Papers by Dr. M.M. Kimothi
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2015
This paper deals with the blind channel estimation in CP MIMO-OFDM system based on subspace algor... more This paper deals with the blind channel estimation in CP MIMO-OFDM system based on subspace algorithm with reduced time samples to get time invariant system, eliminating the pilot based channel estimation and utilizing the bandwidth. This paper uses the statistical blind estimation technique by using second order statistic and in this the estimates can be obtained in a simple form by optimizing a quadratic cost function. These algorithms use the orthogonality of the noise and signal subspaces of the correlation matrix of the received signals to estimate the unknown channel coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed approach improving the performance, observed by the graphs SER/SNR and MSE/SNR.
The landslides are one of the most important types of natural hazards. Large landslides create lo... more The landslides are one of the most important types of natural hazards. Large landslides create loss of both human life and property. However, people living in the mountainous regions are accustomed to live with them. With the increased tourism over the past few decades, residential areas have spread over mountainous slopes, which naturally require new communication system. This tampers the natural slopes and environment of the mountainous regions, thereby increasing susceptibility to landslides occurrence.
Raktavarna bamak, Chaturangi bamak and Swachand bamak lie on the northeast slope of Srikailash, Man Parvat, Satopanth and un-named group of peaks. Himalayan glaciers in the Indian subcontinent
The study aimed to make the comprehensible thought about the actual recession over the Gangotri g... more The study aimed to make the comprehensible thought about the actual recession over the Gangotri glacier using reiteration photographs of glacier. Here we summarizes the understanding and responding to glacier retreat during the period of 1866 to 2011, on the basis of scientific evidence for glacier retreat particularly at Goumukh snout. The ground photographs were taken from internet (http:// www.cseindia.org/userfiles/repeat_photography). Change in snout position was carried out by Elevation transfer method, interpretation of expedition photographs and panochromatic rectified images. Contours at 30 m resolution generated from ASTER satellite data and overlay on Cartosat DEM to locate the shift in snout position. Retreat over the glacier region is compared with the previous studies carried out in the region. Shift in demarcation also observed with overlaying DEM of Quick Bird Satellite data of 2011 and panchromatic image of Gaomukh. Interpretation was carried out of camera photograp...
Pixel based classification often fails to capture the spectral variability in high resolution ima... more Pixel based classification often fails to capture the spectral variability in high resolution images while delineating of horticulture crops, especially orchards. It tends to classify individual pixels on the assumption that individual classes contain uniform spectral behaviour but does not include contextual information like texture, shape etc. Salt and Pepper effect is very common in this type of conventional classifiers whenever there is an intra-class variation. These problems can be solved by using Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) which combines similar neighboring pixels into meaningful geographical objects thereby preserving pixel topology. It takes into account both the spectral as well as spatial properties of the pixels while creating such objects. This study thereby attempts to evaluate the performance of per pixel classification with that of OBIA for mapping of mango orchards in Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh (UP). High resolution imagery of IRS-Resourcesat 2 LISS I...
Block Adjustment Technique, Processing & Geometric Quality Assessment of CARTOSAT-1 for Uttarakhand Himalayan Terrain
ABSTRACT High resolution data have high relief displacement in hilly terrains. Stereo imaging fro... more ABSTRACT High resolution data have high relief displacement in hilly terrains. Stereo imaging from space borne platforms offers information about terrain elevation besides supplying spectral reflectance of the scene. This greatly assists the analysis and interpretation of images in terms of identifying slopes, surface material, waterways, vegetation growth, etc. Applications like urban planning, agriculture, defense etc., need to use Digital Elevation Model (DEM) derived from stereo images, which is an important component of geo-spatial data. Therefore, Cartosat-1 stereo pair based Digital Elevation Model (DEM) has been generated using the Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) supplied along with the data products of Uttarakhand state. Block triangulation have been performed using stereo data (Band A & Band F) products with RPC and some of the latest Carto Dem Chips (Tile quality Validation), (Source: NRSC). This study presents the procedure followed for Block adjustment technique, processing and geometric quality assessment of Cartosat-1 for Himalayan terrain with the help of advance photogrammetry approach.
