Papers by Tarun Kumar Naik M
Concrete Strength Prediction by the Maturity Method
Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 1980
In recent years many in-place strength determination methods have come into use. Of these methods... more In recent years many in-place strength determination methods have come into use. Of these methods, the maturity method has much promise. The maturity of concrete can be estimated by the Nurse-Saul equation. For the prediction test, a total of six different concrete mixes were made. Variables considered were water to cement ratio, source of aggregates and cement, size of aggregates, etc. Maturity value was monitored by a single in-put device, and by a sixchannel recorder. Concrete compressive strengths were determined from standard cylinders and cores. In-place compressive strength based upon the in-place maturity value was predicted and later compared with cores obtained from slabs cast from the same concrete. Other mechanical properties of concrete were also obtained and related with the maturity value. From a predetermined maturity-strength relationship, in-place compressive strength can be reliably predicted.
Woods of the WisDOT for their useful, timely, and constructive comments throughout the planning a... more Woods of the WisDOT for their useful, timely, and constructive comments throughout the planning and execution of this research project. Special thanks are expressed to Chintan Sutaria, a former graduate research assistant, for his contributions to the literature review and his dedicated effort in taking charge of about half of the concrete mixtures produced in this research. Thanks are also due to Andrew Brauer, David Krueger, Kristina Kroening, and Nicholas Krahn for their contributions in producing concrete mixtures, testing of specimens, and data collection. Thanks to Alan Nichols for machining the invar bars and assembling the autogenous length-change comparators.
This research was conducted to investigate the splitting tensile strength and coefficient of ther... more This research was conducted to investigate the splitting tensile strength and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete to support implementation of the AASHTO Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide in Wisconsin. WisDOT Grade A-FA Class C fly ash concrete mixtures containing selected types of coarse aggregates from 15 sources were investigated: glacial gravel from six sources, dolomite from five sources, quartzite, granite, diabase, and basalt. In addition, using concrete containing dolomite, effects of cementitious materials were investigated such as the source of cement, the source of fly ash, the use of GGBFS vs. fly ash, and the use of cement alone vs. cement plus fly ash. The splitting tensile strength test results of the concrete mixtures made with glacial gravel varied when the source of the gravel was changed. The splitting tensile strength of concrete mixtures made with dolomite varied significantly depending on the source. The types and sources of cementitious materials also affected the splitting tensile strength of the concrete made with dolomite. The splitting tensile strength measured by this testing program was about 30% higher, when compared with the values estimated from compressive strength using the mechanistic-empirical design guide for Level 2 design (lower accuracy than Level 1). Concrete using quartzite had the highest CTE of 12.2 × 10 -6 /°C (6.8 × 10 -6 /°F). Concrete mixtures using diabase, basalt, and granite had the lowest CTE of 9.3 to 9.5 × 10 -6 /°C (5.2 to 5.3 × 10 -6 /°F). Concrete mixtures using glacial gravel from the six sources had CTE values of 9.7 to 10.7 × 10 -6 /°C (5.4 to 5.9 × 10 -6 /°F). Concrete mixtures using dolomite from the five sources had relatively uniform CTE values of 10.4 to 10.8 × 10 -6 /°C (5.8 to 6.0 × 10 -6 /°F). The types and sources of cementitious materials had a negligible influence, 0.0 to 0.2 × 10 -6 /°C (0.0 to 0.1 × 10 -6 /°F), on the CTE of concrete made with dolomite. It is recommended that concrete containing cementitious materials and coarse aggregates other than the ones evaluated in this project be tested for splitting tensile strength. It is also recommended that concrete containing coarse aggregates other than the ones evaluated in this project be tested for CTE. CTE testing of concrete containing other sources of dolomite does not appear to be necessary. 17. Key Words Coefficient of thermal expansion, concrete, mechanistic-empirical design, pavement, splitting tensile strength.
Dzsigh and testing controlled low-strength materials (CLSM) using clean coal ash
Astm Special Technical Publication, 1998
Repulping fibrous residuals from pulp and paper mills for recycling in concrete
Tappi Journal, 2004
Recent research has shown that most fibrous residuals can be used to improve the durability of co... more Recent research has shown that most fibrous residuals can be used to improve the durability of concrete. Cellulose fibers freed up from the residuals reinforce the cement matrix in concrete. The durability of concrete improved in proportion to the ease of repulping the residuals into individual fibers and particles. More fibers can participate in reinforcing the concrete if they are dispersed uniformly. Although dewatering is highly desirable in disposing of the residuals, excessive dewatering may cause some residuals to be less effective in concrete. Pulp and paper mill operators can contribute to much better recycling results and to the growth of the use of these residuals in concrete by providing concrete producers with either sufficiently wet residuals that can be readily repulped or already well-dispersed residuals ready for use in concrete. Application: By providing wastewater-treatment residuals that can be easily repulped, mills can help commercialize the production of durable concrete reinforced with these fibrous residuals.
