Liberal Arts and Social Sciences

The discourse on gender and development remains limited worldwide, including in India, where labour force participation reflects sharp regional and gendered disparities. Economic growth depends not only on job creation but also on the quality of working conditions that uphold freedom, safety, and dignity. In India, the Ministry of Labour and Employment, along with State Governments, plays a crucial role in regulating employment, ensuring worker welfare, and extending social security across both organized and unorganized sectors. Constitutional provisions place labour within the Concurrent List, empowering both Union and States to legislate for the welfare of workers. Strengthening this framework is vital for safeguarding the dignity of labour, promoting gender equity, and sustaining inclusive economic development.

This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth t...

Ethnic and linguistic diversity in a country, while it is considered an opportunity for growth and development, if not managed properly, becomes a serious challenge and creates tension in the country, increasing crimes will be one of them. Afghanistan has faced this problem for many years and has not yet found a suitable solution. The current research, using the descriptive-analytical method, aims to provide a suitable solution according to the cultural and social structure of the country. Historical and empirical studies of countries show that they have experienced four types of patterns of ethnic relations to solve their problems. The first model is the out-group marriage that results in born babies that do not belong to a specific race but belong to diverse races. The second one is the pattern of assimilation that occurs at two levels of culture and social structure. Based on this, the culture of other ethnic and their social groups fade away in the culture and social structure of the larger ethnic. The third modal is ethnic pluralism. Based on this pattern, different ethnic groups maintain their own culture and social structure. The fourth one is the model of unity in plurality, in this model, ethnic diversity is recognized on the one hand, and geographical and cultural unity is also considered on the other hand. Considering the ethnic structure in Afghanistan, the most suitable model for reducing crimes is the model of "unity in plurality", which respects the values of different ethnic groups and also considers the unity of society.

This chapter focuses on the third process of the generalist practice intervention model: the planning process. Within this framework, the chapter covered the essence of the planning process, its steps, how to prioritize problems to be addressed, the conditions for formulating sub-goals, determining the levels of professional intervention, and identifying the specific strategies for professional intervention. Additionally, it presented professional contracting as one of the planning steps, including its types and the formal and substantive specifications of a written professional contract.
يركز هذا الفصل على العملية الثالثة من عمليات نموذج التدخل للممارسة العامة وهى عملية التخطيط، وقد تناول هذا الفصل في اطار هذه العملية ماهية عملية التخطيط، وخطوات هذه العملية، وكيفية تحديد أولويات المشكلات التي يتم التعامل معها، وشروط صياغة الأهداف الفرعية في عملية التخطيط، وتحديد مستويات التدخل المهني في عملية التخطيط، وأيضا تحديد الاستراتيجيات الخاصة بالتدخل المهني في عملية التخطيط، هذا بالإضافة إلى العرض للتعاقد المهني كأحد خطوات التخطيط، وأنواعه، ومواصفات العقد المهني المكتوب شكلا وموضوعا.

The main aim of the study was to identify the Effect of Classroom Observation Tool (COT) on Teachers Performance. The main objectives of the study were to find the difference in Classroom Observation Tool (COT) on teachers' performance regarding demographic variable (gender, qualification, experience). Data was collected through survey method and study was quantitative in nature. The population of the study were consisted all public elementary Schools in district Nankana Sahib. From total population of District Nankana Sahib Tehsil Sangla Hill was selected as sample of the study. Male Elementary Education Wing was selected randomly. The sample was selected using a random sampling procedure. As a sample for the study, teachers from District Nankana Sahib were chosen. 300 elementary school teachers were chosen as the study's sample. Data were gathered using a questionnaire that was self-developed. The questionnaire had two sections, first part was consisted on demographic variables and second part was consisted while classroom observations and instructor performances. The SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences) programme was used to analyse the data. The independent samples t-test and one way ANOVA was applied to find the difference among demographic variables.

This experimental study investigates the effectiveness of using animated characters in a public service announcement (PSA) on preventing dengue. The study seeks to find the difference in recall of animated and human character PSAs. This research also intends to unveil the difference in recall of PSAs between the recency and control groups. Using a post-test-only control group design, the researcher randomly assigned a total of 80 young adults to three experimental groups which are, animated group (who watched animated PSA only), human character group (who watched human character PSA only), recency group (who watched animated PSA in the last order) and one control group (no treatment given). The independent t-test analysis demonstrates that there was a significant difference in recall of the animated and human character PSAs with the results indicating that there was better recall for the animated PSA than the human character PSA. Furthermore, the test generated significant results for the recency effect towards recall of PSA. There was better recall of the PSA for the recency group unlike the control group which performed poorly in recall of PSA content. Generally, the results in this study suggest that animated characters and recency effect may enhance recall of PSA content. The researcher concludes that PSAs designed in persuasive formats with animation may play a pivotal role in raising public awareness on important societal issues that affect them and other people around them, for example awareness on the global burden of dengue and how to prevent it.

