Papers by Christina Wanhainen
Author response for "Petrology, petrogenesis, and geochronology review of the Cenozoic adakitic rocks of northeast Iran: Implications for evolution of the northern branch of <scp>Neo‐Tethys</scp>
Corrigendum to “Ore mineralogy and trace element (re)distribution at the metamorphosed Lappberget Zn-Pb-Ag-(Cu-Au) deposit, Garpenberg, Sweden” [Ore Geol. Rev. 135 (2021) 104223]
Ore Geology Reviews, 2023
New REE Mineralogy for LKAB apatite-iron ores
Petrology, petrogenesis, and geochronology review of the Cenozoic adakitic rocks of northeast Iran: Implications for evolution of the northern branch of Neo‐Tethys
Geological Journal
Day five field guide : Cu-Au Deposits in the Gällivare Area
Unlocking Rare Earth Elements from European apatite‐iron ores
Rare Earth Elements are known to occur within apatite‐magnetite ores of the Kiruna type. Previous... more Rare Earth Elements are known to occur within apatite‐magnetite ores of the Kiruna type. Previously it was assumed that the REE was associated to the apatite part of the ore. It is now shown that the REE follows the apatite to a much less degree, and that the REE are contained in the minerals monazite, allanite and some unknown REE‐phase still to be identified. Monazite occurs as inclusions in the apatite as well as free particles. Allanite is to some degree in mixed grains with magnetite but also in free particles. Monazite mainly reports to the apatite concentrate while allanite largely goes to the tailings. Laboratory flotation also shows some preferential concentration of heavy REE over light REE to the apatite concentrate. A new EU project, REEcover, will characterise the REE phases in this type of iron ore and among the different process streams within the mineral beneficiation chain.
Age, petrology and geochemistry of the porphyritic Aitik intrusion, and its relation to the disseminated Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit, northern Sweden
GFF, Dec 1, 2006
... 1 Division of ore geology and applied geophysics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 L... more ... 1 Division of ore geology and applied geophysics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden; christina.wanhainen@ltu.se, olof.martinsson@ltu.se 2 Laboratory for Isotope Geology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box ... LOI 1.71 1.41 0.58 1.14 0.89 0.57 0.68 ...
Mineralisation paragenesis of the Liikavaara Cu-(W-Au) deposit, northern Sweden
Norrbottens malm- och mineralresurs och dess potentiella betydelse för innovation, samhälle och miljö
Gruvindustrins betydelse for samhallsutveckling och infrastruktur i Sverige och inte minst i Norr... more Gruvindustrins betydelse for samhallsutveckling och infrastruktur i Sverige och inte minst i Norrbottens lan ar mycket stor. De geologiska forutsattningarna att hitta nya brytvarda forekomster i No ...
Character and origin of Cu-Au deposits in the northern Norrbotten ore province
Journal of South American Earth Sciences, Nov 1, 2020
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
On the origin and evolution of the palaeoproterozoic Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit, northern Sweden : a porphyry copper-gold ore, modified by multistage metamorphic-deformational, magmatic-hydrothermal, and IOCG-mineralizing events
The Aitik Cu-Au-Ag mine in the Gallivare area in northern Sweden is the biggest open pit operatio... more The Aitik Cu-Au-Ag mine in the Gallivare area in northern Sweden is the biggest open pit operation in northern Europe and one of Europe’s largest metal producers. The open pit is almost 3 km long, ...
GFF, Jun 18, 2020
The Liikavaara Östra Cu-(W-Au) deposit is situated close to the operating Aitik Cu-Au mine in nor... more The Liikavaara Östra Cu-(W-Au) deposit is situated close to the operating Aitik Cu-Au mine in northern Sweden. It is scheduled for production in 2023. Modern geological descriptions of the deposit are lacking though knowledge of geological and mineralogical details prior to operation is beneficial to avoid surprises. In this study, petrological, mineralogical and geochemical investigations of the wall rocks, host rock and mineralisation, and zircon U-Pb analysis of a footwall granodioritic intrusion were carried out. The mineralisation is hosted by quartz±tourmaline-calcite veins, calcite veins and aplite dykes that cross-cut biotite-amphibole schists and gneisses. The wall rocks to the ore are metavolcaniclastic rocks of basaltic to andesitic composition. A granodiorite intrusion occurs in the footwall. The mineralisation is mainly chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and pyrite with some sphalerite, galena, scheelite, molybdenite and magnetite. It shows slight enrichments in Au, Ag and Bi. Gold and Ag occur as electrum and Ag also in hessite and an Ag-sulphide. The Bi mineralogy includes native Bi, Bi-tellurides and Bi-sulphides. These minerals are found as inclusions, along the borders of and in cracks in chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, molybdenite and quartz. The footwall granodiorite intrusion was dated at 1.87 Ga. It is suggested here to be the source for ore genesis based on its spatial relation to the mineralisation, as well as on high-salinity fluids and metal composition of the ore. The aplite dykes may have acted as pathways for the magmatic hydrothermal fluids that carried the metals from the intrusion to the host rock.
Mineralogy and origin of the intrusion-related Liikavaara Cu-(W-Au) deposit, northern Sweden
Gff, 2019
The Liikavaara Cu-(W-Au) deposit is situated proximal to the Aitik Cu-Au deposit in northern Swed... more The Liikavaara Cu-(W-Au) deposit is situated proximal to the Aitik Cu-Au deposit in northern Sweden. It shows occurrence of scheelite and enrichment in trace metals including Au, Ag and Bi. In this ...
