robert wade

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The market for public office: Why the Indian state is not better at development

World Development, 1985

... Why is the Indian state not better at promoting development? ... rent to be had from an impor... more ... Why is the Indian state not better at promoting development? ... rent to be had from an import license, for example, may locate their office in the capital city where ... of kinship, affection, caste and so forth determine access to the favors of powerholders, and &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;market&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27; corruption, where ...

Borohydride-Based Blowing Agent

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 1960

The Economic Crisis and the Developing World: What Next?

Challenge, 2009

... They were interviewed by Kevin Gallagher on the many issues affecting the future of developin... more

The U. S. Role in the Asian Crisis

Ruralism as a Way of Life? Stratification and Voluntary Associations in a Tuscan VILLAGE1

Sociologia Ruralis, 1975

SummaryEvidence from a small settlement in Tuscany suggests that even where people have face‐to‐f... more SummaryEvidence from a small settlement in Tuscany suggests that even where people have face‐to‐face contact across a range of social contexts, the allocation of prestige and of leadership roles in voluntary associations may be made with relatively impersonal criteria. This is not what Wirth's argument, as modified by Dewey, would lead one to expect.ZusammenfassungDie Forschungsergebnisse aus einer kleinen Siedlung in der Toscana zeigen, daß selbst dort, wo die Leute persönlichen Kontakt über verschiedene soziale Bereiche hinweg haben, die Verteilung von Prestige und Führungsrollen in freiwilligen Vereinigungen trotzdem nach relativ unpersönlichen Kriterien erfolgen kann. Dieses Ergebnis würde man nach Wirths Ausführungen oder deren Modifikation durch Dewey nicht erwarten.

What strategies are viable for developing countries today? The World Trade Organization and the shrinking of ‘development space’

Review of International Political Economy, 2003

The world is experiencing a surge of international regulations aimed at limiting the development ... more The world is experiencing a surge of international regulations aimed at limiting the development policy options of developing country governments. Of the three big agreements coming out of the Uruguay Round -on investment measures (TRIMS), trade in services (GATS), and intellectual property rights (TRIPS) -the first two limit the authority of developing country governments to constrain the choices of companies operating or hoping to operate in their territory, while the third requires the governments to enforce rigorous property rights of foreign (generally Western) firms in the face of 'theft' by domestic firms. Together the agreements make comprehensively illegal many of the industrial policy instruments used in the successful East Asian developers to nurture their own firms, industries and technological capacities. They are likely to lock in the position of Western countries at the top of the world hierarchy of wealth. The paper describes how the three agreements, in the name of motherhood principles like 'reciprocity' and 'no distortions', constitute a modern version of Friedrich List's "kicking away the ladder". It then outlines some needed changes in the way we think about development and in the role of multilateral organizations. It concludes that the practical prospects for change along these lines are slender, but not negligible. Developing countries as a group are being more tightly constrained in their national development strategies by proliferating regulations formulated and enforced by international organizations. These regulations are not about limiting companies' options, as 'regulation' normally connotes. Rather, they are about limiting the options of developing country governments to constrain the options of companies operating or hoping to operate within their borders. In effect, the new regulations are designed to expand the options of developed country firms to enter and exit markets more easily, with fewer restrictions and obligations, and to lock-in their appropriation of technological rents. Developed country governments, led by the United States and the United Kingdom, 2 are driving this proliferation of international market-opening and technology-rent-protecting regulations, using multilateral economic organizations, international treaties and bilateral agreements. They have come together to legitimise a level of intrusion into the economies and polities of developing countries hitherto frowned upon by the international community, framing the intrusion in the shape of international agreements. Ironically in view of the common belief that globalization is weakening the power of states to regulate, they are requiring developing country governments to regula te -themselves and their national firms -3 These commitments were made in the Uruguay Round of 1986-94, and re-made in the Doha agreement of November 2001 to start a new round of multilateral trade talks. 4 The United States has raised its agricultural and steel subsidies since the Doha agreement, and is more likely to raise trade barriers for textiles and garments, footwear, and several farm products than to lower them. These are sectors that are vulnerable to import competition from developing countries and important for the US political support system. The EU deploys protection about as much as the US, and has flouted its Doha commitments even more blatantly than the US by failing to commit to a timetable for reducing its subsidies. 5 Tariff escalation refers to higher tariffs on imports of more highly processed commodities.