Community based monitoring and planning of public health services, is one such intervention aimed at developing a perspective like this and improving the standard of health services, which was introduced in Maharashtra since 2007. SATHI functions as the state nodal organisation in this process. Inspired by the success of this project, it was felt that community based monitoring process could prove useful for improving anganwadi services, and a path breaking Nutrition Rights Project for community based monitoring on anganwadi services was launched in November 2012. It was implemented in Dhadgaon block of Nandurbar, Velhe block of Pune, Chikhaldhara and Dharani blocks of Amravati, Kurkheda block of Gadchiroli, Hanuman nagar and Reshimbaug of Nagpur city and Bainganwadi, Chembur of Mumbai city. Soon, the villagers developed a sense of ownership on the anganwadi. They began raising several problems, starting from very basic, like the anganwadi being closed, to a range of other issues. Due to the active support of the Chief Secretary (Women and Health), ICDS workers began to establish a dialogue with the people. Almost half of the problems were resolved at the local level. Some issues were raised at the higher level in the State Mentoring Committee, before the Chief Secretary and issues like vacant posts were resolved. Although half of the issues are still to be resolved, the success achieved is definitely encouraging. These stories, provide a glimpse of the things that can be done by ensuring people's participation, what community based monitoring can actually achieve in various settings, from remote tribal padas to a poor community in Mumbai. These are stories of change. They may be small, but they indicate a host of problems which are encountered in the actual functioning of anganwadis. This project is currently being implemented in 114 anganwadis, where within six months 2221 issues have been raised. Given this situation, the project raises concern about the condition of the more than one lakh other anganwadis across Maharashtra. However, these 17 stories are indicative of the fact that if people are given the charge of monitoring over public services, then these services actually reach the true beneficiaries. People start feeling a sense of ownership over these services. We hope that these stories would play a crucial role in convincing health experts, political leaders, policy makers and people at large, about the importance of community monitoring on public services.

Nigeria is acknowledged to have an outwardly ambitious and comprehensive political party finance regulatory framework. Evidence in the recent past however points to the ineffectiveness of these elaborate regulatory regimes. This study offers explanation for the apparent failure of the existing regulatory instruments of party financing to produce intended outcomes. Anchored on the assumptions of the Stakeholder Theory and using a qualitative research design, the study finds that a number of factors including lack of political will and limited institutional autonomy of the political finance regulator (PFR) conspire to compromise the regulatory system. In conclusion, the paper proposes some measures that are capable of strengthening the regulatory framework for enhanced effectiveness such as institutional strengthening of the enforcement institutions and introduction of more severe sanctions against violators of legal and regulatory instruments.

Development is a theme that encapsulates the totality of the outlook of every country in the world. Global concerns to eradicate poverty and many other indicators of the downside of development have been described as the basic need for foreign aid intervention. This study essentially seeks to understand the role foreign aid intervention has played in development, challenges confronting the success of foreign aid intervention and more effective approaches that can make foreign aid intervention a success. The study engaged both modernization and dependency theories in advancing understanding on the subject matter. The study which was conducted in Akure South Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria employed qualitative method of data collection using keyinformant interview and in-depth interview as instruments. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings from this study revealed that foreign aid has contributed to the development of the communities studied and among other recommendations, strongly recommended that foreign aid intervention should be carried out more in rural communities especially in the area of critical infrastructures.

Our long-cherished dream for publishing from the PG department a research journal of History has atlast come true. We,the mem bers of the department, pondered over this issue for the last five years or more. The opportunity came to us all on a sudden in the shape of a proposition to form a cluster with another department. But when it did not eventually materialise, we were allowed to publish an independent journal of our own. Admittedly, the . publication of a research [ournal from a PG department not only testifies to the .sustained academic endeavours of the members of the department, but also proves beyond doubt that the department concerned has reached a certain altitude of intellectual maturity. It also adds glory to the University. Secondly on the one hand as humble votaries of Clio we will take painsas far .as practicable to point new findings of historical research available to us, and on the other we intend to tender the journal a potential vehicle of a distinct school of Historiography, marked by scientific and secular attitude. Such proc lamations may be taken as our avowed objectives of this publications. The time at our disposal for publishing this journal was very short; in spite of .this we left no stone unturned to publish it within the narrow time limit given to us. We are glad to announce that we have become successful in our efforts. We are specially thankful to our contributors hom outside who have sent their articles within a short time, notwithstanding their other pressing preoccupations. We would like to express our gratefulness to Dr.Bhaskar Chatterjee,Professor of History, Burdwan University,Dr.

The improvement in access to resources ensures high social status in these traditional societies. This study investigates labour migration and their parents’ access to basic needs of life. It upgraded the social status of parents and left behind families. The study sample included of three selected villages of union council Doag Dara, district Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A sample size of 278 respondents was selected by using the stratified random sampling technique. Chi-squire test was used to find the significance of association between access to basic needs and social status of the emigrant’s parents. Social status of the respondents was significantly associated with access to different variables investigated in the research. Revitalizing the positive traits of family institution to enhance taking care and comfort of elderly people and reducing their workload, especially in activities that involve physical exertion, were the major recommendations.

