Papers by Gianina Diana Iegar
Ephemeris Napocensis, 2024
This study contextualises funerary practices in Cluj in the early modern period by presenting an ... more This study contextualises funerary practices in Cluj in the early modern period by presenting an overview of known burial grounds and isolated graves, analysed within the framework of the religious and administrative norms. Using historical data and the available archaeological research results, it retraces burial ground dynamics over three centuries, focusing on the gradual relocation of cemeteries to extramural areas starting from the second half of the 16 th century. The complex interplay between theological doctrines and administrative regulations shaped this transition. Future archaeological research and publications are essential to confirm burial practices, explore deviations from norms, and enhance understanding of societal and mental shifts in attitudes toward death and burial.
The Nonexistent Battle: Sibiu, March 22, 1442. A Critical Analysis of the
Sources on the Decissiv... more The Nonexistent Battle: Sibiu, March 22, 1442. A Critical Analysis of the
Sources on the Decissive Battle Between John Hunyadi and Mezid Beğ
Abstract
Title and concept of the present study are inspired by Italo Calvino’s abstract shortnovel The Nonexistent Knight (1959). The author describes the deeds Arnulf, one of Charlemagne’s knights, whose virtues and
bravery were perfect despite the fact that he didn’t exist, his whole existence consisted just in a hollow armour. Such a ghost haunts also the historiography regarding the early military career of John Hunyadi:
the Battle of Sibiu, on March 22, 1442. Relying on the post‑Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles and on the Transylvanian humanist writer Christian Schaeseus, Baron József Teleki was the first to assume
that this battle actually took place, in his monumental work on The Age of the Hunyadis in Hungary (Hunyadiak kora magyarországon), edited in the mid nineteenth century. His academic authority imposed this interpretation on generations of historians to come, up to our days. Without bothering to consult the sources, each historian who dealt with these aspects brought new details and interpretations to József
Teleki’s hypothesis, creating thus an elaborated historical discourse. Nevertheless, a thorough analysis of the preserved medieval sources on the topic reveals that the final battle between John Hunyadi and Mezid
Beğ, in the early spring of 1442, took actually place at Transylvania’s Iron Gate (Poarta de Fier, Vaskapu), and a battle near Sibiu (some modern historians even wrote about a prolonged siege of the city!) didn’t exist but in the imagination of Laonikos Chalkokondyles, whose historical work was used as a source by Christian Schaeseus. Thus, the Battle of Sibiu, is nothing else than a perfect historical discourse, claded in the hollow armour of a historical hypothesis, dating back to the mid-nineteenth century.
Evul mediu neterminat / A befejezetlen középkor / The unfinished Middle Ages, 2022
The castle domain of Nyaláb occupied about a third of the county of Ugocea during the Middle Ages... more The castle domain of Nyaláb occupied about a third of the county of Ugocea during the Middle Ages. Though Ugocea was the smallest county of the kingdom, the castle’s domain was the most important property here. The castle was built close to one of the royal colonists’ (hospites) settlement: Királyháza, sometime during the last part of the 13th century. At the end of the 14th century, the Nyaláb castle domain was held by Balc, Drag (ancestor of the Drágfi family) and John, sons of Sas, who possessed with pro honore title, meaning that they administered it in the name of the king. They were he last possessors with this tile, as in 1405, the king donated the domain to Peter Perényi, who he preferred him than the ancestors of the future Drágfi family, thus the premises of a judicial conflict which would take place a few decades later. The article outlines this well-documented legal conflict that lasted 27 years and ended in 1498, with the victory of Gabriel Perényi. Furthermore, the evolution of the families involved in the conflict during the 15th century was presented, as an attempt to interpret the trial. The article emphasizes the status of each protagonist at the beginning and during the legal process, and the “backstage” actions influencing the political and economic balance, too. During this analysis, it became obvious, that the relations with the sovereign and other barons of the time influenced the outcome of the conflict.
