na

See also: Appendix:Variations of "na"

Languages (125)

Acehnese • Albanian • Antigua and Barbuda Creole English • 'Are'are • Asturian • Awa-Cuaiquer • Bambara • Bangi • Blagar • Cameroon Pidgin • Catalan • Cavineña • Cebuano • Central Bikol • Central Huasteca Nahuatl • Chavacano • Chichewa • Chungli Ao • Czech • Dalmatian • Domari • Drung • Dutch • Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl • Esperanto • Galician • German • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Haida • Hamap • Hawaiian • Hungarian • Indonesian • Ingrian • Irish • Isoko • Japanese • Kabuverdianu • Kapampangan • Karaim • Kasem • Kashubian • Kikuyu • Kilivila • Kusunda • Ladin • Ladino • Lakota • Latin • Lingala • Lower Sorbian • Lower Tanana • Luganda • Macanese • Mandarin • Middle Dutch • Morori • Mpade • Neapolitan • Nigerian Pidgin • Northern Kurdish • Northern Ndebele • Northern Sami • Northern Sotho • Norwegian Nynorsk • Nǀuu • Ojibwe • Old Czech • Old English • Old Frisian • Old Irish • Old Polish • Old Tupi • Pali • Palula • Papiamentu • Phuthi • Polish • Portuguese • Pumpokol • Riantana • Romani • Romanian • Samoan • Sango • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Shona • Sicilian • Silesian • Slovak • Slovene • Slovincian • Somali • Southern Ndebele • Spanish • Sranan Tongo • Sumerian • Sundanese • Swahili • Swazi • Swedish • Tagalog • Tày • Tok Pisin • Tooro • Turkish • Tzotzil • Unami • Venda • Venetan • Vietnamese • Welsh • Xhosa • Ye'kwana • Yola • Yoruba • Zaghawa • Zazaki • Zhuang • Zia • Zou • Zulu

Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Nauruan or abbreviation of Nauruan Dorerin Naoero.

Symbol

na

(international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Nauruan.

English

This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes, then please add them!

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑː/
Audio (US): (file)
Rhymes: -ɑː

Etymology 1

From Middle English na, from Old English nā, from Old English ne (“not”) + ā (“ever”). More at no.

Adverb

na (not comparable)

(obsolete) Not.
(obsolete) No.

Etymology 2

Development of Etymology 1, above; compare nah.

Interjection

na

(Geordie, Scotland) No.
Na, yor wrang.

Na, ye cannet watch telly.

“Divn’t yee like milk?” “Na.”

References

Frank Graham, editor (1987), “NA”, in The New Geordie Dictionary, Rothbury, Northumberland: Butler Publishing, →ISBN.
Bill Griffiths, editor (2004), “na”, in A Dictionary of North East Dialect, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear: Northumbria University Press, →ISBN.

Etymology 3

Noun

na

(linguistics) Abbreviation of noun animate.

Etymology 4

Borrowed from Tagalog na.

Adverb

na (not comparable)

(Philippines, slang) Now; already.
You need to sleep na.

I have to go na.

Etymology 5

Borrowed from Hindi ना (nā).

Adverb

na (not comparable)

(North India, slang) Isn't it?
It is far na?

References

“na”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

Anagrams

-an, A/N, AN, An, a(n), an, an', an-

Acehnese

Verb

na

to be (exist)

Derived terms

nakeuh
hana

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *nō̆s (“we”).

Pronoun

na

(Gheg) we

Alternative forms

ne, në

Antigua and Barbuda Creole English

Adverb

na

not

Verb

na

don't

'Are'are

Article

na

the

References

Kateřina Naitoro, A Sketch Grammar of 'Are'are: The Sound System and Morpho-Syntax (2013)

Asturian

Etymology

From a contraction of the preposition en (“in”) + feminine singular article la (“the”).

Contraction

na f (masculine nel, neuter no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nes)

in the

Adverb

na

alternative form of nada

Awa-Cuaiquer

Pronoun

na

I (first-person singular nominative pronoun)

References

Curnow, T. J. (1997). A grammar of Awa Pit (Cuaiquer): An indigenous language of south-western Colombia. The Australian National University.

Bambara

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [náà]

Noun

na

stew

Etymology 2

Particle

na (tone nà)

auxiliary marker for future tense
sini, i bɛ na taa sugu jɔ
You will go to the market tomorrow

References

2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Bangi

Preposition

na

with, by

Blagar

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑ/

Pronoun

na

I

Noun

na

thing

References

H. Steinhauer, "Going" and "Coming" in the Blagar of Dolap (Pura--Alor--Indonesia) (1977)
W. A. L. Stokhof, Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages (East Indonesia) (1975)
A. Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1

Cameroon Pidgin

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Predicative

na

copula for nouns and adjectives
- 2019 November 19, Kimzy K-Buoy, “Flex”‎^[3], 0:57–0:59:
  MUSIC NA THE KEY SO I NODI PLAY
  Music is the key so I am not engaging in play.
a topic marker introducing a clause to lay focus on a subject
- 2019 November 19, Kimzy K-Buoy, “Flex”‎^[4], 1:39–1:42:
  I go make you number one for ma list because
  Na you be the hardest
  I will make you the number one of my list by reason that, behold, you are the hardest.

Catalan

Etymology

From the final syllable of Latin domina (“Lady”).

Pronunciation

(Central) IPA^(key): /nə/
(Valencia) IPA^(key): /na/

Article

na f sg (elided n', masculine en)

(Eastern) personal article used before feminine given names instead of the definite article la
En Pau i na Maria arribaran demà.
Pau and Maria will be arriving tomorrow.

Usage notes

While this article (and its masculine counterpart en) is standard in Balearic Catalan, in other Eastern Catalan dialects its use is waning, and the elided of the definite article, l', is used before names beginning with vowels. There is no plural personal article, so the plural definite article les is used in all dialects.

Related terms

dona

Cavineña

Noun

na

root of ena

References

Antoine Guillaume, A Grammar of Cavineña (2008, →ISBN

Cebuano

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/ [ˈn̪a]

Adverb

na (Badlit spelling ᜈ)

(after an adjective) marks that something is already the case when it wasn't so before; is now
Antonym: pa

puti na ang balay
the house is now colored white

lahi na ang panahon karon
things are now different these days
(after verb in the inchoative^[1] aspect) marks verb as completed; have, already (perfect aspect)
niadto na siya ― he has gone out already
1. (+ negator "wala") indicates that an ongoing action has stopped or no longer happening; not anymore
  wala na siya nikaon ― he did not eat anymore
(after verb in the prospective aspect) marks something that will happen very soon; about to
moadto na siya ― he is about to go out
1. (+ negator "dili") indicates that an anticipated or habitual action is discontinued; will not ... anymore
  dili na siya moinom ― he does not drink (alcohol) anymore

Adjective

na (Badlit spelling ᜈ)

(after pronouns or names) indicates a shift in the performance of a task to the person as mentioned
Antonym: pa

ikaw na ― it's your turn

si Tonyo na ― it's Tonyo's turn

Derived terms

References

^ encompasses the complete and progressive aspects: the mi-, nag-, gi- form

Central Bikol

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/ [n̪a]

Adverb

na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)

already
Naghali na po siya sa harong.
S/he already left the house.
yet (only in questions)
Tapos ka na?
Are you finished yet?
anymore
Dai na niya kayang tioson.
S/he can't endure it anymore.

Particle

na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)

connects consonant ending noun or adjective to a noun or adjective that it modifies
Synonym: -ng

Bilog na bulan ― Whole month

Phrase

na (Basahan spelling ᜈ)

about to; bound to
Madya na, mapuon na kita.
Come on, we're about to start.

Central Huasteca Nahuatl

Pronoun

na

I

Chavacano

Etymology

Borrowed from Portuguese na, contraction of em a.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/, [na]

Preposition

na

indirect object marker: to
Ya dale yo todos na mi amigo. ― I gave everything to my friend.
used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; on; at
Na Ciudad de Zamboanga ele nacido. ― He/she was born in Zamboanga City.
used to refer toward a location of something or some action: to; toward
used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of

Chichewa

Etymology

Cognate with Tumbuka na (“and”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Conjunction

na

with
and

Derived terms

na- (“"with" prefix before personal pronouns”)

References

Steven Paas (2016), Oxford Chichewa-English/English - Chichewa Dictionary‎^[5], Oxford University Press, page 381

Chungli Ao

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na˩/, [na˩]

Pronoun

na (possessive ne, plural nenok)

you sg

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech na, from Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈna]
Audio: (file)

Preposition

na

on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
Dej skleničku na stůl. ― Put the glass on the table.
on (location, + locative case)
Sklenička je na stole. ― The glass is on the table.
to (direction, + accusative case, used only with certain places (do + genitive is more common))
Jdeme na poštu. ― We're going to the post office.

Česko leží na západ od Slovenska. ― Czechia lies to the west of Slovakia.
at, in (location, + locative case, used only with certain places (v is more common))
Jsme na poště.
We're at the post office.
for (purpose, + accusative case)
Ty nůžky nejsou na hraní. ― The scissors are not for playing with.

Čtu text na náš kurz.
I am reading a text for our course.
at (in the direction of, + accusative case)
Nekřič na mě! ― Don't yell at me!
[with locative] up to, down to (at the discretion of)
To je na něm, ne na mně.
That is up to him, not up to me.

Dalmatian

Etymology

From Latin nōn.

Adverb

na

no
not

Related terms

naun
non

Domari

Etymology

From Sanskrit नव (nava).

Numeral

na

(Aleppo, cardinal number) nine

References

Bruno Herin (2012), “The Domari Language of Aleppo (Syria)”, in Linguistic Discovery‎^[6], volume 10, number 2, →DOI

Drung

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ.

Pronoun

na

you (sg.)

References

Ross Perlin (2019), A Grammar of Trung‎^[7], Santa Barbara: University of California

Dutch

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /naː/
Audio: (file)
Hyphenation: na
Rhymes: -aː

Etymology 1

From Middle Dutch na, from Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw. Cognate to German nach and nahe.

Preposition

na

after
Antonym: voor
(op ... na, with a cardinal number) bar, except Used to form ordinal numbers in relation to a superlative quality. The number that is used is 1 lower than in the English translation.
Brazilië is met zijn 8,5 miljoen vierkante kilometer het grootste land van Zuid-Amerika en het op vier na grootste ter wereld.
With its 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil is the largest country in South America and the fifth largest in the world.

Naast dat de toonladder een kenmerkend gegeven is, zijn er ook bepaalde tonen, die een speciale rol hebben, zoals de vadi en de samvadi, respectievelijk: de belangrijkste en de op een na belangrijkste toon.
Next to [the fact] that the musical scale is a characteristic datum, there are also certain tones that have a special role, such as the vadi and the samvadi: respectively the most important and second most important tones.

Declension

Pronominal adverbs of na

preposition	na
postpositional adv.	na
+ het (it)	erna
+ dit (this)	hierna
+ dat (that)	daarna
+ wat (what)	waarna
+ iets (something)	ergens na
+ niets (nothing)	nergens na
+ alles (everything)	overal na

Derived terms

verbs

Descendants

Afrikaans: na
Negerhollands: na, a
Indonesian: na
- → Virgin Islands Creole: na

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch na, from Old Dutch *nāh, *nā, from Proto-West Germanic *nāhw, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.

