Papers by Richard Carmichael
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2021
Cost-effectively decarbonising the power sector and household energy use using variable renewable... more Cost-effectively decarbonising the power sector and household energy use using variable renewable energy will require that electricity consumption becomes much more flexible and responsive to constraints in supply and the distribution network. In recent years residential demand response (DR) has received increasing attention that has sought to answer, based on current evidence, questions about how much consumers will engage with DR. This paper critically reviews the evidence base for residential consumer engagement with DR and draws out several important limitations in it. We argue for a more action-oriented focus on developing practical strategies to enable and unlock greater loadshifting and consumer engagement with DR within a changing technology and regulatory context. A number of recommendations are put forward for accelerating UK consumer engagement with DR, presented under three broad strategies: (a) promote awareness of smart tariffs, smart meters and storage and automation behind-the-meter devices as mutually-supportive components within a common 'DR technology cluster'; (b) deliver targeted support for adoption of electric vehicles and other storage and automation technologies; (c) enable and support informed adoption of DR-enabling products and services through 'smarter' digital comparison tools (DCTs), data portability, and faster, simpler switching. The interdependency between components within this DR technology cluster delivers efficiency but also poses a risk that one delayed component (e.g., smart metering) will holdup policy and industry support for other components. The urgency of decarbonisation goals makes it necessary to push forward as many of these elements as possible rather than the pace being set by the slowest.
Paying for UK Net Zero: principles for a cost-effective and fair transition
Unlocking the potential of residential electricity consumer engagement with Demand Response - An Energy Futures Lab Briefing Paper
This report is a contracted deliverable from the Low Carbon London project as set out in the Succ... more This report is a contracted deliverable from the Low Carbon London project as set out in the Successful Delivery Reward Criteria (SDRC) section "Residential and SME Demand Side Management".
This paper describes the first analysis from the Low Carbon London (LCL), residential dynamic tim... more This paper describes the first analysis from the Low Carbon London (LCL), residential dynamic time-of-use (dToU) pricing trial that took place in the London area during 2013. High price induced peak reductions for network constraint management are investigated alongside the temporal availability of demand response for supply balancing. By examining both these use cases we identify potential conflicts between network and system objectives. Demand response results are stratified by a ranking metric for engagement with the dToU tariff as well as household occupancy and socio-economic classification.
ICT for Community Energy
Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development
Experimental validation of residential consumer responsiveness to dynamic time-of-use pricing
This paper describes the first analysis from the Low Carbon London (LCL), residential dynamic tim... more This paper describes the first analysis from the Low Carbon London (LCL), residential dynamic time-of-use (dToU) pricing trial that took place in the London area during 2013. High price induced peak reductions for network constraint management are investigated alongside the temporal availability of demand response for supply balancing. By examining both these use cases we identify potential conflicts between network and system objectives. Demand response results are stratified by a ranking metric for engagement with the dToU tariff as well as household occupancy and socio-economic classification.
Residential consumer attitudes to time varying pricing
Residential consumer responsiveness to time-varying pricing
Journal of Semantics, 1994
Two separate issues were looked at in this experimental study of the semantics of spatial preposi... more Two separate issues were looked at in this experimental study of the semantics of spatial prepositions. In the context of work to specify general factors of a functional geometry mediating the use of spatial prepositions , object-specific effects were investigated. Subjects described video scenes of various objects and their responses of in, on, over, and beside were monitored. The independent variables involved the manipulation of functionality specific to various types of objects. It was concluded that knowledge about how particular objects interact with each other contributes to the representation of functional relations which determine preposition usage. Therefore a specification of functional geometries cannot proceed without a prior formulation of our knowledge about the physical and social worlds.
International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 2009
Video games are typically executed on Windows platforms with DirectX API and require high perform... more Video games are typically executed on Windows platforms with DirectX API and require high performance CPUs and graphics hardware. For pervasive gaming in various environments like at home, hotels, or internet cafes, it is beneficial to run games also on mobile devices and modest performance CE devices avoiding the necessity of placing a noisy workstation in the living room or costly computers/consoles in each room of a hotel. This paper presents a new cross-platform approach for distributed 3D gaming in wired/wireless local networks. We introduce the novel system architecture and protocols used to transfer the game graphics data across the network to end devices. Simultaneous execution of video games on a central server and a novel streaming approach of the 3D graphics output to multiple end devices enable the access of games on low cost set top boxes and handheld devices that natively lack the power of executing a game with high-quality graphical output.
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Papers by Richard Carmichael