A New Source of Pozzolanic Material
Concrete International Design Construction, 2003
Wood ash, a by-product of combustion from boilers at thermal power-generating facilities, has the... more Wood ash, a by-product of combustion from boilers at thermal power-generating facilities, has the potential for use in beneficial, environmentally friendly applications. In order to examine potential applications for wood ash in cement-based construction materials, this study investigates the various physical, chemical and microstructural properties of wood ash. Wood fly ash from 12 sources and wood bottom ash from 5 sources were examined. Moisture content, particle size distribution, unit weight, cement pozzolanic activity, water requirement, and autoclave expansion was determined for each source. The samples were analyzed for their total chemical makeup by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Scanning electron microscopy images of the wood ash particles were obtained to understand their microstructure. The source of wood ash was found to have a significant effect on its properties. Many of the wood ash properties were found to be very consistent with a pozzolanic material. Several potential applications of wood ash exist in cement-based materials, including controlled low strength material (CLSM), low and medium strength concrete, cast-concrete products, roller-compacted concrete pavements, road base-course materials and blended cements. Wood ash containing CLSM can also be used as both excavatable and nonexcavatable fill material. Further testing is being conducted on commercial applications of wood ash.
Traumatic pancreatic transection: Do we always have to resect? An Experience
Xxi National Conference of Indian Association of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sep 15, 2011
Cracking in concrete structures is an expensive problem, especially common along coastal areas wo... more Cracking in concrete structures is an expensive problem, especially common along coastal areas worldwide. There are several causes for this deterioration process, such as aging, ingress of aggressive components into concrete, such as chloride, and biodeterioration. It has been estimated that biodeterioration related structural problems cost 140 billions of dollars a year in infrastructure maintenance and repair. Researchers have shown that green algae, cyanobacteria, and mussels can be associated with microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) of construction materials and they can all be found in coastal area, including Milwaukee, USA. This paper presents an overview and analysis of the current state-of-knowledge about biodeterioration of concrete, as well as future research needs. On the basis of identified knowledge, a research agenda has also been developed for the identification of critical structures, assessment of the biodeterioration of concrete, and sustainability of concret...
Sustainable use of resources – recycling of sewage treatment plant water in concrete
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Therefore, sustainability of... more Concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. Therefore, sustainability of the concrete industry is of societal importance. Production of portland cement used in concrete produces over 2.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green-house gases (GHGs) worldwide. In addition, concrete is one of the largest water consuming industries. Approximately 150 liters of water is required per cu. m. of concrete mixture. However, considering waste and washing out of equipment at the concrete mixing plant and trucks for transporting the concrete, water consumed is approximately 500 liters per cu. m. of concrete. Water is a critical environmental issue and water supplies and water quality are becoming more limited worldwide. This paper presents an overview of the current state of knowledge about the use of reclaimed water, especially partially processed sewage treatment plant water in concrete. On the basis of identified knowledge, an initial laboratory investigati...
The Use of Fly Ash for In-Situ Recycling of AC Pavements into Base Courses
Geotechnical Applications for Transportation Infrastructure, 2005
Class C fly ash is a coal combustion product normally produced from lignite or sub-bituminous coa... more Class C fly ash is a coal combustion product normally produced from lignite or sub-bituminous coal obtained as a result of the power generation process. In recent years, efforts were taken to incorporate self-cementing fly ash into full-depth reclaimed (FDR) asphalt pavements to improve the structural capacity of asphalt pavement base layers. In this study, an existing asphalt pavement in County Trunk Highway (CTH) "JK" in Waukesha County, Wisconsin was pulverized in place and mixed with fly ash and water to function as a base course. To evaluate the contribution of fly ash to the structural performance of the pavement, nondestructive deflection tests were performed using a KUAB 2 M falling weight deflectometer (FWD) on the outer wheel path four days, one year, and two years after construction. The modulus of the fly ash stabilized FDR base course increased by 49% one year after construction, and by 83% two years after construction. The structural capacity of the fly ash stabilized FDR base course in CTH "JK" also increased significantly as it aged, due to the pozzolanic and cementitious reactions. The results of this study indicate that the FDR mixtures with self-cementing fly ash can provide an economical method of recycling flexible pavements and reduce the need for expensive new granular base curses for road reconstruction.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2015
High-volume fly ash concrete technology
A research project is being carried out at the Center for By-Products Utilization, UW-Milwaukee o... more A research project is being carried out at the Center for By-Products Utilization, UW-Milwaukee on structural grade concrete containing low cement and high volumes of fly ash. This report is primarily concerned with the literature information on high-volume fly ash concrete. Information regarding mixture proportioning techniques, fresh concrete properties, mechanical and durability properties of hardened concrete, etc. were reviewed. The properties of fresh concrete included workability, pumpability, cohesiveness, bleeding, water demand, time of set, etc. The mechanical properties of concrete reviewed were compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage, creep, fatigue strength, etc. The concrete durability related properties studied were permeability, abrasion resistance, freeze-thaw resistance, and fatigue strength.