Adjective

na (comparative nader, superlative naast)

close

Declension

The forms of the positive are obsolescent, particularly the inflected one. The comparative and superlative forms are functioning as independent adjectives to an increasing extent.

Declension of na
uninflected	na
inflected	naë
comparative	nader
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		—	nader	het naast het naaste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	naë	nadere	naaste
	n. sing.	na	nader	naaste
	plural	naë	nadere	naaste
definite		naë	nadere	naaste
partitive		na's	naders	—

Derived terms

Related terms

Etymology 3

Preposition

na

(dialectal) archaic form of naar

Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl

Pronoun

na

first person; I

Esperanto

Esperanto Wikipedia has an article on:

na (prepozicio)

Wikipedia ^eo

Etymology

Presumably from Russian на (na) and Polish na; alternatively, from the accusative suffix -n (possibly a blend with the article la or with the suffix -a).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/
Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Preposition

na

(neologism, rare, nonstandard, proscribed) Preposition introducing an accusative phrase.
Mi legis na Gerda Malaperis.
I read Gerda Disappeared.

Usage notes

Unofficial; it is recognized by some Esperantists on the Internet, but disapproved of by most high-level speakers. Proponents recommended using it only where the accusative suffix isn't possible: with numerals (unu (“one”)), particles (iom (“some”), kies (“whose”)), letters (J), titles of books, and quotations, etc. More standard options are to use the general preposition je, to omit the accusative ending, to insert a noun in apposition (Mi legis la libron Gerda Malaperis), or to rephrase the sentence to avoid the issue.

Galician

Etymology 1

From contraction of preposition en (“in”) + feminine article a (“the”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɐː/
Hyphenation: na

Contraction

na f (masculine no, masculine plural nos, feminine plural nas)

in the

Etymology 2

From a mutation of a.

Pronoun

na f (accusative)

alternative form of a (“her”)

Usage notes

The n- forms of accusative third-person pronouns are used when the preceding word ends in -u or a diphthong, and are suffixed to the preceding word.

Related terms

a
la
no

Etymology 3

From contraction of adverb non (“not”) + feminine singular article a (“the”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɐː/

German

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na(ː)/, /nɑ/
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)
Audio (Germany (Berlin)): (file)
Rhymes: -aː
Homophones: nah, Narr (latter regional)

Etymology 1

Perhaps from an unstressed form of nu. Compare also Swedish nå, Russian ну (nu), Finnish no, and their cognates.

Interjection

na

well!, so!; used to introduce a statement
Na, dann fangen wir mal an!
So, let’s get started!

Ich bin ein Narr? Na, du auch!
I am a clown? Well, so are you!
oh, hm, huh, och, nu; expressing a (usually mild) degree of surprise, doubt, or frustration
Na, das ist ja nett, dass ihr vorbeikommt!
Oh, that’s nice of you to come by!

Na? Ob das so stimmt...
Huh? Not sure if that’s correct...

Na! Warum will das denn jetzt wieder nicht?
Och! Why does this thing not work yet again?

Na toll! Kein Empfang.
Oh great! No signal.
(regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) huh?; used as a question marker, often implying that the speaker knows the answer
Was ist zwei plus drei? Na?
What’s two plus three? Huh?
(regional, chiefly northern and central Germany) hey!, hi!; used as a greeting, but with an interrogative intonation, as if saying “So? You see me there?”, or “So? How is everything?”
Na! Lang nicht gesehen!
Hey! Long time no see!

Na! Wie geht’s?
Hi! How are you?

Derived terms

Etymology 2

A variant of nein. Compare English nah.

Interjection

na

(regional, chiefly southern Germany and Austria) alternative form of nein (“no”)
Na. Das geht net.
No. That doesn’t work.

Anagrams

an

Guinea-Bissau Creole

Etymology

From Portuguese na. Cognate with Kabuverdianu na.

Preposition

na

at
in
on

Haida

Noun

na (definite náay, classifier tíi)

dwelling, house, home, hut, cabin, shelter

Hamap

Pronoun

na

I (first-person singular pronoun)

References

Ninuk Kleden-Probonegoro, The Ethnolinguistic Identity of the Hamap People in Change, page 198, 2008

Hawaiian

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/, [nə]

Preposition

na

for, belonging to, by

Usage notes

Used for acquired possessions, while no is used for possessions that are inherited, out of personal control, and for things that can be got into (houses, clothes, cars).

Hungarian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈnɒ]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -nɒ

Interjection

na

well, so, hey
Na, nem baj. ― Well, no problem.

Itt van Péter. – Na és? ― “Peter is here.” “So what?”

Na, gyerünk! ― Alright, let's go!

Na, ne mondj ilyet! ― Hey, don't say that!

Na, ez fáj! ― Hey, that hurts!

Derived terms

(Compound words):
- nahát
- nana
- naná

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from Dutch na.

Pronunciation

(Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈna/ [ˈna]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Noun

na (plural na-na)

(mechanics) retard ignition timing,
Setiap mobil memiliki arah putar 'na dan voor' yang berbeda-beda dan ukuran yang juga berbeda.
Each car has a different 'retard and advance' turning direction and different sizes.

Ingrian

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian на (na).

Pronunciation

(Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈnɑ/, [ˈnɑ]
(Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈnɑ/, [ˈnɑ]
Rhymes: -ɑ
Hyphenation: na

Interjection

na

here! there you go! (said when handing something over)

References

Ruben E. Nirvi (1971), Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 331

Irish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /n̪ˠə/

Article

na (definite article)

genitive singular feminine of an (triggers h-prothesis)
na háite ― of the place
nominative/dative plural of an (triggers h-prothesis)
na héin ― the birds

ó na cailíní ― from the girls
genitive plural of an (triggers eclipsis)
na bpáistí ― of the children

Contraction

na

nonstandard form of ina
- 1906, E. C. Quiggin, “Áindrías an Ime”, in A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties, page 196:
  Bhí Áindrías an Ime na chomhnaidhe i mBaile ui Mún i nGleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.
  Áindrías of the Butter lived in Ballymoon in Gleann an Bhaile Dhuibh.

Descendants

→ Yola: na

Mutation

Mutated forms of na
radical	lenition	eclipsis
na	not applicable	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Isoko

Etymology

clipping of ọnana (“this”)

Article

na

The definite article: the.

Usage notes

'Na' goes after nouns (singular and plural).

Japanese

Romanization

na

The hiragana syllable な (na) or the katakana syllable ナ (na) in Hepburn romanization.

Kabuverdianu

Etymology

From Portuguese na.

Preposition

na

at
in
on

Kapampangan

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nə/ [nə]
Hyphenation: na

Etymology 1

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ni-a, from Proto-Austronesian *ni-a.

Pronoun

na

3rd person singular possessive/ergative pronoun: he; his; she; her; it; its
Bayu ya ing bale na.
Her/his house is new.

Nanu ing seli na?
What did s/he buy?

Kapampangan personal pronouns
		absolute		ergative	oblique
		disjunctive	enclitic	ergative	oblique
first person	singular	aku/i aku/yaku	ku		kanaku
	plural inclusive	ikatamu	katamu/tamu	tamu/ta	kekatamu
	plural exclusive	ikami, ike	kami/ke	mi	kekami/keke
second person	singular	ika	ka	mu	keka
second person	plural	ikayu/iko	kayu/ko	yu	kekayu/keko
third person	singular	iya/ya	ya	na	keya/kaya
third person	plural	ila	la	da/ra	karela

Etymology 2

Possibly a contraction of nanu (“what”). Compare Tagalog 'no. See also Japanese な / ね.

Interjection

na

(masculine, informal, mild emphatic) used to get someone's attention, generally carries neutral or slightly positive connotations
Na munta ka?
Hey, are you going?

Na dimdam me?
Hey, did you hear?

Particle

na

(informal, mild emphatic) sentence-final particle indicating emotion or mild emphasis
Synonym: ne

Makanini namu siguru na?
Maybe it is what it is, isn't it?

Nokarin nakaman munta na?
Where are you going, huh?

Etymology 3

From Proto-Philippine *na (“now; already”).

Adverb

na

already; now (expresses the event when following a verb)
Yari na.
Finished already.

Munta naka.
Are you going now?.
already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)
Matudtud na.
Slept already.

Sinali na.
Bought already.
already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)
Lungub nakata.
Let's go in already.

Pepasali nakung panulu.
I'm having someone buy the medicine now.

Preposition

na

(indirect or object marker for nouns and phrases other than personal names.)
Synonyms: ne, no, de, do

Batu naning Talapamisip.
The stone of the Philosopher.

Lutu naning Inda.
Cooked by Mother.

Gawa naning Tau.
Man-made.
of; marks possession other than personal names.
Synonyms: ne, no, do

Kuwentu naning tau. ― Story of someone else.

Piyalungan naning pusa. ― Toy of the cat.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Austronesian *na (“linker marking emphatic attribution”).

Ligature

na

connects adjectives to nouns
Synonyms: a, -ng

Malairo na banwa.
The blue sky.

Kakatua na tau.
Strange person.

Nice na musiku.
Nice music.

Kalupit na tau.
Cruel person.

Usage notes

There are instances where na is used when the preceding word is already an adjective.

na becomes the -ng suffix if the preceding word ends in a vowel.
Maganakang tau.
Kind person.

Alang gagawan.
Nothing to do.

na becomes a if the preceding word ends in a consonant.
Mayapayaldo.
Good day.

Mayapayabak.
Good morning.

Santingabage.
Cool thing.

Words ending in -n will become -ng (-g)
Mamiyalungang uma.
Mischievious kiss.

Pipipamanalbeng makasindi.
The TV is on.

It becomes the -ng- interfix in compound words, if the preceding stem ends in a vowel.
‎kaba + ‎-ng- + ‎bie → ‎kabangbie

‎bala + ‎-ng- + ‎bengi → ‎balangbengi

It becomes the -m- interfix in compound words, where the next stem starts with a (b) or (p).
‎buri + ‎-m- + ‎buri → ‎burimburi

‎bayu + ‎-m- + ‎bie → ‎bayumbie

It becomes the -n- interfix in compound words, where the next stem starts with a (d), (s), (k), (l), or (t).
‎metu + ‎-n- + ‎dalan → ‎metundalan

‎bayu + ‎-n- + ‎tau → ‎bayuntau

‎nanu + ‎-n- + ‎lagyu → ‎nanunlagyu

Words ending with -n inside compounds ending will become -ng- (-g-)
‎sintan + ‎-g- + ‎sintanan → ‎sintang-sintanan

‎kaluguran + ‎-g- + ‎kaluguran → ‎kalugurang-kaluguran

‎bangalan + ‎-g- + ‎buku → ‎bangalang-buku

Karaim

Alternative forms

на (Cyrillic)

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

na

here you are! take it!

