This article solves a question that has intrigued numismatists and historians since forever and t... more This article solves a question that has intrigued numismatists and historians since forever and that has given rise to endless scientific disputes. The article starts from the discovery of a document, found in the spanish digital archives by Iúri Fernandes, and transcribed by Pamela Rubio Velasco, from whom Manuel Mozo Monroy commissioned the work, paid for by both authors. In the article, this document joined the ones that father Avelino Costa had already published and which were never considered by numismatists in resolving this issue. This article is extremely important for understanding the portuguese and Spanish history and should deserve someone's recognition. Unfortunately, this is not the case in life, as in numismatics.
Complete study and inventory of the Afonso Henriques deniers with the "signum salomonis". 42 coin... more Complete study and inventory of the Afonso Henriques deniers with the "signum salomonis". 42 coins are identified as fake. The iconography is explained. This paper is entirely independent. And should have been printed in paper, and payed by the readers. Unfortunatly, the readers want to read, but are not willing to pay. In fact, the readers find it absurd that the authors demand money for their knowlege. For that, perhaps one must be in an university, writing "credit-papers" that add absolutely nothing to any knowlege. No one reads, and we all pay.
This article was originaly published in Revista Moeda, though censored, because it didn't include... more This article was originaly published in Revista Moeda, though censored, because it didn't include the paragraphs marked in bold. It verses about a very dangerous modern falsification of an Afonso II of Portugal dinheiro, that even has a clone certified by NGC.
A review of the evolution of Portuguese numismatic studies relating to manual coinage in the 21st... more A review of the evolution of Portuguese numismatic studies relating to manual coinage in the 21st century. The text was originally published in the 50th anniversary edition of "Revista Moeda".
An inventory of the gold escudos of Afonso V of Portugal with the arms of Portugal and Castille. ... more An inventory of the gold escudos of Afonso V of Portugal with the arms of Portugal and Castille. It is mentioned in the article that the second exemplar, recently presented and sold in auction, has no provenance specified. That comes from the fact that the auction house initially didn't mentioned any provenance, though it was latter added that the coin came from the Huntington collection. We find that strange, as it was not presented in the Morton & Eden auction where the portuguese coins of the Huntington collection have been sold.
The meia dobra pé-terra of Fernando I of Portugal is a war coin, issued in the context of the Hun... more The meia dobra pé-terra of Fernando I of Portugal is a war coin, issued in the context of the Hundred Years War. In this paper we present an inventory of the known examplars. One of the coins, recently sold in auction, doesn't fit the expected patterns.
Guia para coleccionar moedas em Portugal, especialmente vocacionado para iniciantes e "xicos-expe... more Guia para coleccionar moedas em Portugal, especialmente vocacionado para iniciantes e "xicos-expertos".
This is an unfinished work that took me one and a half years of life. The subject is one of the m... more This is an unfinished work that took me one and a half years of life. The subject is one of the most controversial and debated themes by portuguese numismatists, but also by historians. For over 150 years, the iconography and purpose of these coins have been debated by some of the most brilliant scholars on these and other subjects. We believe that the text that is now presented brings elements that would certainly enthuse all those who are familiar with the subject.
An inventory of gentis and barbudas with gentil reverse, issued by king Fernando I of Portugal, i... more An inventory of gentis and barbudas with gentil reverse, issued by king Fernando I of Portugal, in the second half of the 14th century, alongside some notes about epigraphy. Fake coins are identified, as well as tooled ones.
A translation to the portuguese language of an extract from the "Court des Monnaies", dated from ... more A translation to the portuguese language of an extract from the "Court des Monnaies", dated from 1563, found online on the Bibliothèque de France portal, and presenting ilustrations of the Batenburg imitations of portuguese cruzados, also helping to define aspects related to the chronology and circulation of those coins. It is the first time this document is known in Portugal.
Complete catalogue and inventory of the 7 known Porto cruzados from the reign of Afonso V of Port... more Complete catalogue and inventory of the 7 known Porto cruzados from the reign of Afonso V of Portugal. The coin from the Bibliothèque de France collection has the same punches used by Egas Gonçalves, though not marked with the "P" letter, making it a unique exemplar of the type, and bearing the "CRUZATUS" title, used for the African conquests.
