim of subversion is to reclaim one’s personhood and autonomy. Ma is denied personhood and is deprived of her basic right to live a life of dignity and freedom. She is denied pleasure and reduced to mere sexual objects for sadistic or sexual pleasures of man. The ‘body’  of Ma is coercively and wantonly used by her perpetrator to assert his maleness or crushing bestiality on her, which helps her redefine the idea of ‘motherhood’.

The conventional perception of gender roles in a socio-cultural setup cast men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive beings thereby casting women as emotional (irrational), weak, nurturing, and submissive (Nayar 83-85). Therefore, women are expected to fit themselves in this frame, where in every sense they are inferior to men and lose their personal identity. Thus, women remain as mere object or property to men. Taslima Nasrin, on account of her personal experience of childhood sexual abuse and the deteriorating status of women in Bangladesh, contributes considerably to the feminist thought. In most of her writings, Nasrin gives evidences of her feminist leanings as she delineates situations pertaining to subjugation and marginalization of women by men who have patriarchal mindset. The female characters in Lajja: Kironmoyee, Maya, and Shammima Begum are all compelled to behave as per the patriarchal norms, wherein Nasrin aims at highlighting the situation of women belonging to minority community of Hindus in Bangladesh, who had to go through a tough phase during the demolition of Babri Masjid in India. The double marginalization of women on religious grounds on the one hand and their gender identity on the other is another crucial aspect in the novel. Taslima Nasrin exemplifies the woman who breaches the patriarchal code, and is thus maltreated. To exemplify, " In 1993, a fundamentalist organization called Soldiers of Islam issued fatwa against her. Rather than supporting her, the government sided with the fundamentalists and confiscated her passport, asked her to cease writing and banned her book Lajja (Shame) in which she depicted atrocities committed by Muslim fundamentalists against Hindus " (Nasrin, " Dissident " 42). Lajja deals with several feminist issues. In fact, Nasrin demonstrates the ways how patriarchal mindset challenges individuality and self-respect of women. In one of her interviews, she states that " everything she has written is for the oppressed women of Bangladesh. " She further stated that " she has wrung her heart out into her words " (Quiglay 24). One of the most important feminist issues that has been dealt with in the novel is the treatment of women at the hands of various patriarchal institutions like family, society and state, headed by a patriarch who either looks down upon women or marginalizes them. Kironmoyee as a mother is expected to be gentle, polite and understanding. Issues like her husband's infertility, physical ordeals, and extreme hunger, are supposed to be warmly accepted and humbly enacted by her in order to keep the family intact: " Kironmoyee did not eat herself, but kept Maya's share of food for her " (Lajja 100). A woman's desires carry no significance when it comes to her family; she is expected to make every sacrifice to keep the pot boiling. Likewise in case of Kironmoyee too " [h]er latest sacrifice involved selling a pair of her gold bangles to Dr. Haripada's wife. After all, gold was not so precious that it could not be sold if the need arose " (Lajja 113). Her desire to move to India to her relatives at the perilous hour (on account of the aftermath of Babri Masjid demolition) remained unattended. All she could do was secretly shed tears and behave submissively, which is refrential of the patriarchal setup, where the family is led by a male member, who is supposed to be all powerful and centralized. Such that, the female

The Comparative study refers to the comparison of one piece of art with the other. The present paper is an attempt to comparatively study Emma Donoghue's fiction Room Lenny Abrahamson's directed movie Room . The director Lenny Abrahmson, by conflating the prevalent contemporary elements of the age with the captivity of Ma and her son Jack in a suspenseful and horror narrative in the movie, has helped the readers to understand how

The paper aims at questioning the conventionally established sexuality of woman in Emma Donoghue's Slammerkin (2000). Plausibly, it lays bare female protagonist's (Mary) subversion of gender roles, her transgression of boundaries for the reclamation of her dreams and dignity, and the demand for reparation from her for disallowing them. Mary subverts the othered identity imposed upon her by patriarchy, which is conflated with capitalism that identifies her as sacrificial, feeble, and acquiescent. She redefines prostitution as a weapon for acquiring a subject from a treaty of object. To reclaim her autonomous identity, Mary uses her innate intelligence and quick-wittedness, with parody, hysteria, and sexuality to assert her uniqueness and to subvert patriarchy. This in turn, aids Mary to affirm herself as an individual and also to redefine her personhood, visa -vis her gender role, social space, and relationships. Reparation is posited with Mary's trial and hanging, which uncover the embedded biases and injustices in English society of the Enlightenment. The end enforces upon society the need to restructure itself and make reparations for the unjustness that subjected Mary, as vulnerable women were and still are, to homelessness, sexual assault, poverty, desperation, and murder; all merely for her wish to have a better life.

