The article deals with the key themes of three letters by Shaikh Aḥmad Sirhindī addressed to wome... more The article deals with the key themes of three letters by Shaikh Aḥmad Sirhindī addressed to women, with the purpose to analyze the content of these letters from social and intellectual perspectives. It is also important to nuance the significance of his maktūbāt written in the Persian language, being the magnum opus of the reformist ideas of Aḥmad Sirhindī. Given the high esteem and stature of Shaikh who is rightly acclaimed as the mujaddid of the second millennium, his letters are not only a source of reform but also widely read and shared as a source of inspiration, discussion, and appreciation. These maktūbat comprise almost 526 letters in three volumes written to different disciples and followers of the sheikh and have been a subject of study and discussion and translated into Arabic, Turkish and Urdu and partially into English. The paper first delves into the discussion of the three letters written to women, the biographies of the addressees are, however, beyond the scope of this paper as it focuses mainly on the themes of these letters. The content of these letters is very significant as it
The main purpose of the article is to highlight the key themes of letters by Shaikh Aḥmad Sirhind... more The main purpose of the article is to highlight the key themes of letters by Shaikh Aḥmad Sirhindī to the Women and to analyse their social and intellectual content. It is also important to explore the socio-historical significance of these letters. The letters or maktūbāt of Aḥmad Sirhindī are significant because they are a source of the reformist ideology of Sirhindī, who is rightly acclaimed as mujaddid of the second millennium. It is also important to nuance the significance of his maktūbāt written in the Persian language, being the magnum opus of the reformist ideas of Aḥmad Sirhindī. These maktūbāt comprise almost 526 letters in three volumes written to different disciples and followers of Sheikh and have been extensively studied, discussed, and translated into Arabic, Turkish, and Urdu and partially in English. This article aims to study three letters written to women, to see the content of these letters as a mirror to the academic, intellectual, and social perspectives of Mu...
Decline of Buddhism in Pakistan: A Historical Review
Pakistan Journal of Social Research
The decline of Buddhism in the regions now in Pakistan is usually associated with the arrival of ... more The decline of Buddhism in the regions now in Pakistan is usually associated with the arrival of Islam. There is no doubt that the regions that are now dominantly Muslim were once dominantly Buddhist. But whether it is a simple matter of arrival of Islam to these areas that the entire Buddhist population turned into Islamic demography? How this transformation took place and at which historical juncture? This paper reconsiders such a narrative in light of some historical evidence traced form the contemporary sources f the period. While doing so a sketch of religious situation of the subcontinent at the arrival of Islam is presented. The paper is based on historical discourse analysis; the data is derived from various contemporary sources like the local Indian narratives, accounts of the Buddhist travelers from China besides the Islamic historical sources as well as the debate of contemporary scholars on the issue is also reviewed. Key Words: Buddhism, religious history, archeology
Main focus of the paper is the socio-historical studies of Judaism by Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun’s ... more Main focus of the paper is the socio-historical studies of Judaism by Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun’s scholarship and his contribution to the various domains of social sciences like history, sociology and politics has been acknowledged globally. While his both works al Ibar and Muqadimmah have remained the focus of many researches dealing with his social scientific theories and historical studies but Ibn Khaldun’s approach to the study of other religions has been touched by only few scholars. It is the purpose of this study to examine and analyze Ibn Khaldun’s Ilm ul- Umran (science of society) and its correlation with the history of Judaism. In an attempt to highlight and discuss his approach to the study of Judaism the research will firstly discuss his contribution to the study of Judaism in Muqaddimah and then in al Ibar decisively showing his two distinct methods for dealing with the Jewish history and religion. For him, Jews are the best example to explain his Umran science and his ...