An approach to fake portuguese coins between the XIIth and XVIth centuries, with analysis to the ... more An approach to fake portuguese coins between the XIIth and XVIth centuries, with analysis to the chemical composition of some coins. The first morabitin of Sancho I, fake from the eppoch, is presented in this paper, along with some pieces from the reign of João I, and some dies of king Sebastian coins, never before published. The paper intends to be a point of start to the study of these pieces, that never deserved the proper interest from portuguese scholars or numismats.
A complete study about the coins struck by king João II of Portugal in the Porto mint. It propose... more A complete study about the coins struck by king João II of Portugal in the Porto mint. It proposes a new method, that makes use of epigraphic tables in order to compare elements and letters, defining the authors. The epigraphy of two engravers is deconstructed and analysed. As a result, there were found meios vinténs and ceitis with dies made by the Porto engravers. Also the chronology was perfected, crossing the data of the coins with documents that secure us dates of nomination of the engravers. The "justo" coin, the only known exemplar of the type in the Porto mint, is taken in consideration as an authentic coin, with dies engraved by Álvaro Egas, despite some studies that claimed it to be a 19th century falsification.
This is an article about the reais de prata of Beatriz of Portugal, struck during the 1383-85 suc... more This is an article about the reais de prata of Beatriz of Portugal, struck during the 1383-85 succession crisis. All the known coins are shown with photos, including a new coin, sold in auction in 2019. The article also signals some fake coins. The epigraphy is deconstructed and the work signals the possibility that the author of the dies was Pelegrin Del Sur, though this still is a mere hypothesis. There were made corrections to the legal weight previously considered in portuguese numismatic studies, and all points to the fact that the Beatriz reais had the same weight as the portuguese coins of João I as Regedor. Also the historic facts of the period are considered in the article.
This paper presents an analysis to the chemical composition of a tostão, struck by D. António of ... more This paper presents an analysis to the chemical composition of a tostão, struck by D. António of Portugal, during his exile on the Terceira Island. Although it is a current idea that the silver used in Portugal, after D. Afonso V's reign, was from the 11th dinheiros law (Ag. 91,6%), it is also true that a document that belonged to Antonio himself, and that is mentioned by Batalha Reis's "Numária de D. António", refers the use of a poor silver alloy. In this coin, a tostão from the 1st stricking in Angra do Heroísmo, we found a silver percentage of about 64%, that matches with the written sources mentioned above.
A medieval pied-fort struck by Fernando I of Portugal, presented in this article, is the second k... more A medieval pied-fort struck by Fernando I of Portugal, presented in this article, is the second known published medieval pied-fort in Portugal. The analysis to the chemical composition, although made with a portable equipment, using the "precious metals" standard calibration, reveals that the chemical composition of the alloy should have been the same as the one that was used in official coinage. The style of this piece, and the elements used, also point to an official source.
This is the catalogue of the coins of João I of Portugal. It is part of the book called "Numária ... more This is the catalogue of the coins of João I of Portugal. It is part of the book called "Numária do Mestre de Avis". It results from a 4 year study, witch involved the analysis of 350 coins by X Ray fluorescence.
Third version of this paper with new variants on the catalogue, a new coin analysed through x-ray... more Third version of this paper with new variants on the catalogue, a new coin analysed through x-ray fluorescence, and a new coin found in Britain.
This is the second version of this paper, with some variants added to the catalogue and some news... more This is the second version of this paper, with some variants added to the catalogue and some news on the forgery chapter.
This is a study about Afonso V's portuguese coin - The chinfrão. The study focuses on the role th... more This is a study about Afonso V's portuguese coin - The chinfrão. The study focuses on the role that the chinfrão assumed in England, where it probably circulated with a similar value as the half-groat. It also tries to explore comercial evidences that may have occured and may justify the presence of the coin in England. Some epigraphy problems are also mentioned. The metrology and chemical composition of a small number of coins is also approached. In the end there is a catalogue of these coins, with a degree of rarity defined, based on a sample of 95 chinfrões.
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Papers by Iúri Fernandes
The first morabitin of Sancho I, fake from the eppoch, is presented in this paper, along with some pieces from the reign of João I, and some dies of king Sebastian coins, never before published. The paper intends to be a point of start to the study of these pieces, that never deserved the proper interest from portuguese scholars or numismats.