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, 2008
Sustainability is important to the well-being of our planet, continued growth of a society, and h... more Sustainability is important to the well-being of our planet, continued growth of a society, and human development. Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. However, the production of portland cement, an essential constituent of concrete, leads to the release of significant amounts of CO 2 , a greenhouse gas ͑GHG͒; production of one ton of portland cement produces about one ton of CO 2 and other GHGs. The environmental issues associated with GHGs, in addition to natural resources issues, will play a leading role in the sustainable development of the cement and concrete industry during this century. For example, as the supply of good-quality limestone to produce cement decreases, producing adequate amounts of portland cement for construction will become more difficult. There is a possibility that when there is no more good-quality limestone in, say, a geographical region, and thus no portland cement, all the employment associated with the concrete industry, as well as new construction projects, will be terminated. Because of limited natural resources, concern over GHGs, or, both, cement production is being curtailed, or at least cannot be increased to keep up with the population increase, in some regions of the world. It is therefore necessary to look for sustainable solutions for future concrete construction. A sustainable concrete structure is constructed to ensure that the total environmental impact during its life cycle, including its use, will be minimal. Sustainable concrete should have a very low inherent energy requirement, be produced with little waste, be made from some of the most plentiful resources on earth, produce durable structures, have a very high thermal mass, and be made with recycled materials. Sustainable constructions have a small impact on the environment. They use "green" materials, which have low energy costs, high durability, low maintenance requirements, and contain a large proportion of recycled or recyclable materials. Green materials also use less energy and resources and can lead to high-performance cements and concrete. Concrete must keep evolving to satisfy the increasing demands of all its users. Designing for sustainability means accounting for the short-term and long-term environmental consequences in the design.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2005
Cast-concrete hollow blocks, solid blocks, and paving stones were produced at a manufacturing pla... more Cast-concrete hollow blocks, solid blocks, and paving stones were produced at a manufacturing plant by replacing up to 45% ͑by mass͒ of portland cement with fluidized bed combustion ͑FBC͒ coal ash and up to 9% of natural aggregates with wet-collected, low-lime, coarse coal-ash ͑WA͒. Cast-concrete product specimens of all three types exceeded the compressive strength requirements of ASTM from early ages, with the exception of one paving-stone mixture, which fell short of the requirement by less than 10%. The cast-concrete products made by replacing up to 40% of cement with FBC ash were equivalent in strength ͑89-113% of control͒ to the products without ash. The abrasion resistance of paving stones was equivalent for up to 34% FBC ash content. Partial replacement of aggregates with WA decreased strength of the products. The resistance of hollow blocks and paving stones to freezing and thawing decreased appreciably with increasing ash contents. The cast-concrete products could be used indoors in regions where freezing and thawing is a concern, and outdoors in a moderate climate.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 1994
This research was conducted to investigate the performance of fresh and hardened concrete contain... more This research was conducted to investigate the performance of fresh and hardened concrete containing discarded foundry sands as a replacement of fine aggregate. A control concrete mix was proportioned to achieve a 28-day compressive strength of 38 MPa (5500 psi). Other concrete mixes were proportioned to replace 25% and 35% of regular concrete sand with clean/new foundry sand and used foundry sand by weight. Concrete performance was evaluated with respect to compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. At 28-day age, concrete containing used foundry sand showed about 20 to 30% lower values than concrete without used foundry sand. But concrete containing 25% and 35% clean/new foundry sand gave almost the same compressive strength as that of the control mix.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2003
This investigation was performed to develop technology for manufacturing cast-concrete products u... more This investigation was performed to develop technology for manufacturing cast-concrete products using Class F fly ash, coal-combustion bottom ash, and used foundry sand. A total of 18 mixture proportions with and without the by-products was developed for manufacture of bricks, blocks, and paving stones. Replacement rates, by mass, for sand with either bottom ash or used foundry sand were 25 and 35%. Replacement rates, by mass, for portland cement with fly ash were 25 and 35% for bricks and blocks, and 15 and 25% for paving stones. Analysis of test data revealed that bricks with up to 25% replacement of cement and blocks with up to 25% replacement of cement and sand with recycled materials are suitable for use in both cold and warm climates. Other bricks and blocks were appropriate for building interior walls in cold regions and both interior and exterior walls in warm regions. Paving stones with 15% replacement of cement with fly ash showed higher strength, freezing and thawing resistance, and abrasion resistance than the control specimens.