Kasem

Noun

na

water

References

SIL Burkina Faso, Dictionnaire bilingue kassem - français, 2007

Kashubian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *nō

Proto-Slavic *na

Kashubian na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Preposition

na

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
Synonym: nó
denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *na

Kashubian na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

na

emphatic particle used with imperatives to speed up a performed action; c'mon, now

Kikuyu

Particle

na

(instrumental) with^[1]
Gũtema na kanua ti gũtema na rũhiũ.
To cut with a mouth is not to cut with a knife.
(comitative) and, with^[1]
Ikinya na thĩ itiaganaga.
The foot and the earth cannot help meeting.
(source) from^[1]
Synonym: kuuma

Wega uumaga na mũciĩ.
Goodness comes from home.
but^[1]
Kanua njero, na mũciĩ ndũkomeka nĩ heho.
The mouth is sweet, but the house is too cold to lie at.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “na” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 277. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Kilivila

Noun

na

(in compounds) woman

References

Gunter Senft (1986), Kilivila: the Language of the Trobriand Islanders. Berlin • New York • Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter, p. 372, 591. →ISBN

Kusunda

Pronoun

na

this (animate)
Synonym: ta (inanimate)

nəti na ― Who is this?

References

David E. Watters (2006), “Notes on Kusunda Grammar: A Language Isolate of Nepal”, in Himalayan Linguistics‎^[10], page 48

Ladin

Article

na f

an, a

Synonyms

n'

Ladino

Alternative forms

nalo, naldo, nalde (Monastir)

Etymology

From Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἤν (ḗn).

Interjection

na (Hebrew spelling נה)

here! behold! there!

Lakota

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑ/

Conjunction

na

and
- 1994 October, Neva Standing Bear, A Short Autobiography:
  hé Sichą́ǧu oyą́ke él imáchaǧį na hetą́ wahíyu na Oglála makhóche ektá hįgnáwathų na hetą́ wašícu makhóche ektá wahíyu.
  I grew up on the Rosebud reservation, and then I left and got married in the Oglala country.

References

Pustet, R. (2021). Lakota Texts: Narratives of Lakota Life and Culture in the Twentieth Century. University of Nebraska Press.

Latin

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): [ˈnaː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): [ˈnaː]

Verb

nā

second-person singular present active imperative of nō

References

"na", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)

Lingala

Etymology

Of native Bangi (Bobangi) origin (compare Swahili na), but its functional broadening to "in, at" may be under the influence of West African languages; compare Igbo na, Krio na.

Preposition

na

with, and
in, at
of (form of ya before personal pronouns)

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Preposition

na

on, in [with locative]
on, onto [with accusative]

Lower Tanana

Stem

na

Verbal stem occurring in the following root, aspect, and mode combinations:

Aspect	Imperfective	Perfective	Future	Optative
Conclusive	no (depleted)

Luganda

Conjunction

na

and (only used if the overall statement is grammatically negative)

References

J. D. Chesswas (1967), The Essentials of Luganda, 4th edition, Nairobi: Oxford University Press, page 94

Macanese

Etymology 1

From Portuguese na, itself from Old Galician-Portuguese na. Semantically, compare Chavacano na.

Preposition

na

in
botâ na fólia ― to place in the newspaper

Já levâ ung'a perada na cara qui ficó vangueado.
The ball hit him so hard in the face that he fainted.
at
na casa ― at home

na festa ― at the party
on
estendê na chám ― to stretch on the ground

Usage notes

As grammatical gender is not differentiated in Macanese, na is invariable, and there is no alternative form *no.
Unlike the Chavacano term, the preposition does not bear the meaning of "to"; that function is fulfilled by pa.

Derived terms

têm na trâs di porta (“to be very near, to be just around the corner”)

Etymology 2

Possibly a reduced form of Portuguese ainda.

Alternative forms

nâ

Adverb

na

still, yet
Já cavâ fazê liçam di casa? Nunca nâ, faltâ três folia
Have you finished your homework yet? Not yet, I still have three pages

Ela tâ assí chistosa na? Certo, iou-sa Marichai dia-a-dia tâ más bunita
She still looks so pretty, doesn't she? Of course, my Marichai gets prettier by the day

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Cantonese 嗱 (naa⁴).

Alternative forms

nâ, ná

Interjection

na

here!, here you go, here you are (offering something to the listener)

Particle

na

emphatic particle
Cudí ná! ― Help!

Vai racolê nâ! ― Get lost!

References

https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm

Mandarin

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Romanization

na (na⁵ / na⁰, Zhuyin ˙ㄋㄚ)

Hanyu Pinyin reading of 吶 / 呐
Hanyu Pinyin reading of 哪

na

nonstandard spelling of nā
nonstandard spelling of ná
nonstandard spelling of nǎ
nonstandard spelling of nà

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle Dutch

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /naː/

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ-

Proto-Germanic *nēhwazder.

Proto-Germanic *nēhw

Old Dutch nāh

Middle Dutch na

Inherited from Old Dutch nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhw, from *nēhwaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂neḱ- (“to reach”).

Preposition

na

Adverb

na

afterwards, later
close, near

Descendants

Dutch: na
- Afrikaans: na
Limburgish: nao

Etymology 2

From Old Dutch *nāh, from Proto-Germanic *nēhwaz.

Adjective

nâ

close

Inflection

This adjective needs an inflection-table template.

Morori

Pronoun

na

first-person pronoun; I

References

Bill Palmer, editor (2018), The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area, Berlin: de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 67

Mpade

Etymology

From Proto-Central Chadic *nɨh.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/, [na]

Verb

na

to ripen

References

S. Allison, Makary Kotoko Provisional Lexicon (SIL)
R.C. Gravina, The Phonology of Proto-Central Chadic
S. Allison, Alphabet et Orthographie de Kotoko de Makary (Mpadɨ) (SIL) (in French)

Neapolitan

Feminine form of nu, from Latin ūnus.

Alternative forms

n' (before words starting with a vowel)

Etymology

From Latin ūna.

Article

na f sg

a, an

Nigerian Pidgin

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.).

Verb

na

(it) is
- 2024 January 11, Tamara Ebiwei, “'Dem tiff my pikin three hours afta I born am for hospital'”, in BBC News Pidgin‎^[11], archived from the original on 10 February 2024:
  Dis hospital na one of di biggest hospitals for Lafia, wey get beta security. But one unknown woman allegedly tiff Mrs Wosilat Suleiman pikin.
  This hospital is one of the largest hospitals in Lafia, with good security. However, an unknown woman allegedly stole Mrs. Wosilat Suleiman's child.
- 2025 April 23, Orla Guerin, “More dan 150 pipo injure as earthquakes shake buildings for Turkey Istanbul”, in BBC News Pidgin‎^[12], archived from the original on 13 August 2025:
  Di largest earthquake on Wednesday bin strike around 12:49 local time (09:49 GMT) at a depth of 6.92 km (4.3 miles), na wetin Turkey emergency services tok.
  The largest earthquake on Wednesday struck around 12:49 local time (09:49 GMT) at a depth of 6.92 km (4.3 miles), is what Turkey emergency services said.

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

From Proto-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ná, from Proto-Indo-European *né. Related to ne.

Pronunciation

Rhymes: -ɑː

Interjection

na

no

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

-na

to rain

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Northern Sami

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈna/

Adverb

na

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Northern Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

na

to rain

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse hana, the accusative form of hon (“she”). Compare with Swedish na. The correct term in Norwegian Bokmål would be henne, and either ho or henne in Norwegian Nynorsk.

Pronoun

na

(dialectal, colloquial) her; object form of ho

Usage notes

It is almost without exceptions used as a clitic, and is always unstressed.

Nǀuu

Pronunciation

(Western) IPA^(key): /nɑ/

Pronoun

na

(Western, a-form) first person singular personal pronoun; I
Na dyaqn
I walk

Nǀuu personal pronouns
			Western dialect			Eastern dialect
			A-form	Simple	Click	A-form	Simple	Click
1st	singular		na	ng	nǀng	nya	ng	nǀng
	plural	inclusive	ca	i	gǀi	ca	i	gǀi
	plural	Exclusive	sa	si	/	sa	si	/
2st	Singular		a	a	gǀa	a	a	gǀa
2st	Plural		ba	u	gǀu	ba	u	gǀu
3st	singular		kua	ku	/	kua	ku	/
	singular	H-form	ha	ha	/	ha	ha	/
	plural		kina	kin	/	kina	kin	/
	plural	H-form	hna	hn / hng	/	hna	hn / hng	/
Indefinite			ǂa	ǂi	/	ǂa	ǂi	/

Click form: The form used in the question starts with the first or second personal pronouns. It can also be used before the linker(ng).
A-form: The form used in declarative sentence.
H-form: The form often used in possessors, especially stories.

Synonyms

nya (Eastern)

References

Shah, Sheena, and Matthias Brenzinger. Ouma Geelmeid ke kx’u ǁxaǁxa Nǀuu. Cape Town: CALDi, University of Cape Town. 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17432.
Sands, Bonny & Jones, Kerry & Esau, Katrina & Collins, Chris & Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Job, Sylvanus & Miller, Amanda & Steyn, Betta & Zaanen, Menno & Namaseb, Levi & Berg, Dietloff & Mantzel, Dotty & Damarah, Willem & Snyman, Claudia & Wyk, David & Brugman, Johanna & Exter, Mats & Vaalbooi, Antjie & Westhuizen, Mietjie. (2022). Nǀuuki Namagowab Afrikaans English ǂXoakiǂxanisi/Mîdi di ǂKhanis/Woordeboek/Dictionary
Collins, C., & Namaseb, L. (2011). A Grammatical Sketch of N|uuki with Stories. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Güldemann, Tom. “"Back to normal?" - ditransitives in the Tuu family.” (2007).

Ojibwe

Particle

na

Question marker for yes/no questions. It is always placed after the first word in the sentence. If the first word ends in a vowel, use the particle na; if it ends in a consonant, use ina.
- Giminikwe na? — Are you drinking?
- Gigii-anokii na bijiinaago? — Did you work yesterday?
- but: Giwiisin ina? — Are you eating?

Synonyms

ina

Old Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈna/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈna/

Preposition

na

on, onto (direction, + accusative case)
I přivedli oslici a oslátko s ní, i položichu na ně rúcha svá. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
on (location, + locative case)
for (purpose, + accusative case)
at (in the direction of, + accusative case)

Descendants

Czech: na

Old English

Alternative forms

nō

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *nai (“never”), equivalent to a contraction of ne (“not”) and ā (“ever”). Compare Old Norse nei, Old Frisian nā.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑː/
Rhymes: -ɑː

Adverb

nā

not
Nis þæt nā rēad, ac is grēne.
That's not red, it's green.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 22:17
  Is hit ālīefed þæt man Cāsere gafol selle, þe nā?
  Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Fifth Sunday in Lent"
  Dryhten nis nā ōðrum mannum tō wiþmetenne.
  The Lord is not comparable to other people.
- c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
  Nōn egō, sed tū: “Nā iċ, ac þū.” Nōn bōs est, sed equus: “Nis hit nā oxa, ac is hors.”
  Non ego, sed tu: “Not me, you.” Non bos est, sed equus: “It's not an ox, it's a horse.”
no
Þæt iċ cwæþ for þon āne þe iċ nā bet nysse.
I only said that because I didn't know any better (literally, “no better”).
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Saint Maur, Abbot"
  Þā ġecwæð sē abbod and ealle þā ġebrōðra þæt þēr ne mihte nā mā muneca wunian...
  Then said the abbot and all the brothers, that no more monks could dwell there...
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Version B, year 897
  Þȳ ilcan sumora forwearþ nā lǣs þonne twēntiġ sċipa be þǣm sūðriman.
  That same summer, no less than twenty ships perished on the south coast.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Ash-Wednesday"
  Þā cwæð eall sēo meniu þe ðǣr mid stōd ofwundrod þæt sē cwellere ne sceolde swencan hī nā leng...
  Then said all the multitude who stood there astonished,that the executioner should vex her no longer,...
(poetic) never
- 10th century, The Wanderer:
  Hwǣr cōm mearg? Hwǣr cōm mago? · Hwǣr cōm māþþumġyfa?
  Hwǣr cōm symbla ġesetu? · Hwǣr sindon seledrēamas?
  Ēalā beorht bune! · Ēalā byrnwiga!
  Ēalā þēodnes þrym! · Hū sēo þrāg ġewāt,
  ġenāp under nihthelm, · swā hēo nō wǣre.
  Whither did the horse come? Whither did the man come? Whither did the treasure-giver come?
  Whither did the seats of feasts come? Where are the hall-joys?
  Alack and alas, bright cup! Alack and alas, mailed warrior!
  Alack and alas, the army of the king! How did the time pass,
  grow dark under the cover of night, as if it never did.