This study examines the outcomes of frequent relations between juvenile and adult prisoners at the populous prisons of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan in districts Mansehra, Dera Ismail Khan, Peshawar, Swabi and Mardan. According to SPARC (2015), there were total of 199 juvenile prisoners out of them 132 were taken as a sample size through Sekaran (2010) sample size table. The primary data was collected through interview schedule, with major aim to see association of joint dwelling of adult prisoners and juvenile inmates in the selected prisons. For measuring the association between adult and juvenile inmates, a Chi-square test was applied by using Microsoft Excel. It was found that there exist a strong association of adult with juvenile inmates; which resulted in reinforcing the delinquent behaviour of juvenile by supporting them financially, providing them with various kinds of drugs and persuading them to join their networks after they were released. Such situation was directly cont...

Examination is a mean to assess the abilities of students. It gives comprehensive report about students' performance. This study was designed to investigate evaluation process of intermediate level chemistry curriculum. The educational policies of Pakistan discouraged examination system based on rote memorization. These policies emphasized on establishment of evaluation system that focus on development of critical thinking and problem solving ability of students. In this study the evaluation process of intermediate level chemistry curriculum was under consideration. 680 students from 16 institutes of district Peshawar were taken as sample of study. Data was collected from students through questionnaire designed on five point Likert Scale and open ended questions. The study reveals that still traditional method of examination is in practice at intermediate level. The evaluation process is confined to memorization of fact and figures. The performance of student is assessed by marks scored during final examination.

To learn scientific concepts and to develop problems solving ability, students should be presented to an environment where inquiring and investigation is encouraged through interactive teaching approaches. To this consequence, a quantitative study is conducted to analyze intermediate level chemistry students’ observations regarding the current teaching practices in classroom. 680 students, 40 from eight Government Higher Secondary Schools (GHSSs) and 45 from eight Government Degree Colleges (GDCs) were selected randomly from all of Government Higher Secondary Schools and Degree Colleges. The study prevails the practice of traditional method while interactive approaches and use of audio-visual aids are more or less ignored consequently inquiry based interactive learning environment has not been achieved in classroom. Lack of accountability of teachers’ performance and shortage of required teachers in government institutes makes the situation worse. It has been suggested that interact...

Examination is a mean to assess the abilities of students. It gives comprehensive report about students’ performance. This study was designed to investigate evaluation process of intermediate level chemistry curriculum. The educational policies of Pakistan discouraged examination system based on rote memorization. These policies emphasized on establishment of evaluation system that focus on development of critical thinking and problem solving ability of students. In this study the evaluation process of intermediate level chemistry curriculum was under consideration. 680 students from 16 institutes of district Peshawar were taken as sample of study. Data was collected from students through questionnaire designed on five point Likert Scale and open ended questions. The study reveals that still traditional method of examination is in practice at intermediate level. The evaluation process is confined to memorization of fact and figures. The performance of student is assessed by marks sc...

Martine C.L. Oldhoff's The Soul in the Bible: Monism in Biblical Scholarship? investigates how biblical scholarship has understood the "soul" in relation to nephesh and psyche, and how this has influenced systematic theology. Her thesis is that a broad monist consensus has taken hold, shaped by twentiethcentury resistance to "Greek substance metaphysics," and that biblical interpreters, in seeking to avoid metaphysical categories, often smuggle in implicit commitments to physicalism. This essay responds by critically examining Oldhoff's study on three levels. First, it evaluates the internal coherence of her argument and highlights ambiguities in her treatment of dualism. Second, it contrasts her conclusions with the very scholars she cites, showing that their exegesis frequently reintroduces dualist categories under different guises. Third, it advances a constructive alternative: a Reformed Logos-centred anthropology, grounded in Scripture, the historic confessions, and a theological metaphysics that locates the soul in relation to the eternal Word. This Logoscentred model affirms the unity of the human person without collapsing it into monism, recognises the ontological reality of the soul as immaterial essence, and situates human identity within the divine Logos who sustains all being. The paper concludes that Oldhoff's genealogy is illuminating but ultimately reflects a cultural capitulation to physicalism; a Reformed Logos-centred anthropology offers a more coherent and biblically faithful vision.

