Design, Technology and Society

This articles describes the results of an artistic activity in the context of narrative identity completed with 114 5-19 year-olds from 7 countries. The shapes created by the children and adolescents give insights into their inner worlds, what they make of themselves, and how they understand others.

Including children in the design of technologies that will have an impact on their daily lives is one of the pillars of user-centered design. Educational robots are an example of such a technology where children's involvement is important. However, the form in which this involvement should take place is still unclear. Children do not have a lot of experience with educational robots yet, while they do have some ideas of what robot could be like from popular media, such as BayMax from the Big Hero 6 movie. In this paper we describe two pilot studies to inform the development of an elicitation method focusing on form factors; a first study in which we have asked children between 8 and 15 years old to design their own classroom robot using a toolkit, the Robo2Box, and a second study where we have compared the use of the Robo2Box toolkit and clay as elicitation methods. We present the results of the two studies, and discuss the implications of the outcomes to inform further development of the Robo2Box for prototyping classroom robots by children.

Spatial skills are essential for everyday tasks, and technology blends seamlessly into children's everyday environment. Since spatiality as a term is ubiquitous in experience this paper bridges literature in two fields: theories on early spatial learning in cognitive development and potential benefits of tangible user interfaces (TUIs) for supporting very young children's spatial skills. Studies suggest that the period between 2 and 4 years of age is critical for training spatial skills (e.g., mental rotation), which relate to further success in STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math) disciplines. We first present a review of the empirical findings on spatial skills, early interventions, and tools (i.e., narrative and gesture input) recommended for training preschool children's spatial skills. By situating the work within the use and benefits of manipulatives (e.g., building blocks, puzzles, shapes) combined with digital affordances in interaction design, we address the relevance of TUIs as complementary tools for spatial learning. We concentrate on the supporting properties of TUIs that enable playful learning, make storytelling more concrete, and provide embodiment effects through physicality. Through various products found in the market and literature that address the physical-digital convergence, we invite designers and researchers to consider design practices and applicable technology that build on present efforts and paradigms in this area. To contribute to this area, we conclude with a discussion of the gaps in design methods to develop technologies for children younger than 4 years old, and propose directions for future work to leverage new tools that serve very young children's spatial learning and possible inquiries for dual payoff.

To date, developmental needs and abilities of children under 4 years old have been insufficiently taken into account at the early stages of technology design. Bekker and Antle [6] created developmentally situated design (DSD) cards as a design tool to inform children's technology designers about children's development starting from 5 years of age. In this paper, we describe how we customized DSD cards for a specific developmental skill (i.e., spatial learning) of children between 2-and 4-year-olds for tangible interaction design. The cards were evaluated after a user study in which 19 participants from different backgrounds used the cards in three design workshops. Our analysis of observational notes and online survey identify and discuss how specific card features support or limit use by our participants. We draw on our findings to set forth design considerations and possible refinements that make age specific knowledge about very young children's spatial learning to inform technologies based on tangible interaction.

What for and how will we design children's technologies in the transhumanism age, and what stance will we take as designers? This paper aims to answer this question with 13 fctional abstracts from sixteen authors of different countries, institutions and disciplines. Transhumanist thinking envisions enhancing human body and mind by blending human biology with technological augmentations. Fundamentally, it seeks to improve the human species, yet the impacts of such movement are unknown and the implications on children's lives and technologies were not explored deeply. In an age, where technologies such as under-skin chips or brain-machine interfaces can clearly be defned as transhumanist, our aim is to reveal probable pitfalls and benefts of those technologies on children's lives by using the power of design fction. Thus, main contribution of this paper is to create diverse presentation of provocative research ideas that will foster the discussion on the transhumanist technologies impacting the lives of children in the future.

This proposed project aims to develop a researchdriven interactive product that facilitates spatial skills of preschoolers. Here, we present the preliminary qualitative results of a user study with the paper prototype of Fungram, merging physical tangram pieces on the screen within a narrative context. A pilot study was conducted with eight children between the ages of 25 and 48 months, who were presented tangible tangram pieces along with two sets of papers with and without narrative context. Our preliminary qualitative data indicates that narrative context helps children's coherence of abstract figures and triggers rotation of geometric tangram pieces. This study provide insights about children's user needs and action strategies within the proposed use scenario with graspable puzzle pieces related to screen interaction at this age range. We suggest that transmedia play expand opportunities for children to employ their spatial skills in different settings.