Timberline Change Detection Using Topographic Map and Satellite Imagery: a Critique
Tropical Ecology, 2011
Catchment Area Treatment Plan for Directly Draining Sub-watersheds of Sardar Sarovar Catchment (Maharashtra) Using Remotely Sensed Data
The Indian Forester, 1996
Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is multistate multipurpose river valley which is expected to benefit... more Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) is multistate multipurpose river valley which is expected to benefit and aid in development of four states namely Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. The catchment area of Narmada river above Sardar Sarovar Dam, is 88.000 km 2 of which 1676 km 2 area is part of Maharashtra State. The area is predominantly forested and tribal in nature and social and economic life of the people is totally dependent on forest for food, fuel, fodder, timber and medicines. This needs for up-to-date and reliable information on current status of land utilization for important planning processes such as catchment area treatment (CAT). At the instance of Maharashtra Forest Department a detailed microlevel catchment area treatment package was evolved using remotely sensed satellite data (IRS-LISS II and SPOT) and the recommendation for five categories of CAT has been made to preserve forest and biodiversity in the catchment area along with development of tribal co...
Map India 2005 Geomatics 2005 Map India 2005
Applications of Advanced Geospatial Technology for Expansion of Area under Horticultural Crops in North Eastern Region of India
Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2022
The north-eastern region (NER) of India has unique diversity in agro-climatic conditions coupled ... more The north-eastern region (NER) of India has unique diversity in agro-climatic conditions coupled with fertile and well-drained soil that makes this region suitable for growing a wide range of fruits, vegetables and spices. Identification and mapping of suitable areas for growing economically important horticultural crops in 24 districts representing eight states of NER were carried out under the CHAMAN programme of Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Weighted overlay analysis as a means of multi-criteria decision making tools has been adopted for site suitability analysis in the GIS environment. Required crop parameters in terms of physiography, soil, land use and climate were considered for identifying three categories of site suitability viz., highly suitable, moderately suitable and marginally suitable. UAV-based surveys were carried out to complement the field-based ground truth verification. Among the 12 selected crops, pineapple was selected for maximum of four districts and found that 4.6–13.2% of the total geographical areas (TGA) of the selected districts are suitable for growing this crop. Jaintia Hills district of Meghalaya selected for turmeric has the highest suitable areas in terms of geographical coverage (131,956 ha). A wide range of orange varieties is grown in NER. Identification of suitable areas for the orange crop was carried out in three districts, viz ., Kamle (Arunachal Pradesh), Tamenglong (Manipur) and Wokha (Nagaland), which delineated 9.18, 3.05 and 18.02% of the TGA of the districts as suitable areas. Kiwi is emerging as a promising crop in the region and suitable areas have been delineated that represents 0.58, 6.20 and 0.03% of TGA in Ukhrul (Manipur), Phek (Nagaland) and East District (Sikkim), respectively. Another newly introduced crop viz ., dragon fruit has been found to bear much promise with 18.44 and 3.47% of the TGA in Serchhip and Aizawl districts of Mizoram are found suitable for growing this crop. Other selected crops like large cardamom for Lower Subansiri (Arunachal Pradesh), Assam Lemon for Nagaon (Assam), potato and arecanut for East Khasi Hills and East Garo Hills districts of Meghalaya are found to have 2–18% of the TGA suitable for growing these crops.
Methodology for Remote Sensing of Waterbird Habitats in an Inland Wetland
The Indian Forester, 1998
Waterbird (Waterfowl) habitats in wetlands are deteriorating due to variety of human activities t... more Waterbird (Waterfowl) habitats in wetlands are deteriorating due to variety of human activities threatening the survival of waterfowl. Sound management of such habitats is possible ifinformation regarding them is available. Satellite remote sensing can be very useful in providing such information through delineation, mapping and inventorying of habitats. The methodology developed for delineation, mapping and inventorying waterbird habitats in an inland wetland viz. Nal Sarovar (Gujarat State) has been discussed in the present paper. Suitability and limitations of important aspects of the methodology adopted for preparing 'Habitat Distribution Maps' are also revealed and discussed. Mid-winter season (January/February) data of Landsat (MSSITM) and IRS LISS II has been found very appropriate for studying waterbird habitats. Classification system up to level III has been developed. IRS LISS II FCC has been found to be more effective in distinguishing habitat of emergent aquatic ...
Remote Sensing Based Habitat Availability Model (HAM) - a Tool for Quick-look Assessment of Wetlands as Waterbird Habitats
The Indian Forester, 1999
Due to various activities of man, wetlands are facing destruction and degradation which further l... more Due to various activities of man, wetlands are facing destruction and degradation which further leads to the progressive loss of biological diversity including diversity of waterbirds. Under such situation, there is an urgent need of monitoring and sustainabl by managing at least protected wetland areas on priority basis by applying modern tools and techniques. Satellite remote sensing is a technique which is found very useful for this purpose. Apart from mapping and monitoring waterbird habitats in wetlands, it can also facilitate evaluation of wetlands as wildlife (waterbird) habitats through the development of quantitative models. There is a need of developing such a model which quickly provides a quantitative insight into the availability of different habitats/microhabitats required by a waterfowl species in the entire wetland prior to the detailed evaluation of the habitat quality/suitability. Habitat Availability Model (HAM) is one such model. With its grid.based quantitative ...