هدف البحث إلى التعرُّف على خصائص ظاهرة العواصف الرَّمْلِيّة في محافظة الأحساء شَرْقِيّ المملكة العربية السعودية وأسبابها وتوزيعها وإظهار الاتجاه العام. وتكمن أهمية البحث في الآثار المترتبة عن حدوث الظاهرة على صحة الإنسان وبيئته وأنشطته المختلفة. وقد اعتمد البحث على البيانات المناخية المتوفرة بمحطّة الأرصاد الجوية وحماية البيئة بمطار الإحساء خلال مدة الدراسة 1985-2017م. وقد أُتبع المنهج الاستقرائي، وكذلك المنهج الاستدلالي، وأُستخدم الأسلوب الكميّ لتحليل البيانات المناخية وبرنامج الحزم الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية(Spss)، والأسلوب الكارتوجرافي وتحليل خرائط نوا للضغط الجوي على مستوى سطح البحر. وقد توصل البحث إلى عدد من النتائج، من أهمها: أن ظاهرة العواصف الرَّمْلِيّة هي ظاهرة جوية متكررة في منطقة الدراسة حيث بلغ تكرارها 674 عاصفة خلال مدة الدراسة، ويعدُّ الربيع أكثر فصول السنة من حيث تكرار العواصف (45%) ويزداد تكرارها في شهر مارس (16.6%)، ويعتبر فصل الخريف أقل فصول السنة تكراراً للظاهرة بنسبة (6.2%) ويحل الشتاء ثانياً والصيف ثالثاً، ويمثل تحدر الضغط الجوي العامل المؤثر الأكبر في حدوث الع...

This book aims to present the most important fundamental concepts related to this ethical cornerstone, reviewing the key ethical codes issued worldwide and the principles and standards they contain. Among the most prominent of these is the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics in its latest 2021 edition. Additionally, the book addresses a number of ethical dilemmas that a social worker might encounter, and it provides various mechanisms to help them manage these situations and make high-level ethical decisions.
يسعى هذا الكتاب إلى تقديم أهم المفاهيم الأساسية المتعلقة بهذا الركن الأخلاقي، واستعراض أبرز المواثيق الأخلاقية الصادرة على مستوى العالم، وما تتضمنه من مبادئ ومعايير. ومن أهم هذه المواثيق ميثاق أخلاقيات الجمعية الوطنية للأخصائيين الاجتماعيين (NASW) في إصداره الأخير لعام 2021. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، يتناول الكتاب عددًا من المعضلات الأخلاقية التي قد يواجهها الأخصائي الاجتماعي، وآليات متعددة لمساعدته للتعامل معها وصولا لاتخاذ قرارات أخلاقية ذات مستوى عالي.

Joel B. Green's Body, Soul, and Human Life offers a provocative theological anthropology that argues for a monistic conception of the human person, grounded in embodied relationality and shaped by dialogue with contemporary neuroscience. David Muthukumar's review of Green highlights both the strengths of this project-its integrative engagement with science, its communitarian emphasis, and its pastoral orientation-and its weaknesses, particularly its minimization of scriptural dualisms and its rejection of the intermediate state. This paper offers a response from a Logos-centred perspective. While affirming Green's rejection of reductive materialism and his emphasis on embodied existence, I argue that his dismissal of dualism misconstrues the biblical witness and the theological tradition. In dialogue with Augustine, Calvin, and Van Til, as well as with contemporary metaphysical models of information, I contend that human personhood is neither reducible to neural substrates nor collapsible into monism. Instead, the human soul is a higher-dimensional immaterial reality, integrally united with the body but not exhausted by it, and ordered toward God in Christ. By re-articulating anthropology through a Reformed Logos-centred ontology, I demonstrate that duality of body and soul is not an outdated Greek construct but a biblical necessity, essential for understanding sin, salvation, and eschatological hope.

This book aims to present the most significant scientific trend in social work education and practice worldwide today: the generalist practice approach. It focuses, in particular, on generalist practice at the micro-level, which includes working with individuals, couples, and families. The book achieves this by covering a number of important topics across its various chapters, providing the reader with a comprehensive understanding of all dimensions of generalist practice in general, and at the micro-level in particular.
هذا الكتاب يحاول أن يعرض لأهم توجه علمي في تعليم وممارسة الخدمة الاجتماعية الآن على مستوى كل دول العالم وهو اتجاه "الممارسة العامة"، وبصفة خاصة الممارسة العامة على "مستوى الوحدات الصغرى" بما يتضمنه هذا المستوى من انساق تتمثل في الفرد، والزوجان، والأسرة. وذلك من خلال العرض لعدد من الموضوعات الهامة المتضمنة في فصول الكتاب المختلفة والتي تجعل من القارئ لها والمطلع عليها مدركا وملما لكل أبعاد الممارسة العامة بصفة عامة وعلى هذا المستوى "الوحدات الصغرى" بصفة خاصة.