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US hegemony and the World Bank: the fight over people and ideas

Review of International Political Economy, 2002

Hegemony refers to a dominant group's ability to make others want the same thing as it wants for ... more Hegemony refers to a dominant group's ability to make others want the same thing as it wants for itself. It rests upon (1) a substantive pillar of belief that the system of rule created by the dominant group brings material and other benefits to all or most participants and that the feasible alternatives are worse, and (2) a procedural pillar of belief that the processes and procedures of the dominant system of rule are fair and appropriate and will be enforced on the dominant group as well as the subordinate group. But the requirements of ( ) and ( ) may undermine each otherthis is the hegemon's dilemma. US intervention in multilateral organizations to strengthen the substantive pillar -the organizations' commitment to the idea of mutual benefits from free markets -may come at the expense of the procedural pillar, by breaking collectively legitimated rules of, for example, personnel selection or research independence; and vice versa. This paper explores US-World Bank relations in the context of US efforts to influence the statements made by the incumbents of two important ideascontrolling positions in the World Bank, the chief economist and the director of the World Development Report. It takes the firing of chief economist Joseph Stiglitz and the resignation of director of the World Development Report 2000, Ravi Kanbur, as case studies. It draws broader conclusions about how hegemony actually works, about the extent of World Bank autonomy, and about the debate on development agendas.

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Susan Park and Antje Vetterlein (eds.). 2010. Owning development: Creating policy norms in the IMF and the World Bank (New York: Cambridge University Press)

The Review of International Organizations, 2011

... The chapter by Ralf Leiteritz and Manuela Moschella on capital account liberalization in the ... more

Sequence and expression of human myosin alkali light chain isoforms

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1989

In order to initiate the study of the functional differences between myosin alkali light chain is... more In order to initiate the study of the functional differences between myosin alkali light chain isoforms and to investigate the mechanisms of their differential expression, we have isolated cDNA clones for two human alkali light chain isoforms. Here we report DNA sequence and RNA blotting analyses that demonstrate that these cDNAs represent transcripts encoding human MLC3F and MLC1Sb. The sequence of the human MLC1Sb cDNA offers the first fully characterized example of a slow-fiber skeletal muscle alkali light chain isoform from any species. The sequence analysis of these two cDNAs allows an examination of evolutionarily conserved features of mammalian alkali light chain genes. Examination of the genomic organization of the human alkali light chain isoform genes revealed that, in contrast with some strains of mice, both are single copy genes. RNA blot analysis conclusively demonstrates that the human skeletal muscle MLC1Sb gene is also expressed in the heart ventricle but not the atria. In addition, we examined the expression of alkali light chain isoforms during the in vitro differentiation of a variety of human and rodent myogenic cells and found striking variation in the pattern of alkali light chain isoform gene expression in different myogenic cells.

Sublytic Terminal Complement Attack on Myotubes Decreases the Expression of mRNAs Encoding Muscle‐Specific Proteins