Living in an eon of environmental crises and being followers of Islam; the religion of more than ... more Living in an eon of environmental crises and being followers of Islam; the religion of more than one billion individuals being practiced in essentially every country on earth, the explanation of an Islamic ecological ethic in contemporary terms becomes even more pressing. Beginning in the last part of the 1960s, few Muslim researchers directed their concentration toward how the Islamic sacred writing and scholarly practice may assist Muslims with comprehension and react to environmental change and ecological emergencies. In building this Islamic way to deal with environment, these researchers embraced a nearby investigation of the Qur'an, the Sunnah (the gathered practices of the Prophet Muhammad), hundreds of years of Islamic law, and the works of Sufi spiritualists and researchers to develop Islamic natural philosophies and law. The paper is an exploratory study of the contemporary Islamic discourse on environmental ethics. An attempt is made to highlight the key Muslim scholarship on the subject as well as to highlight the purpose and connotation of environmental themes in light of Quran and Sunnah and the objectives of Shaiah. Further the researchers have tried to underscore the key themes like preservation of the natural resources and Islamic ethical principles involved in any such attempt. Keywords: environmental ethics, explanation, Islamic ecological ethic
Main focus of the paper is the socio-historical studies of Judaism by Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun's ... more Main focus of the paper is the socio-historical studies of Judaism by Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun's scholarship and his contribution to the various domains of social sciences like history, sociology and politics has been acknowledged globally. While his both works al Ibar and Muqadimmah have remained the focus of many researches dealing with his social scientific theories and historical studies but Ibn Khaldun's approach to the study of other religions has been touched by only few scholars. It is the purpose of this study to examine and analyze Ibn Khaldun's Ilm ul-Umran (science of society) and its correlation with the history of Judaism. In an attempt to highlight and discuss his approach to the study of Judaism the research will firstly discuss his contribution to the study of Judaism in Muqaddimah and then in al Ibar decisively showing his two distinct methods for dealing with the Jewish history and religion. For him, Jews are the best example to explain his Umran science and his socio-historical theories that he has discussed at length in his Muqaddimah. Thus, he takes Jewish history as a prototype for explaining the theoretical framework of his science al Umran. According to him Jewish history is the best example for study of human history and society as they have experienced many rises and falls throughout their history. Likewise, their history is replete with examples of various models of social life; they experienced the dessert and sedentary life, they lost their social and political status many times and regained it by their group solidarity. This study is based on qualitative research design and applies the content analysis to trace and collect the data related to the theoretical and historical study of Judaism scattered in his al Ibar and Muqaddimah and textual analysis to describe, interpret and analyze these themes to frame together a comprehensive approach of Ibn Khadun to study of Judaism.
Sufis of the Indian Subcontinent and Their Views of Hinduism
It is very important to study the SUfis' attitudes towards Hinduism for two basic reasons; 1)... more It is very important to study the SUfis' attitudes towards Hinduism for two basic reasons; 1) The SUfis of the Indian subcontinent have given much importance to the Hindu religious tradition and the Indian mysticism, 2) The analogies between the two systems of thought were so strong that led many scholars to consider the Indian Hindu thought as the fountain of Islamic Sufism.1 It is pertinent here to mention that there existed two more religions in India beside Hinduism at the time of advent of Islam namely Buddhism and Jainism and that both had mystic and ascetic tendencies as their major currents, which has made many authors to claim the Buddhist and the Jain influences for many Sufi practices.2 It is also worth mentioning that Hinduism itself was not a mono-geneous system of beliefs rather it was an umbrella term used to refer to a variety of beliefs and practices and shared their belief in the infallible authority of Vedas. It was this heterogeneous system which had long las...
Hindu-Muslim Religious Encounters during the Delhi Sultanate Period
This article is an analytical reconsideration of the nature of the theological and cultural relat... more This article is an analytical reconsideration of the nature of the theological and cultural relationship that existed between Muslims and the Hindus in the Delhi Sultanate. It further aims at an examination of the religious attitudes of both communities towards each other. Historical links between Islam and Hinduism in the Indian subcontinent are extended into the very ancient past. Both religions have shared a long history that goes back to the early days of Islam. Religious interaction between Islam and Hinduism is a complex and multidimensional theme. It has its significance in the present world and in fact, it not only involves religious and theological issues but also many current socio-political and anthropological themes like race, gender, nation, and majority-minority relations are linked with the shared past of both communities in the Indian subcontinent. In this article, I explore the nature of the religious or theological interactions between both communities i.e., how Hi...
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Papers by munazza batool
Keywords: environmental ethics, explanation, Islamic ecological ethic