Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration

○ Saint-Malo only four years previously. ESDP, whatever its shortcomings, had been making steady progress throughout 2002, and the European Union was set to take over from NATO a number of peacekeeping operations, in particular those in the Balkans. Yet any serious EU military force depends on tight Franco-British cooperation. 4 If the UK and France are driving in different directions, coordinated EU policy on defence and security becomes impossible. St-Malo now seemed deeply compromised. 5

De t e r mi n a n t s o f i n t r a -e u r o a r e a g o v e r n me n t b o n d s p r e a d s d u r i n g t h e f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s S a l v a d o r B a r r i o s , P e r I v e r s e n , Ma g d a l e n a L e wa n d o ws k a a n d R a l p h S e t z e r E c o n o mi c P a p e r s 3 8 8 | No v e mb e r 2 0 0 9 E U R OP E AN E CONOMY

The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate.

It is argued the current eurozone crisis is neither new nor surprising. Fiscal discipline in the eurozone was weak from its creation in 1999, but ongoing economic prosperity limited the damage. Economic recession deepened the impact of crisis on public finance and pushed some eurozone countries to the edge of bankruptcy. Options available now are costly and painful: foreign bailouts, cuts to expenditures, higher revenues and some combination of the three. They may be conducted both inside and outside the eurozone. If eurozone problems are not solved, financial markets may turn down the euro as a currency, possibly marking the beginning of Euro-disintegration.

We compare the effects of estrogen and/or ghrelin on vascular counts and collagen I/III ratio of urethral and anal canal submucosa in old vs young-adult ovariectomized rats. Ovariectomized Fisher 344 rats (18 and 3 months old, n=24×2) received 42 daily intraperitoneal 17-ß estradiol (10 μg/kg), ghrelin (2 μg/kg), both, or vehicle (n=6×4 per group). Blood vessel counts and collagen I/III ratio were measured, respectively, by light microscopy and Western blot analysis with immunohistochemistry of ghrelin receptors. Estrogen significantly increased urethral and anal vascular counts and collagen I/III ratio in young-adult rats. In old rats, only combined estrogen/ghrelin administration significantly increased both variables. This was not observed with estrogen or ghrelin separately. Ghrelin receptors were immunostained in urethral and anal submucosa of all samples. Combined estrogen/ghrelin administration restored postovariectomy urethral and anal canal submucosal vessel number and collagen I/III ratio in old rats suggesting independent ageing effect.

This research investigates the relationship between the Advance Cargo Information (ACI) system and supply chain efficiency, with a focus on its impact on international trade and customs clearance procedures in Egypt. As part of Egypt's digital transformation strategy, the ACI system was introduced to modernize customs administration, enhance transparency, and improve operational efficiency in logistics. The study explores how the implementation of the ACI system influences customs clearance times, reduces bureaucratic inefficiencies, mitigates risks, and ensures compliance with international trade regulations. Through a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative data, including surveys, case studies, and statistical analysis, the research assesses the real-world effects of ACI on shipping, logistics operations, and customs procedures. Findings reveal that the ACI system contributes to improving supply chain efficiency by reducing delays, automating processes, and increasing the accuracy of trade documentation. However, challenges such as system adaptability, training for stakeholders, and integration with global supply chain networks remain critical concerns. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and logistics professionals on optimizing ACI implementation to maximize economic and trade benefits. These insights contribute to the broader understanding of digital customs transformation and its role in enhancing supply chain management.

A reaction leading to decomposition of nitrite ions to nitrate, catalyzed by phosphate, during freezing-thawing of solutions is reported. Factors such as solution pH, presence of calcium ions, substrate concentration, and temperature and duration of freezing affected the reaction rate. It is postulated that a sharp decrease in the system pH during the freezing process or frozen state, catalyzed by phosphate ions, led to the decomposition of nitrite ions. The results exemplify the potential of major artifacts in research caused by well-accepted laboratory practices such as freezing.

Objective(s)-HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection causes accelerated liver disease compared to HCV monoinfection, and only 30-60% of HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals respond to HCV therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. There are currently no biomarkers that predict treatment response in these coinfected patients.