Today, it has been broadly acknowledged in the CCI community that children are not only active learners and users of technology, but can also actively participate in the design process. However, it remains challenging to analyze children's experiences and creative contributions resulting from co-design activities (e.g. stories, paper prototypes, enacted ideas). This workshop will explore different ways to analyze children's (0 to 18 years) experiences and contributions in co-design activities, the perceived benefits and challenges of these approaches, and will serve as a venue for synthesizing productive practices that will move the CCI community forward.

To date, the developmental needs and abilities of children under 4 years old have been insufficiently taken into account in the early stages of interaction design. This paper addresses this gap in the research by exploring how children between the ages of 26 and 43 months interact with spatial manipulatives. To this end, we modified intervention techniques for early spatial learning found in cognitive developmental studies and combined these with design methods used in Child-Tangible Interaction (CTI). From the former we borrowed the Preschool Embedded Figures Test (PEFT), and from the latter a storytelling approach incorporated into structured tasks with hands-on tools. In this paper, we first discuss related work on early spatial learning and CTI methods. Then, we describe a case study conducted with 14 parent-child dyads. Finally, we present the results, which offer insight into young children's mental rotation skills, different rotation action strategies and parental input requirements. Our findings contribute to design methods to elicit age specific knowledge about young children's hands-on learning, and set forth techniques and design considerations for evidence-based CTI to scaffold early spatial thinking skills.

Reflection is an integral part of collaborative interaction. However, we know little about how to design for reflection in collaborative activities mediated by technologies. This systematic literature review focuses on children’s reflections within the collaborative practices in child-computer interaction research and investigates (1) the link between reflection and collaborative activities, (2) the types of collaborative technologies to scaffold reflection, and (3) the methodological approaches to analyze reflection. We searched the ACM Digital Library, Scopus and ProQuest which resulted in 141 papers that make the link between terms ‘reflection’ and ‘collaboration’ explicit, where only 13 of these involve children as the primary actors of reflection. The results show that this topic is increasingly gaining attention, however, the link between reflection and collaborative interaction remains underdeveloped. The contribution of this study is to provide a theoretical and methodologic...

In this paper, we explore the role of learning theory in the Childcomputer interaction (CCI) community's leading venues: the Interaction Design and Children (IDC) conference and the International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction (IJCCI). Searching all publications in the IDC conference proceedings and IJCCI, 63 papers that use the word stem 'learn*' in title, abstract and keywords were included in the corpus. Based on an analysis of these papers, our semi-systematic literature review demonstrates that assessment of learning regarding transfer of learning and controlled groups is rare, that the main role for learning theory is application, and that four main theoretical positions on learning can be recognized: constructivism, constructionism, cognitive theories, and socio-cognitive theory. The paper further presents an overview of how and which learning theories are used, and outlines paths for future CCI research based on the results. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → Interaction design theory, concepts and paradigms.

In this paper, we propose a taxonomy for the classification of children's gestural input elicited from spatial puzzle play in VR hand tracking. The taxonomy builds on the existing manipulative gesture taxonomy in human-computer interaction, and offers two main analytical categories; Goal-directed actions and Hand kinematics as complementary dimensions for analysing gestural input. Based on our study with eight children (aged between 7-14), we report the qualitative results for describing the categories for analysis and quantitative results for their frequency in occurring in children's interaction with the objects during the spatial task. This taxonomy is an initial step towards capturing the complexity of manipulative gestures in relation to mental rotation actions, and helps designers and developers to understand and study children's gestures as an input for object interaction as well as an indicator for spatial thinking strategies in VR hand tracking systems. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → HCI theory, concepts and models.

In this paper, we propose a taxonomy for the classification of collaborative interaction situations derived from studying a set of co-located collaborative gameplay sessions. The taxonomy builds on the MDA framework and Activity Theory (AT) as top-level attributes, and offers the analytical dimensions WHAT, WHO, WHEN and HOW, each containing a number of sub-categories, for evaluating different levels of collaborative interaction mediated by games. The work is based on a three stage process: design of game instances, data collection, and analysis of play sessions. This taxonomy is an initial step towards capturing the complexity of collaboration mediated by games, and helps in understanding and studying collaboration as a phenomena in game design. Our preliminary work provides a characterization of multiple dimensions of collaborative interaction, providing game designers a starting point for deeper understanding into collaborative interaction mediated by a collocated gameplay. CCS CONCEPTS • Human-centered computing → HCI theory, concepts and models.

This SIG will provide child-computer interaction researchers and practitioners, as well as other interested CHI attendees, an opportunity to discuss topics related to developing participatory methods to consider the ethics of emerging technologies for children. While Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).