تعتبر عملية التقدير هو الخطوة  الثانية في نموذج التدخل للممارسة العامة (GIM) التي يقوم بها الأخصائي الاجتماعي أو الأخصائي الاجتماعي مع نسق العميل الذى يتعامل معه.
وتوجد مجموعة من المعايير والعناصر الهامة المرتبطة بعملية التقدير التي ينبغي على الأخصائي الاجتماعي أن يهتم بها عند القيام بهذه العملية حتى يستطيع القيام بها على المستوى المطلوب.
الإتقان لعملية التقدير والخروج من خلالها بالعوامل الرئيسية المرتبطة بالمشكلة على المستويات المختلفة يترتب عليه أن تسير عملية المساعدة والتدخل المهني مع نسق العميل في الطريق الصحيح.
يتضمن هذا الفصل عدد من المحاور الهامة التي ترتبط بهذه العملية من مفهومها، وخصائصها، وأدواتها، ومناطقها على مستوى الفرد والأسرة، هذا بالإضافة إلى طريقة صياغة التقدير النهائي للحالة التي يعمل معها الأخصائي الاجتماعي.
The **assessment process** is considered the second step in the **Generalist Intervention Model (GIM)**, which the social worker undertakes with the client system they are working with. There is a set of important criteria and elements related to the assessment that the social worker must consider to perform it at the required level. Mastering the assessment process and identifying the main factors related to the problem at different levels ensures that the assistance and professional intervention with the client system proceed on the right path.

This chapter includes a number of important topics related to this process, from its concept, characteristics, and tools, to its areas at the individual and family levels, in addition to the method of formulating the final assessment for the case the social worker is working with.

There are some specific trends and regularities of behavioral patterns in individuals which determine their personality traits. This study was aimed to determine the impact of big five personality traits on academic achievement of prospective teachers. A quantitative study was conducted by using the casual comparative research design. A sample of 759 prospective teachers was selected through proportionate stratified random sampling technique from two public universities. Big Five personality traits inventory (BFI) was adopted to collect data. Data was analyzed by applying inferential statistics. The findings showed the significant impact of personality traits like conscientiousness, openness to experience on prospective teachers’ academic achievement i.e. CGPA, while the impact of rest of the three variables i.e. extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism on academic achievement was not statistically significant. Findings also revealed that female prospective teachers were more emo...

There are numerous number of programmes, taken by Central and State Government, individually or collaboratively to develop the level of wellbeing of backward population. Besides those pogrammes several Non Government Organizations are providing their best effort to upgrade those people. Scheduled Tribe populations are most backward. A huge percentage of ST populations are living below poverty line. They are getting developed by such programmes and projects. They are now relatively better than the past but in relation to their stander of living, most of the ST people have low quality of livelihood. Churchu block of Hazaribagh district has taken to understand the wellbeing level of tribal population. The percentage of Tribal population of this block is 24.12%. This article is based on four pillars which are demographic condition, educational standard, work participation and availability of assets to them.

This study argues that understanding the complexity of child labor experiences in the developing countries like Nigeria is a sine-qua-non for sustainable development of the societies. It posits that a distinction needs to be made between child labor and child work. More so, until and unless we comprehend the background of families, the state of welfare, the potency of state mechanisms of control along political will, as well as the motives of the victims in relation to the consequences on the victims and the society in general, we cannot deal with the menace of child labor in the global south. This empirical study surveyed 311 child laborers in Kaduna Metropolis-Nigeria; conducted key informants' interviews; and utilized content analysis to generate the findings of the research. The data illustrate that the dynamics of child labor in the area of study is relatively common to children from poor and difficult parental backgrounds. It shows multiple consequences of such activities on schooling and general well-being of the children. It highlights the tendency for the children's future to be compromised with antecedent consequences such as increasing anti-social behaviors and the tendencies for transition from delinquency to criminality in the metropolis. Conversely, the data indicate that government is relenting on implementing measures to curb the problem. The study therefore recommends improved welfare provision by the state government, enhanced public private partnership (PPP), as well as private initiatives as collaborative efforts for empowerment. These efforts should be a bottom-top approach for the general well-being of notably the less-privileged in the metropolis.

This article introduces an important long document issued by one of the two Sharia courts in the Algerian National Archives. It is a contract of inheritance for dividing the inheritance of a wealthy Andalusian residing in the city of Algiers who left a significant inheritance for his wife and children. We wonder about the most important contents of the contract that shows the extent of the influence and roles played by the first generation of immigrants and expellees from Spain, in a society known for its rich social structure on the social level and diverse commercial craftsmanship on the economic level. We reach to the conclusion of the deceased's economic contribution in the commercial field through his ownership of ships to trade in many goods, his role in the maritime invasion through his share in a ship belonging to one of the sea captains, his social status in the endowments of springs and waterwheels by owning shares in two lakes, as well as his high status by owning a group of European slaves. This archival document shows the status of wealthy merchants among the highest classes of the city and the importance of documents in adding, correcting, and rewriting the history of the state in the Ottoman period.

Keywords: Andalusians, Economy, Society, City of Algiers, 16th/17th Century AD.