Conjunction

nā

not
- c. 992, Ælfric, "Midlent"
  Māre wundor is þæt God Ælmihtiġ ǣlce dæġe fētt ealne middanġeard þonne þæt wundor wǣre þæt hē þā ġefylde fīf þūsende manna mid fīf hlāfum—ac þæs wundrodon menn nā for þȳ þæt hit māre wundor wǣre, ac for þȳ þæt hit wæs unġewunelīċ.
  It's more of a miracle that God Almighty feeds the whole world every day than that he fed five thousand people with five loaves of bread—but that amazed people not because it was more miraculous, but because it was unusual.

Synonyms

(conjunction): næs

Derived terms

nā þæt

Descendants

English: no
Geordie: ne, naw
Scots: nae, naw

Old Frisian

Etymology 1

From Proto-West Germanic *nai, equivalent to a blend of ne (“not”) +‎ ā (“ever”). Compare Old English nā, Old Norse nei.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈnaː/

Adverb

nā

never

Descendants

West Frisian: nea

Particle

nā

no

Descendants

Saterland Frisian: noa

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈnaː/

Preposition

nā (+ dative)

alternative form of nēi

References

Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009), An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Old Irish

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /n̪a/

Article

na (triggers /h/-prothesis in the feminine genitive singular, in the feminine and neuter nominative plural, and in the accusative plural; triggers eclipsis in the genitive plural)

apheretic form of inna (“the (various inflected forms)”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /n̪a/

Determiner

na (‘his’ and ‘its’ trigger lenition, ‘her’ triggers /h/-prothesis, ‘their’ triggers eclipsis)

apheretic form of inna (“in his/her/its/their”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /n̪a/

Determiner

na

neuter nominative/accusative singular of nach (“any”)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈn̪aː/

Particle

na (triggers /h/-prothesis)

alternative spelling of ná (“don’t”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈn̪aː/

Conjunction

na (triggers /h/-prothesis)

(chiefly in the negative) alternative spelling of ná (“or, nor”)

Old Polish

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *nō

Proto-Slavic *na

Old Polish na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na. First attested in the 14th century.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /na/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /na/

Preposition

na

denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
denotes movement towards some nouns; to, toward [with accusative]
denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for [with accusative]
denotes a goal or purpose; for [with accusative]
used in some temporal and physical measurements; by [with accusative or locative]
denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
denotes a period of time; during [with locc]
denotes frequency; per [with case]
denotes location with events; at [with locative]
denotes manner [with accusative]

Descendants

Polish: na
Silesian: na

References

B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “na”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN

Old Tupi

Alternative forms

nda
n'-, nd'- (before a vowel)

Particle

na

forms the negative of verbs and adjectives [with -i]
forms the negative of nouns [with ruã]
hopefully; if only [with ruã ymã]
shall not stop [with -e'ym i]
- 1555, Joseph of Anchieta, chapter VII, in Arte de grammatica da lingoa mais vſada na coſta do Braſil (overall work in Portuguese), Coimbra: Antonio de Mariz, published 1595, page 34v:
  […] naipotareîmixoéne […]
  [ […] n'aîpotare'ymi xûéne […] ]
  I shall not stop wanting it.

References

Navarro, Eduardo de Almeida (2013), “na”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil ] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 325, columns 1–2

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

𑀦 (Brahmi script)
न (Devanagari script)
ন (Bengali script)
න (Sinhalese script)
န or ၼ (Burmese script)
น or นะ (Thai script)
ᨶ (Tai Tham script)
ນ or ນະ (Lao script)
ន (Khmer script)
𑄚 (Chakma script)

Etymology 1

Inherited from Sanskrit न (na).

Particle

na

no, not

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

na

(demonstrative) that

Declension

Declension table of "na" (masculine)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Accusative (second)	naṃ	ne
Dative (fourth)	nassa	nesaṃ
Genitive (sixth)	nassa	nesaṃ

Declension table of "nā" (feminine)

Case / Number	Singular
Accusative (second)	naṃ

Declension table of "na" (neuter)

Case / Number	Singular
Accusative (second)	naṃ
Dative (fourth)	nassa
Genitive (sixth)	nassa

Synonyms

ta

Derived terms

ena (“this”)
nā (“her”)

Pronoun

na m or n

(demonstrative) that
him, it
(in the plural) them
- 2006, The Fifth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Majjhimanikāya (II)‎^[14], page 558:
  පුන ච පරං භන‍්තෙ, ඉමෙ ඉසිදත‍්තපුරාණා ථපතයො මමභත‍්තා
  මමයානා අහං නෙසං ජීවිතස‍්ස පදාතා යසස‍්ස ආහත‍්තා අථ ච පන
  නො තථා මයි නිපච‍්චාකාරං කරොන‍්ති යථා භගවති.
  Puna ca paraṃ bhante, ime isidattapurāṇā thapatayo mamabhattā
  mamayānā ahaṃ nesaṃ jīvitassa padātā yasassa āhattā atha ca pana
  no tathā mayi nipaccākāraṃ karonti yathā bhagavati.
  Furthermore, sir, these chamberlains Isidatta and Purāṇa share my meals and my carriages. I give them a livelihood and bring them renown. And yet they don’t show me the same level of devotion that they show to the Buddha.

Usage notes

Note that this is not used to reference, explicitly or implicitly, a neuter noun in the plural.

Declension

Declension table of "na" (masculine)

Case / Number	Singular	Plural
Accusative (second)	naṃ	ne
Dative (fourth)	nassa	nesaṃ
Genitive (sixth)	nassa	nesaṃ

Declension table of "na" (neuter)

Case / Number	Singular
Accusative (second)	naṃ
Dative (fourth)	nassa
Genitive (sixth)	nassa

Synonyms

ta

References

Pali Text Society (1921–1925), “na”, in Pali-English Dictionary‎, London: Chipstead

Palula

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit न (na, “not”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Particle

na (negating, Perso-Arabic spelling نہ)

not
don't

References

Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “na”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[15], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “na”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Interjection

na (Perso-Arabic spelling نہ)

no!

References

Henrik Liljegren; Naseem Haider (2011), “na”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)‎^[16], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN

Papiamentu

Etymology 1

From Portuguese na and Kabuverdianu na.

Preposition

na

Etymology 2

From Dutch naar.

Preposition

na

to
towards

Phuthi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

-na

to rain

Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Polish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/

(Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈna/
(Greater Poland):
- (Kociewie) IPA^(key): [ˈna]
(Masovia):
- (Far Masovian) IPA^(key): [ˈna]
- (Łowicz) IPA^(key): [ˈna]
(Lesser Poland):
- (Kielce) IPA^(key): [ˈna]
- (Lasovia) IPA^(key): [ˈna]
- (Przemyśl) IPA^(key): [ˈna]

Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na
Homophone: -na

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *nō

Proto-Slavic *na

Old Polish na

Polish na

Inherited from Old Polish na.

Preposition

na

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
Siedzę na koniu. ― I'm on a horse.
denotes location with events; at [with locative]
Mieszkam na wsi. ― I live in the countryside.
denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
Uważaj, zaraz to na mnie spadnie! ― Watch out, it's going to fall on me!
denotes the length of time for which an action will be done; for, by [with accusative]
Sprawozdanie ma być gotowe na piątą. ― The report should be ready by five o'clock.
denotes a goal or purpose; for, to deal with [with accusative]
lek na grypę ― flu medication

na zdrowie ― for [your] health; cheers; bless you.
denotes frequency; per [with accusative]
pięć metrów na sekundę ― five meters per second
denotes manner [with accusative or adverb]
pasażer na gapę ― stowaway

deser na kwaśno ― sour dessert
(mathematics) surjective usage; onto [with accusative]
(Przemyśl) synonym of dla [with accusative]
Bedzie interes na mnie. ― There's going to be a deal for me.

Derived terms

adjective

na schwał

numerals

particles

na pewno

Adjective

na (not comparable, no derived adverb)

(mathematics) onto; surjective

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *na

Polish na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

na

(obsolete or dialectal, Far Masovian, Malbork, Kielce, Lasovia, Łowicz) take it! here!
Coordinate terms: (dialectal, plural) nacie, (dialectal, plural) nata

Usage notes

When used as an adjective, this word is indeclinable, postpositive (when used attributively), and usually placed inside quotation marks, e.g. funkcja „na”.

Alternative forms

ne (Podegrodzie)

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), na is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 1784 times in scientific texts, 1884 times in news, 1681 times in essays, 1932 times in fiction, and 1319 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 8600 times, making it the 5th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.^[1]

References

^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “na”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎^[1] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 261

Portuguese

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /na/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /nɐ/

Audio (Brazil (São Paulo)): (file)
Audio (Portugal (Porto)): (file)
Hyphenation: na

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese na, clipping of ena, from en (“in”) + a (“the”).

Contraction

na f sg

contraction of em +‎ a, literally “in the”: feminine singular of no
- 2005, J. K. Rowling, translated by Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Enigma do Príncipe [Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince] (Harry Potter; 6), Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, →ISBN, page 184:
  Eu estava na esperança de encontrá-lo antes do jantar!
  I was hoping to meet you before dinner!

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.

Etymology 2

Pronoun

na

alternative form of a (third-person feminine singular objective pronoun) used as an enclitic following a verb form ending in a nasal vowel or diphthong

Usage notes

This form is not found in Brazilian speech.

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.

Pumpokol

Alternative forms

ha (M., W.)

Etymology

Misrecording of ha (“day”).

Noun

na (Kl.)

day

Riantana

Pronoun

na

I

Romani

Etymology

From Sanskrit न (na, “no”).

Adverb

na

not

Interjection

na

right?; tag question

Particle

na

no

References

Dieter W. Halwachs (19 September 2021 (last accessed)), “Morphology”, in Romani Projekt Graz‎^[20], archived from the original on 13 April 2016
Yūsuke Sumi (2018), “na”, in ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 [New Express Plus Romani (Gypsy)] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 152

Romanian

Etymology

Cognate to Bulgarian на (na), from Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/
Rhymes: -a

Interjection

na

here you are! take it!