Permeability of Flowable Slurry Materials Containing Foundry Sand and Fly Ash
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 1997
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of foundry sand and fly ash on permeability of ... more This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of foundry sand and fly ash on permeability of flowable slurry mixtures. In this work, two reference flowable fly ash slurry mixtures were proportioned for strength levels in the range of 0.34--0.69 MPa (50--100 psi) at 28 d using two different sources of ASTM Class F fly ash. Other mixtures contained
Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2001
This project was conducted to evaluate the performance and leaching of controlled low strength ma... more This project was conducted to evaluate the performance and leaching of controlled low strength materials (CLSM) incorporating fly ash and foundry sand. Two different CLSM (or flowable slurry) reference mixtures (equivalent to available production CLSM mixtures) were proportioned for unconfined compressive strength levels in the range of 0.3-0.7 MPa (50-100 psi), at 28 days, using two sources of ASTM Class F fly ash. For each reference mixture, other mixtures were proportioned using two sources of foundry sand (molten metal-casting mold sand) as a replacement for fly ash in the range of 30-85%. The ingredients of the slurry mixtures-fly ash, clean foundry sand, and used foundry sand-were tested for their physical and chemical properties and their leachate characteristics. Portland cement used as the primary binder was also tested for its properties. All CLSM mixtures made with and without foundry sand were evaluated for settlement, setting and hardening characteristics, compressive strength, permeability, and leachate characteristics. The leachate results of these CLSM-making materials were below the enforcement standards (ES) of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) ground-water quality standards (GWQS). They also met practically all the parameters of the drinking water standards. A number of CLSM mixtures incorporating fly ash and foundry sand are recommended for construction applications.
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1984
Permeability of High-Strength Concrete Containing Low Cement Factor
Journal of Energy Engineering, 1996
Coal-burning powerplants generate about 72,000,000 t (80,000,000 ton) of combustion by-products p... more Coal-burning powerplants generate about 72,000,000 t (80,000,000 ton) of combustion by-products per year in the US. Each ton (1.1 ton) of by-products used in lieu of portland cement in concrete saves about 7,600,000 kJ (7,150,000 Btu) of energy, and prevents 1 t (1.1 ton) of COâ released in the air due to avoided cement manufacture. This specific project was directed toward studying the influence of ASTM Class C fly ash on concrete permeability. A plain portland cement concrete mixture was proportioned to have a 28-day compressive strength of 40 MPa. Concrete mixtures were also proportioned to have cement replacement with Class C fly ash in the range of 0--70% by weight. Each concrete mixture was tested for compressive strength, air permeability, water permeability, and chloride ion permeability. Air and water permeabilities were evaluated by using the Figg method. Chloride ion permeability was measured in accordance with ASTM C 1202. Air permeability of plain portland cement concrete was lower than that for concrete containing fly ash at the age of 14 and 28 d. At the age of 91 d, the 55% fly ash mixture exhibited the highest resistance to air permeability. All the concrete mixtures showed fair resistance to water permeability at ages up to about 40 d. The maximum resistance to water permeability was observed for the 35% fly ash mixture at ages of 28 and 91 d. At the 2 month age, chloride ion permeability of all mixtures except the 74% fly ash mixture were rated as moderate to very low in accordance with ASTM C 1202 criteria. When duration of curing was increased to three months, the fly ash concrete mixtures with fly ash to cementitious materials in the range of 18--55% showed lower chloride ion permeability than the concrete without fly ash. The same trend was observed at the age of 1 yr.
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Papers by Tarun Kumar Naik M