نظرًا لأهمية درس التأنيث في اللغة العربية واتصاله بالعديد من دروس النحو واللغة، تتناول هذه الدراسة الحقول الدلالية للمرأة في بنيتي: فعول وفاعل ودراسة دلالاتهما الجسدية والمعنوية بالأنواع التالية: السلوكيــــة والجسديــــة الثابتة والمتحولة / المتغيـــرة، السلبية منها والإيجابية من خـــلال الخطاب الشعري خلال الحقب المــتعددة، وقد جاء اختيار هاتين الصيغتين؛ لأننا لا نهتدي إلى دلالة صفة هذين الوزنين في أنهما عائدان على مذكر أم مؤنث دون تحديد جنس الموصوف، بيد أن صفات المرأة في البنية الصرفية للوزنين (فعول وفاعل) تمثلت في حقلين دلاليين رئيسيين هما: الجسدي والمعنوي وعليه ذيل البحث بـجداول إحصائية أمـكن البنـــاء عليها للــوصول إلى النتائج والتوصيات المتعلقة بالتصنيفات السابقة.

في ظل الأزمات وعدم الاستقرار تزداد أهمية التضامن والمشاركة المدنية الفعالة لمواجهة التحديات، مع توفير فرصة للتدرب على الديمقراطية التشاركية. لكن الفاعلين المدنيين كثيرًا ما يتعرضون لمحاولات تضييق فضاء العمل التطوعي وتجريده من طابعه السياسي كممارسة تأثير يوجه السياسات العامة، وتحويله إلى أداة للسلطة تحدد ضوابطه بشكل أحادي. تتناول الورقة هذا التنازع بين المجتمع المدني والسلطة في تعريف التطوع والفضاء العام، وتسعى للإجابة على كيفية ضمان السياسات التشريعية حماية المتطوعين دون أن تتيح للسلطة السيطرة المطلقة على الفضاء العام، وتقترح إعادة تعريف التطوع باعتراف واضح بطابعه السياسي والحقوقي والمستقل ضمن فضاء عام مشترك، حر وليس مغلقًا أو محتكرًا.

The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 has been cited as a model of transboundary water agreement even in a situation where the political relationship has been frosty since then. Yet, the 21 st century puts the full strain on this treaty as geopolitical tensions and unequal powers spread along with the increasing consequences of climate change. This paper critically analyzes the nexus between water security and interstate competition in South Asia regarding the resilience and relevance of the IWT in managing changing hydrological realities and the increasing national security concerns. With the use of hydro politics and securitization theory, this study examines how the lack of water created by climatic changes is becoming politicized and securitized in the India-Pakistan relationship. It explores the possibility of the trend of unilateral water infrastructure development, suspension of treaties, and cross-border finger-pointing that manifests itself in the light of terrorism, reflecting a shift in cooperative relations to a coercive one.

The current study aims to explore the role of the Open Art Studio in encouraging university students to practice arts. It seeks to answer the following main research questions: What is the role of the Open Art Studio in enhancing university-students’ life in terms of educational, sociological and physiological aspects? The findings of the study show the importance of practicing art activities in the Open Art Studio in enhancing university-students’ life as well as analyzing the integrating role of the educational, physiological and sociological of practicing art in the Open Art Studio. This study ended with some important recommendations such as the importance of higher educational institutions in encouraging students’ participation in practicing all types of arts activities and supporting them and offering incentives, the necessity of art specialists participating at universities in planning policy of outside classrooms activities and supervising these activities according to their...

This research aims to present the most important contemporary trends in Art Education focusing on the analysis of the relationship between these trends and their related concepts. It also aims to revive some traditions of art education that are based on a scientific approach, with the aim of improving current practices to achieve quality in both art teaching and art production. The aim is also to offer recommendations for developing the teaching of art in accordance with the most recent approaches in the field. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach to review and analyze these trends. The study shows that there are a number of trends which can be adopted to improve the quality of the input, the process and the output of teaching of art. These include quality assurance standards in art education, cultural diversity in art education, making use of professional artists in schools, creating partnerships with art museums and teacher education colleges and other education...

The aim of this paper was to assess the proportions of women's perceptions and attitudes towards male dominancy and partner controlling behaviours in urban Pakistan, as part of a larger project on violence against women. This study was conducted using a cross-sectional study design

Residing in shelter homes has become a safety option for runaway women. The primary objective was to understand the females' personality dispositions, coping mechanisms, and depression. A purposive sample of 90 female residents of shelter homes from 5 different cities, namely Lahore, Sheikhupura, Nankana Sahib, Rawalpindi, and Faisalabad, was recruited. The females aged between 17 to 80 years, with average age 28.23. A correlation survey method was used with Urdu-translated versions of assessment measures. Spearman's correlation and Multiple Linear Regression were used for data analysis. Findings showed that women experiencing low self-esteem reported high depression. Most depressed females were less likely to use a problem-focused coping mechanism. Even though almost all the male perpetrators were educated and employed, it did not reduce the incidence of abuse inflicted on the females. Results can be used to assess the mental well-being of these females and improve their living conditions.