Change Detection of Different Natural Resources For Udham Singh Nagar District of Uttarakhand State During Last 24 Years by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique
International journal of innovative research and development, 2014
Land use and Land cover are linked to climate and other environmental changes in a complex way su... more Land use and Land cover are linked to climate and other environmental changes in a complex way such as, exchange of Greenhouse gases between plants, soil and atmosphere. Land is becoming scarce community due to immense agriculture in other purposes. Any change in land use/ land cover affect ecosystem, biodiversity, agriculture productivity and other goods and services of the society. Hence, information on land use/ land cover and possibilities of their optimal use is essential for the selection, planning and implementation of land use methods to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. Various processes influence the speed of the change and the type of land use. Over the past few years, Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand having total geographical area 3055 sq.kms. has found tremendous land use change due to various Industrial and urban growth. Udham Singh Nagar is located in Tarai area of Kumaon region. Availability of resources, vast land, infinite raw ...
Biomass production and energy conversion efficiency by Eucalyptus in energy plantations
Studies on growth, assimilation rate, biomass production, solar energy conversion efficiency and ... more Studies on growth, assimilation rate, biomass production, solar energy conversion efficiency and seasonal energy conversion efficiency by Eucalypts under energy plantation practices (short spacing, 13m × 13m) have been carried out at six monthly intervals for a period of 36 months under semi-arid non-irrigated conditions in Gujarat. The results show that there exists considerable variation among the population of the trees which increase with increasing age. The total biomass ranged from 5 dt/ha at 12 months to 66 5 dt/ha at 36 months,the utilizable biomass (wood, bark, branch) ranging from 2.25 dt/ha to 43 5 dt/ha for the same periods. There existed a direct correlation between, the leaf biomass and total biomass by different categories of trees. The results on various growth parameters, viz,net assimilation rate, relative growth fate and crop growth fate is also presented. The relationship between D 2 H and total as well as utilizable dry malter production by trees has been worked...
Quest for Improving the Production and Availability of Forest Biomass-a Review
The Indian Forester, 1984
During the last ten years there is increasing awareness about the role of forest biomass to allev... more During the last ten years there is increasing awareness about the role of forest biomass to alleviate the fuelwood crisis particularly in developing countries in view of their predominant dependence on traditional fuels. Among the various non-conventional energy sources namely photovoltaic, wind, geothermal, microhydal, oceanthermal and biomass, biomass has an edge over others from the point of production, availability and conversion. Biomass has the verstality to be converted into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which further can be transformed into four principle usable energy forms namely, steam, mechanical power, electricity and heat. It is shown that on global basis there is abundant availability of wood, however, on regional basis there is shortage, particularly in developing countries. In India the fuelwood shortage is of the order of 170 million cubic meters, threatening to become more than an energy issue. In this context the need for implementing the energy plantation conc...
Application of Geographic Information System in Identification of 'Fire-Prone' Areas - a Feasibility Study in Parts of Junagadh (Gujarat)
Occurrcnce of frequent fire is one of the reasons for degradation of forests in the country/ else... more Occurrcnce of frequent fire is one of the reasons for degradation of forests in the country/ elsewhere in the world. The forest fires affect (a) standing vegetation, (b) soil, (c) productive capacity of the forest, (d) productive value of the forest, (e) wildlife and (f) recreational. Or scenic values. An attempt has been made to map the fire-prone areas of a part of Junagadh District of Gujarat. IRSIB, LISS-II data were visually classified to ascertain the vegetation status of the study area. The roadnetwork and the huts/settlements were mapped through the Survey ofIndia (SoI) topographical map. Finally, to begin with, these three parameters out of many, which may have direct/indirect influence over the occurrence of fire, were integrated using Geographic Information System (GIS) approach resulting in a 'fire-prone' map of the area.
International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, 2016
Uttarakhand is one of the hilly states in the Indian Himalaya. It lies in the Northern part of In... more Uttarakhand is one of the hilly states in the Indian Himalaya. It lies in the Northern part of India between the latitudes 28 0-31 0 N to longitudes 77 0-81 0 E having a maximum dimension of eastwest 310 km and 255 km; north-south covering an area of 53,484 km 2 with the elevation ranging from 210 to 7817 msl. It is the home to many holy rivers originating from the nearly 1439 glaciers. In view of the changing climate followed by factors responsible for varying nature of climate and its effect on environment basically related to vegetation phenology, biodiversity as well water resources especially in mountain region of Uttarakhand Himalaya which is well known for its rich biodiversity in perspective of socioeconomic well-being of the rural people and forest dwellers; the natural devastation or any kind of calamity affect the native of the region due to their dependencies in the services provided by the nature which we call ecosystem services. The devastation caused during 16 th & 17 th June 2013 in Kedarnath valley on Kedargad micro watershed, of Mandakini sub watershed in Mandakini valley of Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand Himalaya is one of the major devastations that have ruined the climate and ecosystem of the area to a greater extent. In the present study it is studied that how this devastation has affected vegetation by perturbing ecosystem services. It was noticed that after devastation forests and alpine is major region where a remarkable change was detected. A major change in river is also noticed.