Samoan

Pronoun

na

he / she

Sango

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na˩/

Conjunction

na

and

Preposition

na

to, toward
with

Scottish Gaelic

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (etymologies 1-3) /na/, (etymologies 4-7) /nə/

Etymology 1

Univerbation of an (“in”) +‎ a (“his/her”).

Preposition

na (+ dative)

(triggers lenition) in his; in its
(triggers H-prothesis) in her; in its

Inflection

Possessive declension of an
		singular	plural
first person		nam^L	nar^N
second person		nad^L	nur^N
third person	m	na^L	nan^N, nam^{N 1)}
third person	f	na^H	nan^N, nam^{N 1)}

^L Triggers lenition; ^H Triggers H-prothesis;
^N Triggers eclipsis; ¹⁾ Used before b-, f-, m- or p-

Etymology 2

From Old Irish indás (“than (it) is”).

Conjunction

na

than

Etymology 3

From Old Irish ná.

Particle

na

don’t (particle used to introduce a negative imperative; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
Na bruidhinn!
Do not speak!
particle used to emphasise a negative reply to a question
An do rinn iad e Disathairne? – Cha do rinn na!
Did they do it on Saturday? – They certainly did not!

Etymology 4

From Old Irish a (“that which”).

Pronoun

na (governs the relative form of the verb)

all that, that which, whatever, what

Etymology 5

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Article

na (triggers H-prothesis)

inflection of an (“the”):
1. genitive singular feminine
2. nominative or dative plural

Declension

Variation of na (definite article)
	masculine			feminine			plural
	nom.	dat.	gen.	nom.	dat.	gen.	nom.	dat.	gen.
+ f-	am	an^L		an^L		na	na		nam
+ m-, p- or b-	am	a'^L		a'^L		na	na		nam
+ c- or g-	an	a'^L		a'^L		na	na		nan
+ sV-, sl-, sn- or sr-	an	an^T		an^T		na	na		nan
+ other consonant	an	an		an		na	na		nan
+ vowel	an^T	an		an		na^H	na^H		nan

^L Triggers lenition; ^H Triggers H-prothesis; ^T Triggers T-prothesis

Etymology 6

Univerbation of an (interrogative particle) +‎ do (past tense particle).

Particle

na

(colloquial) marks an interrogative in the past tense
Na rinn thu sin? ― Did you do that?

Usage notes

Particularly commonly used in Lewis and Skye.

Etymology 7

From Old Irish nó, nú.

Conjunction

na

alternative form of no

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/
Audio: (file)

Preposition

na (Cyrillic spelling на)

on, at, in (with certain nouns, expressing location without a change of position, answering the question gdjȅ/gdȅ; see usage notes below) [with locative]
knjiga je na stolu ― the book is on the table

biti na koncertu ― to be at the concert

biti na ulici ― to be in the street

zv(ij)ezde na nebu ― stars in the sky
on (indicating medium) [with locative]
čuti nešto na radiju ― to hear something on the radio
to, on, onto (with certain nouns, expressing the goal of motion, answering questions kùda (Bosnia, Serbia) or kȁmo (Croatia); see usage notes below) [with accusative]
staviti knjigu na sto(l) ― to put a book on the table

ići na koncert ― to go to a concert
for (with verbs of motion and certain other verbs, to express something which will last for a limited period; after that a reverse action is implied) [with accusative]
otići nekuda/nekamo na dva dana ― to go somewhere for two days
in (used with seasons) [with accusative]
na l(j)eto ― in summer, next summer, the following summer
noun attribute for permanent properties, such as sources of power or energy, but not including purpose [with accusative]
krevet na kat ― bunk bed (literally, “bed on story, level”)

podmornica na atomski pogon ― nuclear-powered submarine (literally, “submarine (run) on the nuclear power”)

jaje na oko ― sunny-side up egg (literally, “egg on the eye”)

ljubav na daljinu ― long-distance relationship (literally, “love on distance”)

r(ij)eči na a ― words ending in a (literally, “words on a”)
by, on, through (adverbial phrase of manner) [with accusative]
ući na prednja vrata ― to enter through the front door (literally, “to enter on the front door”)

plaćena na sat ― paid by the hour (literally, “paid on an hour”)

na brzinu ― hastily (literally, “on speed”)

na vr(ij)eme ― on time
indirect object of certain verbs [with accusative]
vikati na ljude ― to yell at people

pods(j)ećati na nekog ― to remind of someone
a part of certain set expressions, which can be spelled also as one word in Croatian [with accusative]
na sreću ― luckily

na prim(j)er ― for example

Usage notes

na is used to indicate the location (with locative) or the goal of motion (with accusative), with:

surfaces, either horizontal (table) or vertical (wall), including open spaces such as playgrounds, mountains, islands, most neighborhoods, pictures, the sky
activities, such as ručak lunch, odmor vacation, posao work, predavanje lecture, sastanak meeting
exposure to the sun, fresh air, wind, rain and snow (na suncu ― in the sun)
limits: rub, ivica edge, početak beginning, kraj end, vrh top, dno bottom
languages (na engleskom ― in English)
with more sea, to express at/to the seaside; with selo village, to express in/to the countryside
the noun fakultet

Interjection

na! (Cyrillic spelling на!)

Here you are! Take it!
Help yourself!

Shona

**Shona cardinal numbers**
< 3	4	5 >
Cardinal : na Ordinal : china

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-nàì.

Adjective

-na

four

Inflection

Inflected forms
	plural only
class 2		vana
class 4		mina
class 6		mana
class 8		zvina
class 10		ina
class 13		tuna

Sicilian

Article

na f sg

(indefinite) a, an

Silesian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *nō

Proto-Slavic *na

Old Polish na

Silesian na

Inherited from Old Polish na.

Alternative forms

nŏ

Preposition

na

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
Antonym: pod
denotes inessive position of some countries and regions; in, [with locative]
Synonym: w

Antonym: poza
denotes location with events; at [with locative]
denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
Synonyms: do, ku
denotes time; for [with accusative]
denotes measurement; by [with accusative]
denotes aim of an action; for [with accusative]
denotes color of painted object [with adverb]
denotes manner [with adverb]

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *na

Silesian na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

na

used when giving someone something; here!
Synonym: nańcie
filler word; well

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/

Preposition

na

(with locative) on (touching from above)
Synonyms: navrchu, po
- 1922, Terézia Vansová, Na Čertovici. In: Z našej dediny:
  Na koči sedel pán, cifrovaný, ako páni bývajú.
  A nobleman was sitting on the carriage in decorated clothes, as noblemen usually are.
(with locative) by, with, using (indicates a means or an instrument)
Synonym: o
- 1883, Pavol Dobšinský, O krásnej Ibronke. In: Prostonárodné slovenské povesti:
  Viezol sa tadiaľ na koči mladý pán a zazrel tú krásnu ľaliu.
  A young lord was travelling that way by carriage and he saw the beautiful lily.
(with locative) at (indicates time)
- 1873, Ján Kalinčiak, Láska a pomsta. Chapter 1:
  Bol večer na konci jara.
  It was an evening at the end of the spring.
(with locative) at, because of (indicates reason)
Synonyms: z, zo
- 1930, Ladislav Nádaši-Jégé, Stolica sa smeje:
  Stolica sa na celej veci veľmi dobre zabávala.
  The whole office was very much amused by the whole matter.
(with locative, in connection with byť) on, usually translated with a corresponsing verb (indicates state)
- 1938, Janko Jesenský, Demokrati Part 2:
  To naozaj nebolo na programe.
  That really was not planned.
(with accusative) on, to (indicates motion towards the upper surface of an object or contact with the object from any side)
Synonyms: smerom na, smerom do, smerom k, o
- 1846, Ján Kalinčiak, Milkov hrob. Chapter 10:
  Musel znovu vysadnúť na koňa a ísť za chlapom, ktorého poslal s ním kuchár.
  He had to mount the horse again and follow the man, whom the cook had sent with him.
(with accusative) for, on, to (indicates purpose or goal)
Synonyms: po, proti, pri
- 1842, Jozef Miloslav Hurban, Svadba kráľa veľkomoravského. Chapter 3:
  Takmer celý nasledujúci deň po príchode, určený na hry a rytierske preteky, strávil v rade.
  He spent almost the whole day after the arrival, which was dedicated to plays and tournaments, with the council.
(with accusative) at, on (indicates time)
Synonyms: cez, počas, v
- 1910, Ľudmila Podjavorinská, Žena:
  Štefan Zaťko, otec piatich detí, cez Vianoce pochoval ženu a na Tri krále prišiel o ohlášky.
  Štefan Zaťko, a father or five children, buried his wife at Christmas and on Epiphany he came to arrange his banns.
(with accusative) at, because of, of (indicates reason)
Synonyms: s, so, z, zo
- 1943, Dobroslav Chrobák, Drak sa vracia. Chapter 2:
  Nezomrel od staroby, ani na chorobu, ale po páde do jamy na hlinu.
  He did not die of old age, nor of a disease, but after he fell in a pit for dirt.

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Preposition

na

(with locative) on (stationary)
(with accusative) onto (motion towards)
(with accusative) at, on (a moment in time)

Slovincian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-der.

Proto-Balto-Slavic *nō

Proto-Slavic *na

Slovincian na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Preposition

na

denotes superessive position; on [with locative]
denotes sublative movement; onto [with accusative]
denotes time for which consequences of something may occur; for [with accusative]
denotes day on which something occurs; on

Derived terms

prefixes

na-

Etymology 2

Etymology tree

Proto-Slavic *na

Slovincian na

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *na.

Interjection

na

well! now then!
good job!

Somali

Adverb

na

moreover

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

-na

to rain

Inflection

This entry needs an inflection-table template.

Spanish

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈna/ [ˈna]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

Contraction of enna.

Contraction

na

(obsolete) contraction of en +‎ la, literally “in the”

Etymology 2

Representing accents where intervocalic /d/ is lost after a stressed syllable.

Alternative forms

na'

Pronoun

na

pronunciation spelling of nada

Derived terms

no ni na

Sranan Tongo

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

a

Article

na

the (definite singular article)
Na liba e lon na a bigi se.
The river flows to the ocean.

Etymology 2

Particle

na

to be (copula)
A man disi na wan bigidagu.
This man is a big shot.

Usage notes

Unlike for verbs, the aspect cannot be modified by particles such as ben, (d)e, sa and (g)o. If an aspect needs to be indicated, the verb de is used instead.

Etymology 3

Perhaps borrowed from Dutch naar.

Alternative forms

a

Preposition

na

at; to; on; according to
A de na oso.
He (or she) is at home.

Na liba e lon na a bigi se.
The river flows to the ocean.

Synonyms

(on): na tapu
(to): go na, g'a

Sumerian

Romanization

na

romanization of 𒈾

Sundanese

Etymology 1

From Old Sundanese na. Analyzed as a shortening of naha

Adverb

na (Sundanese script ᮔ)

(interrogative, uncommon) why
Na maké nyalahkeun kuring?!
Why are you blaming me?!
how, what (modifier to indicate an exclamation.)
Na aya budak bangor-bangor teuing
What a naughty child

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Perhaps inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-na (“that, there; then”)

Preposition

na (Sundanese script ᮔ)

at, on, in
Synonyms: di, dina

Derived terms

dina

Swahili

Etymology

Akin to Lingala na, Luganda na. From Proto-Bantu *nà.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nɑ/
Audio (Kenya): (file)

Conjunction

Other scripts
Ajami	نَـ

na

and

Usage notes

Older or more conservative Swahili writings only use na to connect two nouns, never to connect two adjectives; the second adjective is changed into an abstract noun instead. However, in modern colloquial Swahili, this is not always the case.