Specifically, this study attempts to: i. Examine the extent the fight against corruption has been achieved through establishment of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). ii. To determine the role of EFCC in curbing corruption in Nigeria. The benefits to be derived from this study will be very high. Future researchers that will specifically embark on the study of this kind will find this literature very useful as a reliable reference material accrues from this. The findings of this study will serve as deterrence to managers of public and private organizations and to the general public to avoid deviant behaviors as Economic and Financial Crime Commission will not "spare the rod and spoil the child". This study will serve as enlightenment to readers who lack the conceptualization of Economic and Financial Crime Commission in Nigeria. This study will contribute greatly to existing theories by enriching the wealth of knowledge through its findings on the activities of Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) to fight against corruption in Nigeria. The hypothesis formulated and tested for this study is stated below: H 0 : Economic and Financial Crime Commission cannot curb corruption in Nigeria. H 1 : Economic and Financial Crime Commission can curb corruption in Nigeria. It is very easy to talk about corruption, but like many other complex phenomena, it is difficult to define corruption in concise and concrete terms. Not surprising, there is often a consensus as to what exactly constitutes this concept. There is always a danger as well that several people may engage in a discussion about a different thing completely. But in recent years there is a body of theoretical and empirical research on corruption (such as

إن مهنة الاختصاصي النفساني المدرسي (Psychologue Scolaire) بالبلدان العربية حديثة نسبيا، وتدخل ضمن إطار المساعدة الإنسانية -لأن طبيعة الممارسة النفسية إنسانية بالدرجة الأولى- ما جعل تأسيسها وتنظيمها وحمايتها (قانونيا) أحد الشروط المستعجلة لتجويدها وتطويرها، لأن الفاعل النفساني ركيزة أساسية في العملية التربوية وفي السياسات التربوية الحديثة إن على مستوى العالم، أو على المستوى المحلي خصوصا، للاستفادة من موارد بشرية قادرة، ماهرة وذات كفاءة، للتدخل ضمن سياق يحتاج للإنصات، للتوجيه الذاتي، الإرشاد النفسي، المواكبة النفسية، والفهم الدقيق لذاتية الطفل والمراهق ولخصوصيات المراحل النمائية لكل منهما، تزامنا مع تعلماتهما واكتسابهما للمعرفة في مجتمع قيد التحول باستمرار، في مجتمع المعرفة.

Gender-based violence (GBV) is one of the most prevalent human rights violations without considering social, economic, age, ethnicity, religion and national boundaries, and which affects the health, dignity, security and autonomy of women. This study employed a cross sectional, mixed methods research design. The study was carried out in two secondary schools at Debre Markos town Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, an area in the country where GBV is widely prevalent. To take a representative sample, multistage sampling techniques were employed. The quantitative data was analyzed through descriptive statistics and the qualitative data analyzed through narrative analysis. 21.7% male and 78.3% female students within the range of 15-20 years were included in the study, and the mean age of the respondents was 17.51 years. Among the total number of the study participants, 58.3% faced different forms of GBV. However, 67.1% of GBV was committed outside the school community, 19.5% by schoolmates, and 13.4% by teachers and other staff. Of the total number of the respondents, 39.2% had a sexual partner. The mean age at which the respondents started their first sexual intercourse was 16.49 years, and 52.9% participate in unsafe sex. 45.8% of the respondents were unable to negotiate when and how to have sex with their sexual partner. The age of the respondents and their tendency to be affected by GBV (n= 120, r=.327, p=.000) had a weak positive correlation. Their age and their tendency to have more than one sexual partner at a time had a weak negative correlation (n=120, r=-.055). Among the study participants, 96.7% reported that friends or strangers pushed, shook or threw something at them, 75% were slapped, and 65.8% had their arms twisted or hair pulled. Responding to such physical violence has its own challenges, such as the female students not knowing the males who threaten them, not knowing their addresses, a lack of eye witnesses, and a fear of reporting.

This study aims to examine the use of metaphor and its role in revealing the deep and hidden messages in Mohamed Al-Yehyai’s novel “ Hawd al-Shahawat “(Desire Basin). Analyzing the metaphors in their contexts leads to a deeper understanding of the relation between them and the “personal myth” and other concepts such as the collective unconscious and collective myth. These metaphors are pertinent in the novel and are used very effectively to connect various components and strengthen its heterogeneity and narrative continuity. Analysis of the metaphor of ‘Basin’ reveals that the use of metaphor is the appropriate approach to reach an in-depth interpretation of the text.

This study aims to identify the difference on work values and its constituent dimensions according to some variables: study sample (first sample immediately after the revolution, second sample 3 years after the revolution), gender (male and female), urban vs. rural, and interactions between these variables among a sample of teachers in Assuit. Sample of the study (N= 1121) includes male and female teachers (first sample N= 641, second sample N=480). Results show significant differences between the two samples in management, setting, supervision relations, life styles, safety, autonomy, multiplicity, economic return and general work values on behalf of the first sample. However differences in altruism and status were recorded for the second sample. Gender differences were found only in management dimension for male teachers. No significant differences were found either due to rural vs. urban place of living, or the interaction between gender and place of living. Yet, significant diff...

