Applied Economics III

This paper sets out to estimate the GPG in EU countries based on a number of variables: the female participation rate, occupational segregation by gender, the proportion of people working in high-wage jobs and in education and health, plus the wage dispersion. The analysis covers 25 EU countries over 12 years from 2004 to 2015. The data are taken from three statistical surveys: the Labour Force Survey, the Structure of Earnings Survey and the EU-SILC. Three fixed-effect models and three random-effect models are estimated, based on an incomplete panel-dataset of 271 observations. The key variables in explaining the GPG in the Southern Europe group are the female participation rate and the proportion of people working in high-wage jobs and in the Northern Europe group they are the female participation rate and the proportion of people working in education and health. By contrast, in the CEE country group the female participation rate is not significant and the most relevant explanator...

El principal objetivo de este trabajo es tratar de comprender los mecanismos que explican la compra ecológica a través de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, en aras a ofrecer información práctica y útil para las empresas. Así, por un lado, se analiza cuáles son los factores que determinan un comportamiento medioambiental favorable y, por otro, en qué medida diferentes tipos de comportamiento medioambiental inciden sobre el comportamiento específico de compra ecológica teniendo en cuenta, asimismo, las posibles barreras a la compra. Como principal conclusión podemos argumentar que si el objetivo es popularizar el consumo de productos ecológicos, las empresas tendrán que satisfacer las necesidades de una mayoría de consumidores medioambientalmente concienciada pero no movilizada hacia el consumo ecológico.

This article studies the trend in wage discrimination in Spain from 1995 to 2002, when the third plan for equal opportunities for men and women was in action. To account for the criticism of Heckman et al. (J Hum Cap 2:1-31, 2008), we first introduce a novel approach to the analysis of wage discrimination with methods that are robust to model (mis-) specification. Following their idea, we apply semiparametric methods for the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of wage differentials between men and women. We extend the methodology to semiparametric quantile estimation. The study is completed by some descriptive analysis, also based on nonparametric techniques. We find that, while the wage gap has diminished from 1995 to 2002 this is mainly due the smaller gap in returns of endowments for wages above the median, and due to the endowments of women for lower and particularly high wages. Respective the quantiles, in contrast to other EU member states, the Spanish wage gap is widest for low wages but almost U-shaped in 2002 whereas this was not that evident in 1995.

Energy sources have been crucial for development, but also form the backbone of what is today one of the greatest global challenges. Implementing policies to address simultaneously the three issues of the "energy trilemma"energy security, energy equity (energy poverty) and environmental sustainability (climate change) -is one of the major challenges for policy makers. Access to and management of countries' natural resources and energy assets have played a central role in national and international politics. This paper examines the influence of the diversity of India's energy matrix on the balance of these three energy issues between 1990-2014. An econometric model confirms that diversity is statistically significant for all other variables. It also shows interesting results when analyzing its effect on each variable individually and on all of them simultaneously.

The future of the Carbon Market Approach under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is uncertain. However, further development of Carbon Markets is expected. This paper estimates the average carbon price of the carbon emission permits (COP-approved units) acquired by the Spanish government and also a more realistic figure for the average carbon cost of the aforesaid emission permits. This is very useful for evaluating and comparing different carbon prices and markets. In addition, the paper contributes to the existing literature by providing a deeper understanding of the flow of emission permits between the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) under the Kyoto Protocol. The main conclusions are that the estimated carbon price and cost are both lower than other reported prices and costs. This may go some way towards explaining why the government preferred to use the Flexibility Mechanisms and acquire an especially large number of COP-approved units (mainly Assigned Amount Units (AAUs)) through bilateral transactions with other Annex B countries, instead of launching actual greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement projects in the country. Moreover, more transparency is needed in regard to bilateral transactions of AAUs between the Spanish government and other Annex B seller countries.

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of conversion from cyclosporine to tacrolimus, we analyzed 55 kidney transplant patients who were converted due to cosmetic reasons in 42 patients, acute rejection in 2 patients, and other causes in 11 patients. At the doses and levels used, the development of diabetes mellitus was minimized. Disappearance of cosmetic side-effects and improvement of cardiovascular risk factors, together with conservation of renal function, encourage us to use tacrolimus as an efficacious and safe immunosuppressive therapy.

This paper develops a dynamic model of oligopolistic advertising competition. The model is general enough to include predatory advertising and informative advertising as particular cases. The analysis is conducted in a differential game framework and compares the open-loop and feedback equilibria to the efficient outcome. It is found that for the informative advertising competition game, advertising levels are closer to the collusive outcomes in a feedback equilibrium. In the case of predatory advertising, expenditures are inefficiently high in a feedback equilibrium and the open-loop solution is more efficient. (JEL L13, M37; Atlantic Econ. J., June 01. ©All Rights Reserved) AEJ: JUNE 2001, VOL. 29, NO. 2 136 feedback strategies, the outcome is more competitive than in the open-loop equilibrium, which approaches the Cournot equilibrium price. 2 In an advertising competition game, also finds that using feedback strategies instead of open-loop controls does not necessarily increase payoffs (see also ).

The present article reexamines some of the issues regarding the Knowledge-Capital Model that encompasses both horizontal and vertical Foreign Direct Investment described in detail in the literature. The empirical support for this model is however a mixture. This article proposes a new way of estimating coefficients by allowing them to vary over time. The estimation results obtained using data from fourteen European countries for the period from 1982 to 2004 confirm that these coefficients cannot be considered constant over time and that the vertical component of the Knowledge-Capital Model is relevant even in the context of European countries with relatively similar endowments.