Preposition

Other scripts
Ajami	نَـ

na

with
- 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi‎^[23], stanza 9:
  كِطَّمْسِكِزَ گَوُجُهَّالِ ، نُرُ نَمِيَاغَ اِتَظَلَالِ
  Kiṭamsi-kiza cha-ujuhali, nuru na-mianga itaẓalali
  Brightness and lights will overcome the shadow and darkness of ignorance
by

Usage notes

na can be suffixed with special suffixes (for human pronominals) or any -o of reference (for other objects) to inflect it with an object (for example, nayo = "with it"):

Inflection

Object-inflected forms of na
		singular	plural
1st person		nami	nasi
2nd person		nawe	nanyi
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	naye	nao
	m-mi_(III/IV)	nao	nayo
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	nalo	nayo
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	nacho	navyo
	n_(IX/X)	nayo	nazo
	u_(XI)	nao	see n_(X) or ma_(VI)
	ku_(XV/XVII)	nako
	pa_(XVI)	napo
	mu_(XVIII)	namo

For a full table, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Verb

Other scripts
Ajami	ـنَ

-na

present stem of -wa na (“to have”)
sinacho ― I do not have it

Swazi

Particle

nâ

Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish hana, accusative form of hon. In most dialects, the corresponding dative form (henne, in Old Norse: hænni) has taken its place.^[1] Compare Norwegian Nynorsk na.

Pronoun

na

(dialectal) her; accusative/dative of hon
Synonym: henne

– Har hon sett'na? – Jo, hon såg'na igår, och gav'na brevet. Jag var hem ti'na [till'na] igår och snacka [snackade] me'na [med'na] [clipping "till," "med," and "-de" from the past tense is common in general and not dialectal].
– Has she seen her? – Yeah, she saw her yesterday, and gave her the letter. I went to her house ["was home to her" – standard] yesterday and talked to her.
- 1986, “Botjitta”, in Osencurrerat [deliberately misspelled] [Uncensored]‎^[24], performed by Iggesundsgänget:
  Jag tog och satte på'na, det var en enkel sak, och herregud vad det smakade bra.
  I went ahead and fucked her, it was an easy thing, and oh my god, it tasted so good.
- 1993, Ronny & Ragge, “Pökpåsen [The rubber]”, in Let's Pök! [Let's Bone!]‎^[25]:
  På morgonen nästa dag så var jag så jävla glad. Skulle kyssa'na på munnen, men då var hon försvunnen. Var är mitt pök?
  In the morning the next day I was so damn happy. Was going to kiss her on the mouth, but then she was gone. Where is my hook-up?

Usage notes

Common enough to be universally understood by native speakers.
Rarely in written form unless supposed to imitate (dialectal) speech. See also the usage notes for honom.

References

^ han in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Anagrams

-an, an, an-

Tagalog

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /na/ [n̪ɐ]
Rhymes: -a
Syllabification: na

Etymology 1

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜈ (na).

Noun

na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

the name of the Latin script letter N/n, in the Abakada alphabet
Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) en, (in the Abecedario) ene

Etymology 2

From Proto-Philippine *na (“now; already”). Compare Central Bikol na, Cebuano na, Hiligaynon na, and Tausug na.

Adverb

na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

already; now; anymore (expresses the event when following a verb)
Tapos na.
Finished already.

Yari na tayo.
We've now been made.
already; now (declares the event of action when following a verb in the past tense)
Natulog na.
Slept already.

Bumili na.
Bought already.
already; now (suggests immediate or quick action when following the infinitive form and future tense of the verb)
Pumasok na tayo.
Let's go in already.

Ipinabibili ko na ang gamot.
I'm having someone buy the medicine now.

Adjective

na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

already; now (expresses the event when following a noun)
Bagsak na.
Failure already.

Abogado na siya.
He/She is now a lawyer.
now; already (expresses a shift or change in the performance of a task when following a personal pronoun)
Ako na.
My turn.
(literally, “Me now.”)

Ikaw na.
Your turn.
(literally, “You now.”)

Siya na.
His/her turn.
(literally, “Him/her now.”)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Austronesian *na (“linker marking emphatic attribution”).

Ligature

na (Baybayin spelling ᜈ)

Connects words, phrases, and sentences: which is; that is; who is
1. Connects adjectives to nouns.
  May matinis na boses siya.
  He/she has a piercing voice.
  
  Mahilig ako sa mga matatangkad na lalaki
  I like tall boys.
2. Connects adverbs to verbs.
  Siya ay mabilis na tumakbo.
  He/she ran fast.
  
  Malugod ka naming tinatanggap.
  We welcome you.
3. Connects clauses: that; to
  Masaya ka lang na meron kang pera.
  You're only happy that you have money.
  
  Magandang ipanggawa ng saranggola.
  Good to use to make a kite.
4. Connects quantifiers (mayroon and wala only uses -ng)
  Tanang Pilipino ― Every Filipino.
  
  Mayroon kang kanin sa pisngi mo
  You have rice on your cheeks.
  
  Apat na palo. ― Four sticks.

Usage notes

na becomes the -ng suffix if the preceding word ends in a vowel.
Magandang bulaklak
Pretty flower

Bigla siyang nagsalita.
He/She suddenly spoke.

Words ending in -n will become -ng (-g)
Dayuhang turista
Foreign tourist

Siya ay dahan-dahang pumunta doon.
He/She carefully went there.

It becomes the -ng- interfix in compound words, if the preceding stem ends in a vowel.
‎haba + ‎-ng- + ‎buhay → ‎habang-buhay

‎bunga + ‎-ng- + ‎kahoy → ‎bungangkahoy

It becomes the -m- interfix in compound words, where the next stem starts with a (b) or (p).
‎haba + ‎-m- + ‎buhay → ‎habambuhay

‎ganti + ‎-m- + ‎pala → ‎gantimpala

It becomes the -n- interfix in compound words, where the next stem starts with a (d), (s), or (t).
‎isa + ‎-n- + ‎daan → ‎sandaan

‎bago + ‎-n- + ‎sakop + ‎-in → ‎bagunsakupin

‎libo + ‎-n- + ‎taon → ‎libuntaon

Words ending with -n inside compounds ending will become -ng- (-g-)
‎daan + ‎-g- + ‎bakal → ‎daang-bakal

‎kababaan + ‎-g- + ‎loob → ‎kababaang-loob

‎kabungguan + ‎-g- + ‎balikat → ‎kabungguang-balikat

Anagrams

-an

Tày

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *ʰnaːᴬ (“thick”). Cognate with Lao ໜາ (nā), Lü ᦐᦱ (ṅaa), Shan ၼႃ (nǎa), Ahom 𑜃𑜡 (nā), Bouyei nal, Zhuang na, Thai หนา (nǎa).

Pronunciation

(Thạch An – Tràng Định) IPA^(key): [naː˧˧]
(Trùng Khánh) IPA^(key): [naː˦˥]

Adjective

^{The template Template:tyz-adj does not use the parameter(s): 1=[[那]],[[𪿣]]
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}

na

thick
phải na ― thick fabric

律𪫆𥿯[]那
Loảt mừa phải tắm na
(please add an English translation of this usage example)

禁那遮敏詩
Gụm na già mắn thí
With a thick [layer of] protection, it will be firmly covered.
bold, brave
nả na ― shameless, bold

Derived terms

na tứt

References

Hoàng Văn Ma; Lục Văn Pảo; Hoàng Chí (2006), Từ điển Tày-Nùng-Việt [Tay-Nung-Vietnamese dictionary] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Từ điển Bách khoa Hà Nội
Lương Bèn (2011), Từ điển Tày-Việt [Tay-Vietnamese dictionary]‎^[26][27] (in Vietnamese), Thái Nguyên: Nhà Xuất bản Đại học Thái Nguyên
Dương Nhật Thanh; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎^[28] (in Tày and Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội [Social Sciences Publishing House]

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English and.

Conjunction

na

and
- 1995, John Verhaar, Toward a reference grammar of Tok Pisin: an experiment in corpus linguistics‎^[29], →ISBN, page 433:
  Mekim olsem pinis, orait tupela i planim taro na banana, na kumu, painap, kon, tomato, na kaukau tu.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1986, John Hunter, “Vocabulary”, in Papua New Guinea phrasebook‎^[30], →ISBN, page 60:
  and - na
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Derived terms

olsem na

Tooro

**Tooro numbers ^(edit)**
	40^{[a], [b]}
^{[a], [b]} ← 3	4	5 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: -na, (in abstract counting) ina Ordinal: -a kana Adverbial: kana, enyakana, emirundi ena Fractional: ekicweka ekya kana

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *-nàì. Cognate with Swahili -nne and Tswana -nne. Doublet of omunaana (“eight”).

Numeral

-na

four

Declension

Inflected forms of *-na* (plural only)
Noun class	indefinite	definite
2	bbana	abbana
4	ena	ena
6	ana	ana
8	bbina	ebbina
10	ina	ina
13	tuna	otuna
14	bbuna	obbuna
16	hana	ahana

adverbial form		kana

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *nà.^[1] Cognate with Swahili na, Lingala na and Luganda na.

Conjunction

na (apocopic form n')

and
with, by

Adverb

na (apocopic form n')

even
Na Kisembo naasobora kwetegereza. ― Even Kisembo can understand.^[2]

References

^ Entry 3674 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3
^ Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 148, 439-441

Turkish

Etymology

From Russian на (na) or Ukrainian на (na). Doublet of nah.

Interjection

na

(dialect, Trabzon, Rize) here it is! take it!
Synonym: işte!
- 1964, Haldun Taner, Keşanlı Ali Destanı; English translation from Modern Turkish drama: an anthology of plays in translation, 1976, page 387:
  İhya Bey o değil abi. Na şu gelen. Her önüne çıkan uyuzla konuşmasana.
  That's not İhya Bey, my brother. İhya Bey is this fellow coming this way. Why do you talk to any old scab that you meet around the corner?

References

https://karadeniz.gov.tr/yerel-sozluk-2/

Tzotzil

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nä/

Noun

na

house

Inflection

possessive forms of na

indefinite possession
nail
	singular	plural
	singular	inclusive	exclusive
1st	jna	jnatik	jnakutik (San Andrés Larráinzar) jnatikotik (Zinacantán)
2nd	ana	anaik
3rd	sna	snaik

Derived terms

(Nouns)

tiʼ na

References

Laughlin, Robert M. (1975) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Unami

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /naː/
Rhymes: -aː

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronoun

na anim (obviative naka)

that

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Particle

na (future nalch)

then (subsequently, after)

References

Rementer, Jim with Pearson, Bruce L. (2005), “na”, in Grant Leneaux, Raymond Whritenour, editors, The Lenape Talking Dictionary, The Lenape Language Preservation Project

Venda

Conjunction

na

and
with

Venetan

Article

na f sg

a, an

Vietnamese

Pronunciation

(Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [naː˧˧]
(Huế) IPA^(key): [naː˧˧]
(Saigon) IPA^(key): [naː˧˧]

Etymology 1

Possibly a direct loan from Spanish anona or through other intermediaries. Compare Thai น้อยหน่า (nɔ́ɔi-nàa) and Malay nona.