Globalisation has demanded expert labour markets, diversified skills, and high levels of vocational education. To refine the skills and knowledge of the people is central  to gaining and sustaining economic empowerment, particularly in the context of continuing globalisation. CBT is based on specific, measurable objectives related directly to instructional activities. In favourable situations and settings, The passage discusses the effectiveness of Competency-Based Training (CBT) as a training methodology, but emphasizes that it is not the only approach to designing training. It suggests that trainers and curriculum consultants should have a clear understanding of the concept and standards underlying CBT and other curriculum models to design more effective programs. This study also highlights the significance of Art & Design Education and Training in the development of a country, and how CBT can be used to provide learners with the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitude. The succ...

Fashion conscious people allocate a large part of their budget on a latest fashion. The present study assessed the socio-economic and psychological factors that play significant role in fashion consciousness. A convenient sample of 200 individuals (men=100 and women=100) of age between 22 and 44 years from Multan, Pakistan was taken to study the correlates of fashion consciousness. The estimates of ordinary least square showed that education, monthly income, materialism, and media exposure had significant positive impact, and price consciousness had significant negative impact on fashion consciousness of the sample, which partially support consumption theories (e.g., Absolute Income Hypothesis’ and ‘Relative Income Hypothesis). The study has implications for both consumers and producers. Key Words:  Fashion consciousness, materialism, price consciousness, absolute income hypothesis, relative income hypothesis

This study was designed to explore the creative thinking abilities of primary school students in Pakistan.  The study also explored teachers’ perceptions about the issue. Multistage sampling was applied to select the sample. Four primary schools (2 from public sector and 2 from private sector) from Lahore city were selected randomly to collect the data.  100 students and 100 teachers were selected by applying cluster sampling. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) were conducted to identify the creativity abilities of students. A questionnaire was developed to identify the perceptions of teachers regarding the development of creativity among students. Reliability of the questionnaire was .855. Independent sample t-test was applied to identify the difference between the creativity of public and private sector school students and perceptions of teachers.  Findings show that students who were studying in private schools are more competent in creative writing and have more expressi...

The current study aimed to translate Trust in Close Relationship Scale in Urdu for married couples in Pakistan and to establish its psychometric properties. The forward and backward translation method was used for the translation of the scale followed by the try-out phase.  After determining the cross language validation, in order to confirm the factor structure of the scale, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was run.  The sample comprised of 250 participants of different age groups (M = 39.7, SD = 10.1). The results of CFA supported the original three-factor structure of the scale (viz., Avoidance, Benevolence and Retaliation) by providing a good model fit to the data with values of X2 = 229.61 (df = 110, p < .001), CFI =.91, GFI = .91, and RMSEA = .06. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient of the scale was α= .87. The convergent validity of the scale was determined on a sample of 100 participants by finding its correlation with Trust Scale (r = .72, p < .001). The resu...

A lack of prudence and mismanagement of school funds by the principals could give rise to poor student performance since it might slow down the acquisition of essential materials for teaching and learning. This study analyzes the relationship between principals' fund management strategies and school administrative effectiveness. It assessed principals' budgetary practices, the perceived level of administrative effectiveness, and the relationship between fund management on secondary schools' effectiveness. Two research questions and one hypothesis were generated for the study. The research design was the descriptive survey type. The population of the study comprised all the one hundred and thirty-two (132) secondary schools. The total number of respondents included forty (40) principals representing 30% of the population, who were selected using the stratified random sampling technique. A self-designed questionnaire titled "Principals' Fund Management Strategies and School Administrative Effectiveness in Secondary Schools Questionnaire (PFMSSAEQ)" was used for data collection, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) yielded a reliability coefficient of 0.76. The results showed that principals kept accurate records of expenditure, had an average level of effectiveness, and had a significant influence on fund management in secondary schools. It was recommended that principals be strictly monitored by the Ministry of Education to ensure that they continue to maintain accurate record-keeping because of its role in effective fund management in secondary schools.

Anxiousness among the world governments is high in emerging after the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic for stabilizing their economies. Countries like Pakistan feel this pressure much higher due to the prevailing informal economy, poverty, free media, and conspiracy theories. Dissolution of critical services powers under the 18th amendment of ‘The Constitution of Pakistan 1973’ underscored differences among provincial autonomy. In this situation, estimation of federal government’s responsibility in crisis management, the role of NDMA, delayed creation of NCOC, and options for ‘smart’ lockdown was the dithering by the Federal govt which caused initial damage. Pakistan has a snacking history of 'basic democracies,' 'devolution of powers, and consolidated instructions for provincial administrative working from the Federal governments. This paper aims to study the impact of ‘Mix-Messaging’ in power exercise is studied under qualitative method with discourse analysis to ...