Journal of Neurochemistry, 2002

: Activation of inflammatory and cytotoxic complement effectors that include the C5b‐9 complex pl... more : Activation of inflammatory and cytotoxic complement effectors that include the C5b‐9 complex plays an important pathogenic role in myasthenia gravis, an inflammatory autoimmune disease of the muscle. Altered muscle‐specific gene expression has been observed in experimental myasthenic rats. In this study, we have examined the effect of sublytic C5b‐9 on myotubes differentiated from C2C12 myoblasts, by generating C5b‐9 with C7‐deficient serum with or without C7. Within 2 h, C7‐deficient serum plus C7, compared with C7‐deficient serum alone, induced markedly decreased levels of mRNAs encoding α‐actin, troponin I slow twitch isoform, acetylcholine receptor α, and muscle aldolase A, whereas the heat shock protein 83 mRNA level remained constant, by northern analysis. Because the half‐life of the acetylcholine receptor α was estimated to be &gt;8 h, the C5b‐9 effect was, in part, due to enhanced mRNA decay. Because C5b‐9 also induced c‐jun mRNA and reduced the myoD mRNA level, a possible inhibition of muscle gene transcription by C5b‐9 was examined in myotubes transfected with troponin promoter‐luciferase gene constructs. Luciferase activity was reduced to 50% in response to C5b‐9 at 2 h. Thus, C5b‐9 appears to inhibit the muscle‐specific gene expression by stimulating mRNA decay and by decreasing the transcription process. The data also indicate a possible pathogenic role of C5b‐9 in immune‐mediated inflammatory muscle disorders in which complement activation has been implicated.

Differential expression of slow and fast skeletal muscle troponin C

Journal of Molecular Biology, 1988

We have isolated and sequenced the cDNAs for human slow and fast skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC)... more We have isolated and sequenced the cDNAs for human slow and fast skeletal muscle troponin C (TnC). Each cDNA is encoded by one of the two TnC genes in the human genome. The fast skeletal muscle TnC gene appears to be expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle. Only the slow TnC gene is expressed in human cardiac ventricle. The slow skeletal TnC gene is also expressed in skeletal muscle and, surprisingly, in several human fibroblast cell lines. Thus, at least one of the three proteins of the troponin complex appears to be expressed in non-muscle cells of higher vertebrates. The relative steady-state amounts of the slow and fast skeletal TnC mRNAs in various adult and embryonic striated muscles are similar to the expected amounts of the corresponding protein, suggesting that the expression of TnC genes is controlled predominantly by the production or accumulation of mRNA rather than by translational or post-translational mechanisms.

Irrigation reform in conditions of populist anarchy

Journal of Development Economics, 1984

Abstract It is true that the performance of India&amp;amp;amp;#x27;s canal-irrigated agricult... more

Return of industrial policy?

International Review of Applied Economics, 2012

Recent events (like the global financial crisis, the long North Atlantic slump, and the uprisings... more Recent events (like the global financial crisis, the long North Atlantic slump, and the uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa), on top of accumulating evidence that many middle income countries are stuck in a "middle income trap", have generated a renewed interest in industrial policyin the state playing a more active role in accelerating industrial upgrading and diversification than sanctioned by the neoclassical mainstream. In other words, a renewed interest in moving beyond the "regulatory" state towards the "developmental" state. After the introduction, this paper describes the core arguments of the neoclassical mainstream against industrial policy, and the kinds of empirical evidence used to support the negative judgement. It then outlines some of the main flaws in this evidence.

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Developmental States in East Asia:Editorial Introduction

IDS Bulletin, 1984

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Gestalt Shift: From ‘Miracle’ to ‘Cronyism’ in the Asian Crisis

IDS Bulletin, 1999

and time differences, 'There are not eighteen good reasons for anything', as George Stigler once ... more and time differences, 'There are not eighteen good reasons for anything', as George Stigler once said! This article aims, modestly, not at the necessary hypothesis formulation and testing, but at an '°Azizul Islam, 'The dynamics of Asian economic crisis and selected policy implications', Development Research and Policy Analysis Division, UN ESCAP, July 1998.

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Human Cardiac Troponin T: Identification of Fetal Isoforms and Assignment of the TNNT2 Locus to Chromosome 1q

Genomics, 1994

The troponin complex is located on the thin filament of striated muscle and is composed of three ... more The troponin complex is located on the thin filament of striated muscle and is composed of three component polypeptides: troponin T, troponin I, and troponin C. Three troponin T genes have been described on the basis of molecular cloning in humans and other vertebrates. These are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and encode the troponin T isoforms expressed in cardiac muscle, slow skeletal muscle, and fast skeletal muscle, respectively. Each of these genes is subject to alternative splicing, resulting in the production of multiple tissue-specific isoforms. We have cloned cDNAs encoding human cardiac troponin T from adult heart and have used these to demonstrate that multiple cardiac troponin T mRNAs are present in the human fetal heart, resulting from alternative splicing in the 5&#39; coding region of the gene. Hybridization of the cloned cDNAs to genomic DNA identifies a single-copy gene, and using somatic cell hybrid analysis, we have mapped the corresponding gene locus (designated TNNT2) to the long arm of chromosome 1 (1cen-qter).