A new rock hardness classification system based on portable dynamic testing
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, Apr 11, 2022
Hardness is one of the critical physical characteristics of minerals and rocks, which indicates t... more Hardness is one of the critical physical characteristics of minerals and rocks, which indicates the resistance of the rock to penetration, scratch, or permanent deformation. As a basic concept, rock hardness has a significant role in rock mechanics and geological engineering and is an appropriate diagnostic tool for the classification of minerals and rocks. The main purpose of this study is to guide rock engineers to measure the rock hardness faster, easier, and more accurately using Leeb’s dynamic hardness test. Accordingly, this paper presents a new rock hardness classification system based on the Leeb dynamic and portable hardness testing method. It is a well-known method for its fast and straightforward procedure testing equipment. A set of 33 different rock types were collected and tested during this study. Next, in-depth microscopic mineralogical studies were performed to determine the precise Mohs hardness value. The Mohs hardness was considered the leading hardness benchmark during the experimental studies, and the Leeb hardness was adopted to classify based on this hardness. A series of laboratory studies and statistical analysis was performed to predict the Shore and Vickers hardness using Leeb hardness. Finally, based on the comparative studies, it is recommended to classify the rocks considering the Leeb hardness method in six different categories: extremely soft (1–250), soft (250–450), moderately soft (450–750), moderately hard (750–850), hard (850–920), and extremely hard (920–1000). The provided classification could be useful in a vast range of rock engineering applications, especially for feasibility studies of rock engineering projects and engineering geology.
Ore Geology Reviews, Oct 1, 2016
The Northern Norrbotten Ore Province in northernmost Sweden includes the type localities for Kiru... more The Northern Norrbotten Ore Province in northernmost Sweden includes the type localities for Kirunatype apatite iron deposits and has been the focus for intense exploration and research related to Fe oxide-Cu-Au mineralisation during the last decades. Several different types of Fe-oxide and Cu-Au±Fe oxide mineralisation occur in the region and include: stratiform Cu±Zn±Pb±Fe oxide type, iron formations (including BIF´s), Kirunatype apatite iron ore, and epigenetic Cu±Au±Fe oxide type which may be further subdivided into different styles of mineralisation, some of them with typical IOCG (Iron Oxide-Copper-Gold) characteristics. Generally, the formation of Fe oxide±Cu±Au mineralisation is directly or indirectly dated between ~2.1 and 1.75 Ga, thus spanning about 350 m.y. of geological evolution. The current paper will present in more detail the characteristics of certain key deposits, and aims to put the global concepts of Fe-oxide Cu-Au mineralisations into a regional context. The focus will be on iron deposits and various types of deposits containing Fe-oxides and Cu-sulphides in different proportions which generally have some characteristics in common with the IOCG style. In particular, ore fluid characteristics (magmatic versus non-magmatic) and new geochronological data are used to link the ore-forming processes with the overall crustal evolution to generate a metallogenetic model. Rift bounded shallow marine basins developed at ~2.1-2.0 Ga following a long period of extensional tectonics within the Greenstone-dominated, 2.5-2.0 Ga Karelian craton. The ~1.9-1.8 Ga Svecofennian Orogen is characterised by subduction and accretion from the southwest. An initial emplacement of calc-alkaline magmas into ~1.9 Ga continental arcs led to the formation of the Haparanda Suite and the Porphyrite Group volcanic rocks. Following this early stage of magmatic activity, and separated from it by the earliest deformation and metamorphism, more alkali-rich magmas of the Perthite Monzonite Suite and the Kiirunavaara Group volcanic rocks were formed at ~1.88 Ga. Subsequently, partial melting of the middle crust produced large volumes of ~1.85 and 1.8 Ga S-type granites in conjunction with subduction related A-/I-type magmatism and associated deformation and metamorphism.
Gold mineralogy at the Aitik Cu–Au–Ag deposit, Gällivare area, northern Sweden
GFF, Mar 1, 2011
ABSTRACT The low-grade Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit is a deformed and metamorphosed porphyry-type depos... more ABSTRACT The low-grade Aitik Cu-Au-Ag deposit is a deformed and metamorphosed porphyry-type deposit, and as such it belongs to the group of ores that require detailed mineralogical investigations of precious metal occurrences to assist in determining the recovery processes. The character of gold in the Aitik deposit varies substantially. Gold alloys display highly variable Au/(Au + Ag) ratios, and Hg is commonly a constituent. A change from dominantly sulphide-associated to groundmass-associated gold as mining progresses towards depth is accompanied by a change in the chemical composition of gold. Towards depth, the gold content in electrum and amalgam decreases (from c. 66 to 22% in electrum and c. 23 to 4% in amalgam), and the amount of native gold grains increases. The most common mineral assemblage associated with gold at deep levels (600 m and below) is K-feldspar, biotite, plagioclase, quartz, chalcopyrite and pyrite. This study demonstrates that magmatic-hydrothermal and metamorphic processes responsible for the diversity in copper mineralisation styles within the Aitik ore body probably have also played a role in the variable character of gold observed at Aitik today.
Textural setting of gold and its implications on mineral processing: preliminary results from three gold deposits in northern Sweden
The hybrid character of the Aitik deposit, Norrbotten, Sweden : a porphyry Cu-Au-Ag(-Mo) system overprinted by Fe-oxide Cu-Au hydrothermal fluids
The Aitik Cu-Au-Ag(-Mo) mine in northern Sweden is the biggest open pit operation in northern Eur... more The Aitik Cu-Au-Ag(-Mo) mine in northern Sweden is the biggest open pit operation in northern Europe, and one of Europe's largest metal producers. The open pit is 3 km long, 930 m wide and 405 m de ...
Geochemical characteristics of host rocks to the Aitik Cu-Au deposit, Gellivare area, northern Sweden
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Papers by Christina Wanhainen