The paper aims at highlighting the plight of rural women in post-independent Indian patriarchal society. I desire to depict the chained and falsified existence of women, as rendered by the masculine belief in Kamala Markandaya's Nectar in a Sieve (1954). The paper, erstwhile, demonstrates the objectification of women, followed by their transgression from chained boundaries, leading to affirmation of their dignity. The female protagonist Rukmani, and her daughter, Irawaddy subvert the othered identity imposed upon them by patriarchy, which is conflated with capitalism that identifies them as sacrificial, feeble, and acquiescent. Furthermore, Kunthi (peasant woman) and Irawaddy redefine prostitution as a weapon for acquiring a subject from a treaty of object. This in turn, aids them to affirm themselves as individuals and also to redefine their personhood, visa -vis their gender role, social space, and relationships. The subjection of innumerable women to homelessness, sexual assault, poverty, desperation, starvation and procreation , aptly, corresponds to the impact of industrialization in post-independent India, leading to devastation and deterioration of women's life on grounds of sex and class. Henceforth, the theoretical approach pertaining to material feminism, buttressed using Showalter's double bind, Michel Foucault's sexuality, Simon de Beauvoir's 'otherness', Mary Astell's and Mary Woltstone Craft's idea of feminism are incorporated to condemn the objectification of women at the hands of men. Nectar in a Sieve, the first novel by Kamala Markandaya, portrays the socioeconomic problems of India in 1954. Kamala Markandaya, is a prolific writer known to have written various novels depicting the hopes and aspirations of a young nation recently embarked on the path of development, surmounting many obstacles along the way, nevertheless, showcasing the real image of the working class women as vulnerable, and leaving them in jittery. She, subsequently, uses social-realism as a narrative technique to vehement the impact of industrialization on the working class (primarily women), where women were already looked down upon as a pro-creating devices used for satiating men's sexual appetite and to perpetuate their legacy. The story is presented in a linear chronological narrative, leading to

The conventional perception of gender roles in a socio-cultural setup cast men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive beings thereby casting women as emotional (irrational), weak, nurturing, and submissive (Nayar 83-85). Therefore, women are expected to fit themselves in this frame, where in every sense they are inferior to men and lose their personal identity. Thus, women remain as mere object or property to men. Taslima Nasrin, on account of her personal experience of childhood sexual abuse and the deteriorating status of women in Bangladesh, contributes considerably to the feminist thought. In most of her writings, Nasrin gives evidences of her feminist leanings as she delineates situations pertaining to subjugation and marginalization of women by men who have patriarchal mindset.

Xanthine oxidase is an important enzyme of purine metabolism that catalyzes the hydroxylation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then xanthine to uric acid. A thermostable xanthine oxidase is being reported from a thermophilic organism RL-2d isolated from the Manikaran (Kullu) hot spring of Himachal Pradesh (India). Based on the morphology, physiological tests, and 16S rDNA gene sequence, RL-2d was identified as Bacillus pumilus. Optimization of physiochemical parameters resulted into 4.1-fold increase in the xanthine oxidase activity from 0.051 U/mg dcw (dry cell weight) to 0.209 U/mg dcw. The xanthine oxidase of B. pumilus RL-2d has exhibited very good thermostability and its t 1/2 at 70 and 80°C were 5 and 1 h, respectively. Activity of this enzyme was strongly inhibited by Hg 2? , Ag ? and allopurinol. The investigation showed that B. pumilus RL-2d exhibited highest xanthine oxidase activity and remarkable thermostability among the other xanthine oxidases reported so far.