International journal of scientific research, 2014
In Uttarakhand state, different hydrological projects are there which are generating about 4613.2... more In Uttarakhand state, different hydrological projects are there which are generating about 4613.23 Million Unit electricity which is more enough to distribute among the existing population, so state is exporting electricity to other states which is a main source of income to the government of the state. The population of the Uttarakhand state is about 84.89 lakhs at pre- sent state has sufficient electricity to distribute among the existing population but in future scenario by seeing that population is increasing is an alarming rate and urban scrawl , this condition may not be possible. Use of modern technology is essential for the development in this sector. Remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS), Geographical Information System, or Geospatial Information System is an emerging tool in this new most important area. With the help of this technology different studies can be done like Load Flow Studies, Load Forecasting, Management Information System (MIS), Total energy ac...
The Balkhila Watershed of Chamoli District in Uttarakhand Himalayas has high landslide hazard and... more The Balkhila Watershed of Chamoli District in Uttarakhand Himalayas has high landslide hazard and creates a major havoc in the area every year. However, the available information on the landslides in the Balkhila region is still limited. We constructed the essential spatial database of landslides using the GIS techniques. The quantitative relationship between landslides and factors affecting landslides are established by the Information value method. The affecting factors such as lithology, structure, geomorphology, slope angle, slope aspect, drainage density, lineament density, elevation and off-fault are recognized. By applying the Information value integration and landslide zonation, the most significant affecting factors are selected. Active Landslide distribution map was used to assess the accuracy of the prepared landslide hazard zonation map. The landslide distribution map was crossed with the landslide hazard zonation map in GIS environment. The very high hazard zone covers about 2% of the total study area but has a very high (22%) frequency of landslide occurrence. The landslide frequency in the high hazard zone is also very high (39%) in comparison to the area (12%). Very high hazard zone and high hazard zone together cover 16% of the area and include 61% of the landslide occurrence. The medium hazard zone covers 24% of the area and contains 24% of landslide frequency. The low and very low hazard zone together constitutes 61% of the study area and has a landslide occurrence of only 15%. Information in these maps could be useful for explaining the known/existing landslide, making emergency decisions and reducing the efforts on the avoidance and mitigation of future landslide hazard.
The entire state of Uttaranchal is considered a centre of pilgrimage, and has several famous shri... more The entire state of Uttaranchal is considered a centre of pilgrimage, and has several famous shrines such as Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamnotri. The economy of the local people enroute to these shrines mainly depends on the pilgrims at least for six months (May to October) in a year. The natural calamities in one way or the other occur every year in the region disrupting the normal life. Identification of potential zones susceptible to various types of hazards taking protective measures and giving early warning should be the main emphasis of the disaster management systems. Uttarkashi, an ancient Hindu religious town situated on the bank of the Bhagirathi river (Ganga river) in the upper Lesser Himalayan zone of Garhwal Himalayas, Uttaranchal, India, has a long history of witnessing various kinds of disasters, the recent being the September 2003 Varunavat Parvat (Mountain) landslides. This landslide has affected more than 5000 people, damaged buildings, and roads, chocked u...
In the present study CARTOSAT-1 data has been evaluated for retrieval of biophysical parameters l... more In the present study CARTOSAT-1 data has been evaluated for retrieval of biophysical parameters like tree height, crown diameter, canopy density and canopy gap, which are critical variables for estimation of stand volume, biomass and generation of site index (indicator of site quality of growing stock). Based on this, empirical relationship were established between Cartosat derived estimated height & crown diameter and ground measured parameters. Cartosat-1 launched on 5 th may 2005 is the first Indian operational remote sensing satellite capable of providing in –orbit stereo images with 2.5 m nadir resolution and 27 km swath. This satellite carries two panchromatic cameras mounted on board to take pictures in two different angles so that stereo pairs are produced, using which the required digital elevation models (DEM), and Ortho images can be produced. Investigations have been carried out at a site located in Forest Research Institute Campus, Dehradun. The site has major dominatin...
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Papers by Dr. M.M. Kimothi