Spatial skills are essential for everyday tasks, and technology blends seamlessly into children's everyday environment. Since spatiality as a term is ubiquitous in experience this paper bridges literature in two fields: theories on early spatial learning in cognitive development and potential benefits of tangible user interfaces (TUIs) for supporting very young children's spatial skills. Studies suggest that the period between 2 and 4 years of age is critical for training spatial skills (e.g., mental rotation), which relate to further success in STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and math) disciplines. We first present a review of the empirical findings on spatial skills, early interventions, and tools (i.e., narrative and gesture input) recommended for training preschool children's spatial skills. By situating the work within the use and benefits of manipulatives (e.g., building blocks, puzzles, shapes) combined with digital affordances in interaction design, we address the relevance of TUIs as complementary tools for spatial learning. We concentrate on the supporting properties of TUIs that enable playful learning, make storytelling more concrete, and provide embodiment effects through physicality. Through various products found in the market and literature that address the physical-digital convergence, we invite designers and researchers to consider design practices and applicable technology that build on present efforts and paradigms in this area. To contribute to this area, we conclude with a discussion of the gaps in design methods to develop technologies for children younger than 4 years old, and propose directions for future work to leverage new tools that serve very young children's spatial learning and possible inquiries for dual payoff.

Intrinsic motivation plays an important role in learning or engagement, and the factors that identifies intrinsic motivation have been insufficiently taken into account at the early stages of technology design for children. In this work-in-progress paper, we describe how we develop cards for children's intrinsic motivation in carrying out everyday tasks in home environment. The content of the cards were derived from 50 parents' views extracted through an online survey as well as a desk research literature review. Then we evaluated the cards in a focus group with four experts from different backgrounds in developmental research. We draw on our Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be honored. For all other uses, contact the owner/author(s).

Collaboration is one of the 21st century skills, and in our new digital and hybrid reality, the importance of designing technologies that support collaborative interaction in various ways has increased due to e.g., the recent Covid-19 pandemic and the need to decrease travel to keep down environmental impact and avoid unnecessary contributions to the climate emergency. Accordingly, designers of digital tools need to be educated regarding supporting collaborative interaction, online, on-site and hybrid. However, there is a lack of concrete teaching materials for how to design collaborative technologies. In this paper, we present an emerging pedagogical framework targeting technology design educations in higher education in teaching to develop students' knowledge and skills for how to design technology that mediates collaborative interaction. The pedagogical framework will be made available for everyone as an online open educational resource. The framework is developed through a pedagogical design pattern method using a three-phased model for conducting educational design research and developing educational materials. The results are based on Laurillard's pedagogical pattern template (Laurillard, 2012), and further extended with the SOLO taxonomy for defining learning objectives (Biggs, 2003). Using one specific approach throughout simplifies consistency and coherence among the various parts. The pedagogical framework consists of 10 pedagogical patterns, which entail concrete teaching activities with accompanying learning goals. The teaching activities are divided into concepts, methods and practices: Concepts explain the underlying conceptual and theoretical foundations that students need in order to take human collaborative interaction into account, both in their methods and in their design process, as well as in taking responsibility for their end product or service. An example of a teaching activity is a lecture on 'Collaborative interaction in Activity theory'. Methods address methods for students to engage with groups, elicit requirements for design, and to practically design and evaluate collaborative technologies. An example of a teaching activity is a lecture and exercise on 'Requirements elicitation for collaborative technologies'. Practices consists of case studies that illustrate best practices and case studies in designing collaborative technologies. An example is a lecture with an accompanying exercise on 'Designing for Collaborative co-located multi-display environments'. Together, these teaching resources, which are all freely available online, make up a framework that supports developing students' knowledge and skills for how to design technology that mediates collaborative interaction. We believe that this work has two contributions. First of all, to propose what an emerging pedagogical framework for learning about designing collaborative technologies can be and open it up for critique and further development. Secondly, we also believe that a discussion on teaching practices is important in that it can contribute to developing the research field, as students display through their learning process, aspects that would perhaps have been hidden if we studied experienced designers, or only reflected on our own research practice.

In 21th century, the word "carnival" refers to a series of touristic activities which are related to feasting, masquerading, and merrymaking in specific cities like Venice, Rio or Cologne. Contemporary carnivals typically involve parades and public celebrations, with certain elements like masks, circus and open air parties. The word's etymology shows that "carnival" is derived from the Italian word; carne + vale, alteration of earlier carnelavare (Latin carnelevarium o r carnem levare) which means the removal(lavare) of meat(carne) from flesh. In medieval Europe, it was the continuation of the Roman Catholic festival tradition; known as the "farewell to meat or farewell to the flesh". Carnival festivities and the comic spectacles had an important place in the life of the medieval man. Some of the most well-known traditions, including carnival parades and masquerading, were first recorded in medieval Italy. The carnival of Venice, was first mentioned in