Cercetări Numismatice XVI, 2010
This study focuses on tracking and clarifying some of the particular issues of the medieval noble... more This study focuses on tracking and clarifying some of the particular issues of the medieval noble families, based on a case study that follows the Káta kindred and the descendent families across the 13 th-16 th centuries. An immediate result of the study is a detailed reconstruction (using, where possible, all documentary sources available) of the Káta kindred with a main focus on the Ugocea-Satu Mare branch. Thus, genealogical additions and corrections made on this study are the first step towards the final aim of the paper, namely the interpretation of historical phenomena and processes related to kinship and noble families, to confirm or refute general hypotheses and theories set out in this regard. The relationship within the kindred, the "solidarity" of the kindred, viewed from an anthropological perspective, cannot be historically proven, but its role is highly visible in the legal system. Changes supervened in the land ownership system and blood relations inside the family are closely connected. At the end of the thirteenth century and at the beginning of the fourteenth century, there are two interrelated phenomena: the formation of families descending from the same kindred, with the possibility of nominally distinguishing them, and at the same time common lands (the key link in kinship heritage) are gradually reduced to extinction. With these changes, the role of the kindred ties is significantly reduced in the legal system, giving way to nuclear families.
Relații româno-ucrainene. Istorie și contemporaneitate, 2010
Satu Mare. Studii și comunicări, 2015
Starting with the 15th century, the significant increase in number of the written so
Satu Mare. Studii și comunicări, 2013
The numerous Káta kindred descendant families in the area of Ugocea, Bereg
Satu Mare. Studii și comunicări, 2012
Piatra funerară. Forme de manifestare artistică în cimitirele iudaice din nord-vestul României………... more Piatra funerară. Forme de manifestare artistică în cimitirele iudaice din nord-vestul României………………………………………………...... Funeral stone. Forms of artistic expression in the Judaic cemeteries of northwestern Romania (Abstract) ...
Neamul nobiliar în secolele XIII-XIV. Considerații terminologice, 2010
Răspunderea pentru conţinutul ştiinţific al studiilor, formulări şi calitatea rezumatelor în limb... more Răspunderea pentru conţinutul ştiinţific al studiilor, formulări şi calitatea rezumatelor în limbi străine revine, în exclusivitate, autorilor. Authors are responsible for the presentation of the facts contained in their articles, for the wording and for the accuracy of the foreign languages summaries.
Satu Mare – Studii Si Comunicari, nr. XXVI / II, p. 19-45., 2010
Paths of urban evolution of the City of Satu Mare.
Several issues of the urban evolution of Satu... more Paths of urban evolution of the City of Satu Mare.
Several issues of the urban evolution of Satu Mare are presented in this paper, within a time-line which begins from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Two twin towns existed on the actual territory of the city: Satu Mare and Mintiu, during the Middle Ages. First of all, the most significant historic events and phenomena are identified, which marked the
history of the two towns, and created the frame of the urban development.
A chapter of the paper is dedicated to the history of the Castle of Satu Mare. The existence of the castle and its fortified system influences not only the history of Satu Mare, but of the entire region. The building process of the castle and the evolution of its military role in the area are presented in the present paper, during the 16th and till the 18th century. The results of the most recent researches in this field are put together giving new interpretation to the history of the castle.
The core question of the paper is to present the development of the urban structure, the changes of the territory and the evolution of the streets. Based on medieval and early modern graphic representations of the town (16th-19th century), this part of the paper establishes the most significant in the urban evolution of Satu Mare.
Un echilibru de forţe fragil: conflicte judiciare între nobili şi orăşeni în comitatul Ugocea (secolul al XIV-lea)
Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica, Jan 1, 2011
În 9 ianuarie 1383, regina-văduvă Elisabeta cerea conventului de Leles să investigheze crimele co... more În 9 ianuarie 1383, regina-văduvă Elisabeta cerea conventului de Leles să investigheze crimele comise la Vinogradovo1 de un grup de nobili înrudiţi, descendenţi ai neamului Hontpázmány, ajutaţi de oamenii lor: iobagi şi probabil familiari. Documentul2, păstrat într-...