Noun

(classifier cây, trái, quả) na • (𦰡)

(Northern Vietnam) sugar apple (Annona squamosa)
Synonym: mãng cầu

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Which dialect is this?”)

Sino-Vietnamese word from 挪.

Verb

na

(transitive) to carry, to move something laboriously

Etymology 3

Particle

na

(Bình Định, Phú Yên) interrogative particle
Synonyms: hả, à

Anagrams

an

Welsh

Etymology 1

From Middle Welsh nac, from Proto-Brythonic *nag, from Proto-Celtic *nekʷe, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *né (negative particle) + *-kʷe (“and”). Cognate with Old Irish nach^[1] and Latin neque.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /naː/, /na/
Rhymes: -aː

Interjection

na

no

Particle

na (triggers mixed mutation)

not (in answers and tag questions)
(literary) don’t (with verbs in the imperative mood)

Usage notes

Triggers mixed mutation (i.e. aspirate of p, t, c and soft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
The form nac is used before a vowel. When the following consonant is g, which disappears under soft mutation, the form na remains, thus na + gallan becomes na allan, not *nac allan.

Alternative forms

nac (used before a vowel)

Conjunction

na (triggers mixed mutation)

that … not (introduces a negative noun clause)
Mae e’n dweud na fydd e’n mynd.
He says that he will not go.

Usage notes

Triggers mixed mutation (i.e. aspirate of p, t, c and soft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
The form nad is used before a vowel. When the following consonant is g, which disappears under soft mutation, the form na remains, thus na + gallan becomes na allan, not *nad allan.
The form is always nad before an element fronted for emphasis.

Alternative forms

nad (used before a vowel, or where an element is fronted for emphasis)

Etymology 2

Variant of no(g),^[2] probably from rebracketing of the comparative “*-achn o” as “-ach no”.^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na(ː)/

Conjunction

na (triggers aspirate mutation)

than
neither, nor

Alternative forms

nag (used before a vowel, definition 1)
nac (used before a vowel, definition 2)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na(ː)/

Verb

na

soft mutation of gna

Verb

na (not mutable)

first-person singular future colloquial of gwneud

Mutation

Mutated forms of *gna*
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gna	na	ngna	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 4

Adjective

na

nasal mutation of da

Noun

na

nasal mutation of da

Mutation

Mutated forms of da
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
da	dda	na	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “na”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “no”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, §§ 113 i (1), 147 iv (3)

Xhosa

Etymology 1

Particle

ná

Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Verb

-na

(intransitive) to rain

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [na]

Verb

na

(transitive) to clear (a conuco garden)
(transitive) to clear (brush)

References

Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “na”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[31], Lyon
Hall, Katherine Lee (1988), The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, page 315

Yola

Etymology 1

From Middle English na, no, from nan (“none”), from Old English nān. Cognates include English no and Scots nae.

Alternative forms

nae, no

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /naː/, /neː/, /nɔː/

Determiner

na

no
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 10, page 88:
  T' brek up ee bathès h' had na poustee;
  To break up the goal they had not power;
- 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
  Na speen to be multh, nar flaase to be shaure.
  no teat to be milked, nor fleece to be shorn.
- 1867, “ABOUT AN OLD SOW GOING TO BE KILLED”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2, page 106:
  Vear'd nodhing mot Portheare. Na skeine e'er ee-waare.
  I feared nothing but Porter. No skein I ever wore.

Particle

na

no

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Irish na.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /nə/

Article

na

of the
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 3-4:
  na coshe an loyale dwellerès na Baronie Forthe,
  ~~both~~ (the) faithful and loyal inhabitants of the Barony of Forth,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 4-5:
  crave na dicke luckie acte t'uck neicher th' Eccellencie,
  beg ~~leave at~~ (of) this favourable opportunity to approach your Excellency,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 10-11:
  az Irishmen, an az dwellerès na cosh an loyale o' Baronie Forthe,
  as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, (of) faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth,
in the
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 5-6:
  an na plaine garbe o' oure yola talke,
  and in the simple dress of our old dialect,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 114, lines 16-18:
  y'ast, bie ractzom o'honde, ee-delt t'ouz ye laas ee-mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwythen na dicke waie nar dicka.
  you have with impartial hand ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that.
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 1-2:
  Ye state na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,'
  The condition, (on) this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 6-8:
  Na oure gladès ana whilke we dellt wi' mattoke, an zing t'oure caulès wi plou,
  In our valleys where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough,
- 1867, CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 116, lines 8-9:
  wee hert ee zough o'ye colure o' pace na name o' Mulgrave.
  we heard the distant sound of the wings of the dove of peace, in the word Mulgrave.

Etymology 3

Adverb

na

alternative form of no (“not”)
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 34:
  Na dicke wye, nar dicka.
  Neither this way, nor that.
- 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 4, page 104:
  Hea pryet ich mought na ha chicke or hen,
  He prayed I might not have chicken nor hen,
- 1867, “BIT OF DIALOGUE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 111:
  Caulès will na get to wullaw to-die.
  Horses will not get to wallow to-day.

Etymology 4

Interjection

na

alternative form of naay
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 9, page 88:
  Na, now or neveare! w' cry't t' Tommeen,
  Nay, now or never! we cry'd to Tommy,

References

Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 58

Yoruba

Pronunciation

(high-tone): IPA^(key): /nã́/
(mid-tone): IPA^(key): /nã̄/
(low-tone): IPA^(key): /nã̀/

Etymology 1

Verb

nà

to beat; to hit; to smack
Synonym: lù

Ó nà án ní pàṣán ― She beat him with a whip
to defeat
Synonym: borí

Usage notes

na before a direct object.

Derived terms

na pápá bora
nani (“to beat a person>”)
nínà (“beating”)
ìnàkunà (“severe beating”)

Etymology 2

Verb

ná

to spend
Synonym: náwó (“to spend money”)

Àníkẹ́ ń ná owó nínàákúkàá ― Anike is spending money extravagently
to cost
Ó ná mi ní ogún náírà péré ― It only cost me 20 naira

Ó lè máa ná wọn tó ẹgbẹ̀rún dọ́là ― It may cost them up to a thousand dollars
to haggle; to bargain
Synonyms: yọwó, nájà

Ìyá mi ń bá oníkiri ná ― My mother's haggling with the hawker
1. to trade; to go to the market
  Synonym: nájà
  
  Mo ná ọjà Mọ́kọ́lá ― I trade at Mokola market

Derived terms

dúnàádúrà (“to negotiate”)
nájà (“to haggle; to trade”)
náwó (“to spend money”)
ọjà níná (“haggling”)
ìnákúnàá (“misspending”)

Etymology 3

Verb

nà

to stretch; to raise
Mo na ọwọ́ mi dì í mú ― I stretched out my hand to grasp it

Àwòdì na ìyẹ́ rẹ̀, kí ó sì fò lọ ― The hawk spread its wings and flew away
to aim; to point
Ọlọ́pàá na ìbọn sí wọn lójú ― The police pointed a gun in their face

Usage notes

na before a direct object.

Derived terms

nasẹ̀ (“to introduce”)
nawọ́ (“to stretch one's hand”)
nàka (“to point one's finger”)
nàyìn (“to stretch one's back”)

Zaghawa

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Pronoun

na

you (singular); thou
Na dô neygini? : Are you tired?

References

Beria-English English-Beria Dictionary [provisional] ADESK, Iriba, Kobe Department, Chad

Zazaki

Pronoun

na (feminine demonstrative)

this

Zhuang

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *ʰnaːᴬ (“thick”). Cognate with Thai หนา (nǎa), Lao ໜາ (nā), Lü ᦐᦱ (ṅaa), Shan ၼႃ (nǎa), Ahom 𑜃𑜡 (nā), Bouyei nal.

Pronunciation

(Standard Zhuang) IPA^(key): /na˨˦/
Tone numbers: na¹
Hyphenation: na

Adjective

na (Sawndip forms 𭆗 or 那 or 𭡇 or 𦀨, 1957–1982 spelling na)

thick (with opposite surfaces far apart)
Antonym: mbang
(of vegetation) dense; thick

Zia

Pronoun

na

I (first person pronoun singular)

Zou

Etymology 1

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *naa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na. Cognates include Tibetan ན (na) and Burmese နာ (na).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na˧/

Adjective

na

ill

Etymology 2

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *hnaar, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sV-na(r). Cognates include Tibetan སྣ (sna) and Burmese နှာ (hna).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na˧/

Noun

na

nose

References

Lukram Himmat Singh (2013), A Descriptive Grammar of Zou (PhD thesis), Canchipur: Manipur University, pages 40, 47

Zulu

Etymology 1

Possibly from na-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ná/

Particle

na

Interrogative particle; indicates a yes-no question. Placed at the end of the sentence.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *-nɪ̀a.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /na/

Verb

-na

(intransitive) to rain

Inflection

tone L (infinitive *ukuna*)
imperative
	positive	negative
infinitive	ukuna	ukungani

	simple	+ object concord
singular	yina	-ne
plural	yinani	-neni

present
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyana, ngina	enginayo, engina	ngina	angini	engingani	ngingani
2nd singular	uyana, una	onayo, ona	una	awuni	ongani	ungani
1st plural	siyana, sina	esinayo, esina	sina	asini	esingani	singani
2nd plural	niyana, nina	eninayo, enina	nina	anini	eningani	ningani
class 1	uyana, una	onayo, ona	ena	akani	ongani	engani
class 2	bayana, bana	abanayo, abana	bena	abani	abangani	bengani
class 3	uyana, una	onayo, ona	una	awuni	ongani	ungani
class 4	iyana, ina	enayo, ena	ina	ayini	engani	ingani
class 5	liyana, lina	elinayo, elina	lina	alini	elingani	lingani
class 6	ayana, ana	anayo, ana	ena	awani	angani	engani
class 7	siyana, sina	esinayo, esina	sina	asini	esingani	singani
class 8	ziyana, zina	ezinayo, ezina	zina	azini	ezingani	zingani
class 9	iyana, ina	enayo, ena	ina	ayini	engani	ingani
class 10	ziyana, zina	ezinayo, ezina	zina	azini	ezingani	zingani
class 11	luyana, luna	olunayo, oluna	luna	aluni	olungani	lungani
class 14	buyana, buna	obunayo, obuna	buna	abuni	obungani	bungani
class 15	kuyana, kuna	okunayo, okuna	kuna	akuni	okungani	kungani
class 17	kuyana, kuna	okunayo, okuna	kuna	akuni	okungani	kungani