Isolation of full-length cDNAs encoding abundant adult human skeletal muscle mRNAs

Gene, 1985

We have used a method [Gunning et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 3 (1983) 787-795] of cDNA clone isolation... more We have used a method [Gunning et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 3 (1983) 787-795] of cDNA clone isolation from a cDNA library that selects for clones corresponding to abundant mRNAs and simultaneously yields a large number of different cDNA clones containing a high fraction of nearly full-length inserts. We screened an adult human skeletal muscle (skm) cDNA library and have isolated 46 cDNA clones which correspond to different mRNAs expressed at significant levels in adult skm. Of these cDNA clones 17 appear to be muscle-specific. Eleven are expressed in both cardiac muscle and skm but six are expressed primarily in skm. The remainder are expressed in muscle as well as in human fibroblasts. Comparison of cDNA insert size with mRNA size for the 17 clones expressed only in skeletal plus cardiac muscle revealed that eight are full-length, five are not and four recognize multiple transcripts which prevent a definitive conclusion. These cDNA clones will greatly facilitate the characterization of genes which are regulated during human muscle development.

Voltage‐dependent calcium channel β‐subunits in combination with α1 subunits, have a GTPase activating effect to promote the hydrolysis of GTP by Gαo in rat frontal cortex

FEBS Letters, 1995

The dihydropyridine‐sensitive calcium channel agonist (−)‐BayK 8644 was found to produce an enhan... more The dihydropyridine‐sensitive calcium channel agonist (−)‐BayK 8644 was found to produce an enhancement of the intrinsic hydrolysis of GTP by Go in rat frontal cortex membranes. An anti‐calcium channel β‐subunit antiserum abolished the (−)‐BayK 8644‐stimulated hydrolysis of GTP by Go and reduced the dihydropyridine binding capacity of the cortical membranes. A peptide which mimics the β‐subunit binding domain of the calcium channel complex, also attenuated (−)‐BayK 8644 activation of GTPase. This study suggests that the calcium channel β‐subunit is the principal component of the channel complex involved in linking dihydropyridine agonist binding to enhanced hydrolysis of GTP by Go. This may be a mechanism by which calcium channels can normally act to limit the duration of a G‐protein modulatory signal.

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Public Expenditure and Indian Development Policy, 1960-1970. John Toye

Economic Development and Cultural Change, 1984

Regulation of contractile protein gene family mRNA pool sizes during myogenesis

Developmental Biology, 1990

During myogenesis, muscle contractile protein gene expression is induced and the products are use... more During myogenesis, muscle contractile protein gene expression is induced and the products are used to assemble the contractile apparatus characteristic of striated muscle. The different muscle proteins are accumulated in a fixed stoichiometric ratio related to their organization in the contractile apparatus. We have examined the relationship between contractile protein gene expression and the maintenance of stoichiometry at different stages of human myogenesis. Essentially all of the known components of adult human skeletal muscle thick and thin filaments have been cloned in the form of cDNAs and used to generate isoform-specific DNA probes. The expression of fast, slow, and cardiac isoforms was measured in human myogenic primary culture and in fetal and adult human skeletal muscle. We observed that neither fast nor slow nor cardiac isoforms are coordinately regulated at the level of comparative transcript accumulation throughout myogenesis. Thus, the stoichiometry of contractile protein levels cannot be explained by coordination of expression in each of these isoform classes. However, we find that the stoichiometry of mRNA accumulation of each gene family is very similar among three developmental stages: myotubes, fetal skeletal muscle, and adult skeletal muscle. This is consistent with the possibility that the maintenance of stoichiometry between the contractile proteins could be largely regulated by the total accumulation of mRNA from each of these gene families.

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