Surveying the Japanese educational research and development system, this paper contains informati... more Surveying the Japanese educational research and development system, this paper contains information on education agencies, research institutes, and universities and colleges. Tho keystone of the Japanese system is the Ministry of Education, from which most authority, and funds derive. Its activities include gathering and publishing statistics, funding scientific research through' grants to universities, coordinating the activities of research institutes, commissioning research studies, and nominating pilot schools for research. Among the approximately 400 educational research institutes in Japan, two are national: the National Institute of Educational Research (NIER) and the National Institute of Research on Special Education. In addition, each prefecture and impOrtaht municipality has an institute, as do many private companies. The discussion lists the various types of Japanese institutes. conducting educational research and outlines their activities. (Author)
Cybernetics and its development in the Soviet Union [by] Roger Levien and M. E. Maron
Abstract : The report is an introduction to the subject of cybernetics, with special reference to... more Abstract : The report is an introduction to the subject of cybernetics, with special reference to its origins and ramifications in the United States and its subsequent development in the Soviet Union. As a survey document only, it was prepared to provide a non-scientific audience with sufficient background to facilitate appreciation of the potential impact of cybernetics on science and society. As in the United States, scientific research, military applications, economic planning, education, industry, etc., are affected by developments in cybernetics. Following a brief introduction, the report traces the birth of cybernetics and sketches its early development and its growth and emergence in the West. Soviet cybernetics is also examined.
A computer system for inference execution and data retrieval [by] R. E. Levien and M. E. Maron
ABSTRACT This paper presents a RAND project concerned with the use of computers as assistants in ... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a RAND project concerned with the use of computers as assistants in the logical analysis of large collections of factual data. A system called the Relational Data File was developed for this purpose. The Relational Data File is briefly detailed and problems arising from its implementation are discussed.
A computer system for inference execution and data retrieval [by] R. E. Levien and M. E. Maron
ABSTRACT This paper presents a RAND project concerned with the use of computers as assistants in ... more ABSTRACT This paper presents a RAND project concerned with the use of computers as assistants in the logical analysis of large collections of factual data. A system called the Relational Data File was developed for this purpose. The Relational Data File is briefly detailed and problems arising from its implementation are discussed.
This preliminary planning study undertakes to develop a detailed picture of what the National Ins... more This preliminary planning study undertakes to develop a detailed picture of what the National Institute of Education might become. It addresses five major categories of questions concerning the proposed Institute: (1) its objectives, (2) program, (3) organization, (4) relationship with the educational system, and (5) initial activities. This report attempts to provide a coherent, reasonably detailed set of answers to these categories of questions. It conveys a picture of the NIE derived from discussions and meetings with a wide range of individuals from government, education, and the research and development commu,,ity, and from examination of prior studies of the organization
This preliminary planning study undertakes to develop a detailed picture of what the National Ins... more This preliminary planning study undertakes to develop a detailed picture of what the National Institute of Education might become. It addresses five major categories of questions concerning the proposed Institute: (1) its objectives, (2) program, (3) organization, (4) relationship with the educational system, and (5) initial activities. This report attempts to provide a coherent, reasonably detailed set of answers to these categories of questions. It conveys a picture of the NIE derived from discussions and meetings with a wide range of individuals from government, education, and the research and development commu,,ity, and from examination of prior studies of the organization
Relational Data File: A Tool for Mechanized Inference Execution and Data Retrieval
ABSTRACT A description of the background and status of a current project on automatic data storag... more ABSTRACT A description of the background and status of a current project on automatic data storage and retrieval. The research emphasizes the development and testing of logical techniques for data retrieval and inference-making. The techniques are being implemented in the form of computer routines, and tested on a large body of facts concerning the field of cybernetics. Various sections present the theoretical base of the proposed system, a summary of the theory of relations, typical data retrieval requests, the key problems of inference, techniques for practical realization of the data file, output problems, storage and processing problems, the data file as a whole, the question of literature searching, and future steps to be taken to extend the capability of the system.
Relational Data File: A Tool for Mechanized Inference Execution and Data Retrieval
ABSTRACT A description of the background and status of a current project on automatic data storag... more ABSTRACT A description of the background and status of a current project on automatic data storage and retrieval. The research emphasizes the development and testing of logical techniques for data retrieval and inference-making. The techniques are being implemented in the form of computer routines, and tested on a large body of facts concerning the field of cybernetics. Various sections present the theoretical base of the proposed system, a summary of the theory of relations, typical data retrieval requests, the key problems of inference, techniques for practical realization of the data file, output problems, storage and processing problems, the data file as a whole, the question of literature searching, and future steps to be taken to extend the capability of the system.
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Papers by Roger E Levien