recent past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	nginile, nginē	enginile, enginē	nginile, nginē	anginanga	engingananga	ngingananga
2nd singular	unile, unē	onile, onē	unile, unē	awunanga	ongananga	ungananga
1st plural	sinile, sinē	esinile, esinē	sinile, sinē	asinanga	esingananga	singananga
2nd plural	ninile, ninē	eninile, eninē	ninile, ninē	aninanga	eningananga	ningananga
class 1	unile, unē	onile, onē	enile, enē	akananga	ongananga	engananga
class 2	banile, banē	abanile, abanē	benile, benē	abananga	abangananga	bengananga
class 3	unile, unē	onile, onē	unile, unē	awunanga	ongananga	ungananga
class 4	inile, inē	enile, enē	inile, inē	ayinanga	engananga	ingananga
class 5	linile, linē	elinile, elinē	linile, linē	alinanga	elingananga	lingananga
class 6	anile, anē	anile, anē	enile, enē	awananga	angananga	engananga
class 7	sinile, sinē	esinile, esinē	sinile, sinē	asinanga	esingananga	singananga
class 8	zinile, zinē	ezinile, ezinē	zinile, zinē	azinanga	ezingananga	zingananga
class 9	inile, inē	enile, enē	inile, inē	ayinanga	engananga	ingananga
class 10	zinile, zinē	ezinile, ezinē	zinile, zinē	azinanga	ezingananga	zingananga
class 11	lunile, lunē	olunile, olunē	lunile, lunē	alunanga	olungananga	lungananga
class 14	bunile, bunē	obunile, obunē	bunile, bunē	abunanga	obungananga	bungananga
class 15	kunile, kunē	okunile, okunē	kunile, kunē	akunanga	okungananga	kungananga
class 17	kunile, kunē	okunile, okunē	kunile, kunē	akunanga	okungananga	kungananga

remote past
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngāna	engāna	ngāna	anginanga	engingananga	ngingananga
2nd singular	wāna	owāna	wāna	awunanga	ongananga	ungananga
1st plural	sāna	esāna	sāna	asinanga	esingananga	singananga
2nd plural	nāna	enāna	nāna	aninanga	eningananga	ningananga
class 1	wāna	owāna	āna	akananga	ongananga	engananga
class 2	bāna	abāna	bāna	abananga	abangananga	bengananga
class 3	wāna	owāna	wāna	awunanga	ongananga	ungananga
class 4	yāna	eyāna	yāna	ayinanga	engananga	ingananga
class 5	lāna	elāna	lāna	alinanga	elingananga	lingananga
class 6	āna	āna	āna	awananga	angananga	engananga
class 7	sāna	esāna	sāna	asinanga	esingananga	singananga
class 8	zāna	ezāna	zāna	azinanga	ezingananga	zingananga
class 9	yāna	eyāna	yāna	ayinanga	engananga	ingananga
class 10	zāna	ezāna	zāna	azinanga	ezingananga	zingananga
class 11	lwāna	olwāna	lwāna	alunanga	olungananga	lungananga
class 14	bāna	obāna	bāna	abunanga	obungananga	bungananga
class 15	kwāna	okwāna	kwāna	akunanga	okungananga	kungananga
class 17	kwāna	okwāna	kwāna	akunanga	okungananga	kungananga

potential
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngingana	—	ngingana	ngingene	—	ngingene
2nd singular	ungana	—	ungana	ungene	—	ungene
1st plural	singana	—	singana	singene	—	singene
2nd plural	ningana	—	ningana	ningene	—	ningene
class 1	angana	—	engana	angene	—	engene
class 2	bangana	—	bengana	bangene	—	bengene
class 3	ungana	—	ungana	ungene	—	ungene
class 4	ingana	—	ingana	ingene	—	ingene
class 5	lingana	—	lingana	lingene	—	lingene
class 6	angana	—	engana	angene	—	engene
class 7	singana	—	singana	singene	—	singene
class 8	zingana	—	zingana	zingene	—	zingene
class 9	ingana	—	ingana	ingene	—	ingene
class 10	zingana	—	zingana	zingene	—	zingene
class 11	lungana	—	lungana	lungene	—	lungene
class 14	bungana	—	bungana	bungene	—	bungene
class 15	kungana	—	kungana	kungene	—	kungene
class 17	kungana	—	kungana	kungene	—	kungene

immediate future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngizokuna	engizokuna	ngizokuna	angizukuna	engingezukuna	ngingezukuna
2nd singular	uzokuna	ozokuna	uzokuna	awuzukuna	ongezukuna	ungezukuna
1st plural	sizokuna	esizokuna	sizokuna	asizukuna	esingezukuna	singezukuna
2nd plural	nizokuna	enizokuna	nizokuna	anizukuna	eningezukuna	ningezukuna
class 1	uzokuna	ozokuna	ezokuna	akazukuna	ongezukuna	engezukuna
class 2	bazokuna	abazokuna	bezokuna	abazukuna	abangezukuna	bengezukuna
class 3	uzokuna	ozokuna	uzokuna	awuzukuna	ongezukuna	ungezukuna
class 4	izokuna	ezokuna	izokuna	ayizukuna	engezukuna	ingezukuna
class 5	lizokuna	elizokuna	lizokuna	alizukuna	elingezukuna	lingezukuna
class 6	azokuna	azokuna	ezokuna	awazukuna	angezukuna	engezukuna
class 7	sizokuna	esizokuna	sizokuna	asizukuna	esingezukuna	singezukuna
class 8	zizokuna	ezizokuna	zizokuna	azizukuna	ezingezukuna	zingezukuna
class 9	izokuna	ezokuna	izokuna	ayizukuna	engezukuna	ingezukuna
class 10	zizokuna	ezizokuna	zizokuna	azizukuna	ezingezukuna	zingezukuna
class 11	luzokuna	oluzokuna	luzokuna	aluzukuna	olungezukuna	lungezukuna
class 14	buzokuna	obuzokuna	buzokuna	abuzukuna	obungezukuna	bungezukuna
class 15	kuzokuna	okuzokuna	kuzokuna	akuzukuna	okungezukuna	kungezukuna
class 17	kuzokuna	okuzokuna	kuzokuna	akuzukuna	okungezukuna	kungezukuna

remote future
	positive absolute	positive relative	positive participial	negative absolute	negative relative	negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokuna	engiyokuna	ngiyokuna	angiyukuna	engingeyukuna	ngingeyukuna
2nd singular	uyokuna	oyokuna	uyokuna	awuyukuna	ongeyukuna	ungeyukuna
1st plural	siyokuna	esiyokuna	siyokuna	asiyukuna	esingeyukuna	singeyukuna
2nd plural	niyokuna	eniyokuna	niyokuna	aniyukuna	eningeyukuna	ningeyukuna
class 1	uyokuna	oyokuna	eyokuna	akayukuna	ongeyukuna	engeyukuna
class 2	bayokuna	abayokuna	beyokuna	abayukuna	abangeyukuna	bengeyukuna
class 3	uyokuna	oyokuna	uyokuna	awuyukuna	ongeyukuna	ungeyukuna
class 4	iyokuna	eyokuna	iyokuna	ayiyukuna	engeyukuna	ingeyukuna
class 5	liyokuna	eliyokuna	liyokuna	aliyukuna	elingeyukuna	lingeyukuna
class 6	ayokuna	ayokuna	eyokuna	awayukuna	angeyukuna	engeyukuna
class 7	siyokuna	esiyokuna	siyokuna	asiyukuna	esingeyukuna	singeyukuna
class 8	ziyokuna	eziyokuna	ziyokuna	aziyukuna	ezingeyukuna	zingeyukuna
class 9	iyokuna	eyokuna	iyokuna	ayiyukuna	engeyukuna	ingeyukuna
class 10	ziyokuna	eziyokuna	ziyokuna	aziyukuna	ezingeyukuna	zingeyukuna
class 11	luyokuna	oluyokuna	luyokuna	aluyukuna	olungeyukuna	lungeyukuna
class 14	buyokuna	obuyokuna	buyokuna	abuyukuna	obungeyukuna	bungeyukuna
class 15	kuyokuna	okuyokuna	kuyokuna	akuyukuna	okungeyukuna	kungeyukuna
class 17	kuyokuna	okuyokuna	kuyokuna	akuyukuna	okungeyukuna	kungeyukuna

present subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngine	ngingani
2nd singular	une	ungani
1st plural	sine	singani
2nd plural	nine	ningani
class 1	ane	angani
class 2	bane	bangani
class 3	une	ungani
class 4	ine	ingani
class 5	line	lingani
class 6	ane	angani
class 7	sine	singani
class 8	zine	zingani
class 9	ine	ingani
class 10	zine	zingani
class 11	lune	lungani
class 14	bune	bungani
class 15	kune	kungani
class 17	kune	kungani

past subjunctive
	positive	negative
1st singular	ngana	ngangana, angana, angangana
2nd singular	wana	wangana, awana, awangana
1st plural	sana	sangana, asana, asangana
2nd plural	nana	nangana, anana, anangana
class 1	wana	wangana, akana, akangana
class 2	bana	bangana, abana, abangana
class 3	wana	wangana, awana, awangana
class 4	yana	yangana, ayana, ayangana
class 5	lana	langana, alana, alangana
class 6	ana	angana, awana, awangana
class 7	sana	sangana, asana, asangana
class 8	zana	zangana, azana, azangana
class 9	yana	yangana, ayana, ayangana
class 10	zana	zangana, azana, azangana
class 11	lwana	lwangana, alwana, alwangana
class 14	bana	bangana, abana, abangana
class 15	kwana	kwangana, akwana, akwangana
class 17	kwana	kwangana, akwana, akwangana

References

C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na (3-8)”
C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “na”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “na”

[inchoative_aspect-1] sses the complete and progressive aspects: the mi-, nag-, gi- form

[tgb1964-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 “na” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 277. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[3] Ida Kurcz (1990), “na”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language]‎^[1] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 261

[4] Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

[5] Entry 3674 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

[6] Kaji, Shigeki (2007), A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 148, 439-441

[GPC-7] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “na”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[8] R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “no”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

[9] Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, §§ 113 i (1), 147 iv (3)

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Person	Number	Nominative	Accusative
First	Singular	na	nawa
First	Plural	au	au -mɨza
Second	Singular	nu	nuwa
Second	Plural	u	u -mɨza
Third	Singular	us	usa
Third	Plural	uspa	uspa -tuza
Interrogative/Negative "Who"/"No-one"		mɨn	mɨna
Indefinite "Someone"		mɨnwaza	mɨnawaza
Interrogative/Negative "What"/"Nothing"		shi
Indefinite "Something"		shiwaza

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	aʻu, ʻou	māʻua, mā (exclusive) tāʻua, tā (inclusive)	mātou (exclusive) tātou (inclusive)
2nd person	ʻoe, ʻe	ʻoulua	ʻoutou, tou
3rd person	ia, na	lāʻua	lātou

Galician personal pronouns
number	person		nominative (subject)	accusative (direct object)	dative (indirect object)	prepositional	prepositional with con	non-declining
singular	first		eu	me		min	comigo	—
	second		ti	te	che	ti	contigo	vostede
	third	m	el	o (lo, no)	lle	el	con el	—
	third	f	ela	a (la, na)	lle	ela	con ela	—
plural	first		nós nosoutros m nosoutras f	nos		nós	connosco	—
	second		vós vosoutros m vosoutras f	vos		vós	convosco	vostedes
	third	m	eles	os (los, nos)	lles	eles	con eles	—
	third	f	elas	as (las, nas)	lles	elas	con elas	—
reflexive third / indefinite			—	se		si	consigo	—