Co-infection of HCV with HIV has been associated with more rapid progression of HCV-related disease. HCV-specific T-cell immune responses, which are essential for disease control, are attenuated in co-infection with HIV. T-cell exhaustion has recently been implicated in the deficient control of chronic viral infections. In the current study, we investigated the role of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing molecule-3 (Tim-3) expression in T-cell exhaustion during HCV/HIV co-infection. We show that in HCV/HIV co-infection, both total and HCV-specific T cells co-express Tim-3 and PD-1 in significantly higher frequencies, compared with HCV mono-infection. Co-expression of these two markers on HCV-specific CD8+ T cells positively correlated with a clinical parameter of liver disease progression. HCV-specific CD8+ T cells showed greater frequencies of Tim-3/PD-1 co-expression than HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, which may indicate a greater degree of exhaustion in the former. Blocking Tim-3 or PD-1 pathways restored both HIV- and HCV-specific CD8+ T-cell expansion in the blood of co-infected individuals. These data demonstrate that co-expression of Tim-3 and PD-1 may play a significant role in HCV-specific T-cell dysfunction, especially in the setting of HIV co-infection.

The HERV-K(HML-2) family contains the most recently integrated and best preserved endogenized proviral sequences in the human genome. All known elements have nevertheless been subjected to mutations or deletions that render expressed particles non-infectious. Moreover, these post-insertional mutations hamper the analysis of the general biological properties of this ancient virus family. The expression of consensus sequences and sequences of elements with reverted post-insertional mutations has therefore been very instrumental in overcoming this limitation. We investigated the particle morphology of a recently reconstituted HERV-K113 element termed oriHERV-K113 using thin-section electron microscopy (EM) and could demonstrate that strong overexpression by substitution of the 5'LTR for a CMV promoter and partial codon optimization altered the virus assembly type and morphology. This included a conversion from the regular C-type to an A-type morphology with a mass of cytoplasmic immature cores tethered to the cell membrane and the membranes of vesicles. Overexpression permitted the release and maturation of virions but reduced the envelope content. A weaker boost of virus expression by Staufen-1 was not sufficient to induce these morphological alterations.

Court decisions in 1998 encouraged generic producers to pursue Paragraph IV patent challenges. A follow-up decision in 2000 marked the first successful challenge involving a blockbuster and brought further attention to this pathway for generic entry. We consider the impacts of these decisions on R&D-based startups, and we focus on the propensity to form alliances as a primary channel of impact. We find substantial negative impacts on alliance formation and firm value, and only the first event's impacts are restricted to small molecules. The results suggest that policy analyses in settings with R&D-based startups should consider impacts on alliance formation.

This dissertation has been duly read, reviewed, and critiqued by the committee listed below, which hereby approves the manuscript of Ahmed Oweis as fulfilling the scope and quality requirement of meriting the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics.

Court decisions in 1998 encouraged generic producers to pursue Paragraph IV patent challenges. A followup decision in 2000 marked the first successful challenge involving a blockbuster and brought further attention to this pathway for generic entry. We consider the impacts of these decisions on R&D-based startups, and we focus on the propensity to form alliances as a primary channel of impact. We find substantial negative impacts on alliance formation and firm value, and only the first event's impacts are restricted to small molecules. The results suggest that policy analyses in settings with R&D-based startups should consider impacts on alliance formation.

One of the most important factors in boosting prosperity is financial inclusion, which is defined as having access to and using financial services. And, financial literacy aids in teaching and empowering people so that they are knowledgeable about and capable of evaluating a variety of financial products and services to make decisions that will maximize their utility. So, the goal of the current study is to see if we have financial literacy this will help to achieve financial inclusion and then achieve sustainability. Hence, the following research question was addressed to achieve the research objective: What is the role of financial literacy in achieving financial inclusion in Egypt? To evaluate the research model, 424 Egyptian individuals were polled online using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that financial literacy had a significant and positive impact on financial inclusion. This lends support to the Hypothesis of the study, which suggests that financial literacy significantly affects financial inclusion and enhances sustainable development in Egypt.

في هذا المقال ستتعرف على الفكرة ما أصلها وكيف تأتي وما مصدرها وهذا المقال مقدمة لسلة مقالات لكيفية الحصول على الافكار خصوصا الافكار الابداعية
ملحوظة: قد تجد بعض روابط المقالات لا تعمل ولكن على الاغلب ستجد المقال في ملفي الشخصي مع بقية المقالات