Books by Gianina Diana Iegar
Despite of its ruined condition, the castle of Medieşu Aurit remains one of the most impressive a... more Despite of its ruined condition, the castle of Medieşu Aurit remains one of the most impressive and important monuments of the Renaissance Architecture in the region. There were several attempts recently to
rehabilitate it, but none of them succeeded. The authors wish that this work would facilitate the efforts of the conservation of the monument as it attempts to presents briefly the architectural and art-historical
values of the castle and the main turning-points of its history
EVUL MEDIU NETERMINAT A BEFEJEZETLEN KÖZÉPKOR THE UNFINISHED MIDDLE AGES, 2022
Bătălia inexistentă: Sibiu, 22 martie 1442. O analiză critică a izvoarelor privind bătălia decisi... more Bătălia inexistentă: Sibiu, 22 martie 1442. O analiză critică a izvoarelor privind bătălia decisivă dintre Iancu de Hunedoara şi Mezid Beğ Mária Lupescu Makó În labirintul normelor ecleziastice. Relaţia dintre clerul secular şi dominicanii din Cluj în secolul al XV-lea Petrovics István Megjegyzések a középkori Temesvár kereskedelmi kapcsolataihoz Gianina-Diana Iegar Castelania Nyalábului (comitatul Ugocea) între familiile Drágfi şi Perényi Mária Pakucs-Willcocks Libertăţile oraşului în context: dreptul de depozit şi produsele turceşti în Sibiul premodern Rüsz-Fogarasi Enikő Câteva consideraţii preliminare asupra prăvăliilor din jurul bisericii Sfântul Mihail din Clujul premodern
Omagiu adus profesorului Adrian Andrei Rusu cu ocazia împlinirii vârstei de 70 de ani
Tanulmányo... more Omagiu adus profesorului Adrian Andrei Rusu cu ocazia împlinirii vârstei de 70 de ani
Tanulmányok Adrian Andrei Rusu professzor köszöntésére 70. születésnapja alkalmából
Studies in honour of professor Adrian Andrei Rusu on his 70th birthday
Dacă un păgân se apropie de tine şi îţi cere să-i arăţi credinţa ta, du-l în biserică să priveasc... more Dacă un păgân se apropie de tine şi îţi cere să-i arăţi credinţa ta, du-l în biserică să privească imaginile sfinte. Sf. Ioan Damaschin
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Papers by Gianina Diana Iegar
Sources on the Decissive Battle Between John Hunyadi and Mezid Beğ
Abstract
Title and concept of the present study are inspired by Italo Calvino’s abstract shortnovel The Nonexistent Knight (1959). The author describes the deeds Arnulf, one of Charlemagne’s knights, whose virtues and
bravery were perfect despite the fact that he didn’t exist, his whole existence consisted just in a hollow armour. Such a ghost haunts also the historiography regarding the early military career of John Hunyadi:
the Battle of Sibiu, on March 22, 1442. Relying on the post‑Byzantine chronicler Laonikos Chalkokondyles and on the Transylvanian humanist writer Christian Schaeseus, Baron József Teleki was the first to assume
that this battle actually took place, in his monumental work on The Age of the Hunyadis in Hungary (Hunyadiak kora magyarországon), edited in the mid nineteenth century. His academic authority imposed this interpretation on generations of historians to come, up to our days. Without bothering to consult the sources, each historian who dealt with these aspects brought new details and interpretations to József
Teleki’s hypothesis, creating thus an elaborated historical discourse. Nevertheless, a thorough analysis of the preserved medieval sources on the topic reveals that the final battle between John Hunyadi and Mezid
Beğ, in the early spring of 1442, took actually place at Transylvania’s Iron Gate (Poarta de Fier, Vaskapu), and a battle near Sibiu (some modern historians even wrote about a prolonged siege of the city!) didn’t exist but in the imagination of Laonikos Chalkokondyles, whose historical work was used as a source by Christian Schaeseus. Thus, the Battle of Sibiu, is nothing else than a perfect historical discourse, claded in the hollow armour of a historical hypothesis, dating back to the mid-nineteenth century.
Several issues of the urban evolution of Satu Mare are presented in this paper, within a time-line which begins from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Two twin towns existed on the actual territory of the city: Satu Mare and Mintiu, during the Middle Ages. First of all, the most significant historic events and phenomena are identified, which marked the
history of the two towns, and created the frame of the urban development.
A chapter of the paper is dedicated to the history of the Castle of Satu Mare. The existence of the castle and its fortified system influences not only the history of Satu Mare, but of the entire region. The building process of the castle and the evolution of its military role in the area are presented in the present paper, during the 16th and till the 18th century. The results of the most recent researches in this field are put together giving new interpretation to the history of the castle.
The core question of the paper is to present the development of the urban structure, the changes of the territory and the evolution of the streets. Based on medieval and early modern graphic representations of the town (16th-19th century), this part of the paper establishes the most significant in the urban evolution of Satu Mare.
Books by Gianina Diana Iegar
rehabilitate it, but none of them succeeded. The authors wish that this work would facilitate the efforts of the conservation of the monument as it attempts to presents briefly the architectural and art-historical
values of the castle and the main turning-points of its history
Tanulmányok Adrian Andrei Rusu professzor köszöntésére 70. születésnapja alkalmából
Studies in honour of professor Adrian Andrei Rusu on his 70th birthday