Ertuğrul ÇAM
2022-... / Dr. Öğr. Üyesi - Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, İ.İ.B.F. İktisat Bölümü, İktisat Tarihi Anabilim Dalı.
2015-2022 / Arş. Gör. - Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü/Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Ph.D. (2015-2022). "Temettuat Defterlerine Göre Selanik Kazası Çiftlikleri". İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat ABD. Tez Dnş: Prof. Dr. Mehtap ÖZDEĞER.
MA (2012-2015). "19. Yüzyılda İstanbul Çiftlikleri: Hekimbaşı, Çavuşbaşı ve Alemdağ Örnekleri". İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Tarihi ABD. Tez Dnş: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Eercüment BALCI.
BA (2005-2011). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İktisat Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü.
Phone: +90 228 214 12 12
Address: Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Merkez-Bilecik, Türkiye.
2015-2022 / Arş. Gör. - Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü/Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü
Ph.D. (2015-2022). "Temettuat Defterlerine Göre Selanik Kazası Çiftlikleri". İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat ABD. Tez Dnş: Prof. Dr. Mehtap ÖZDEĞER.
MA (2012-2015). "19. Yüzyılda İstanbul Çiftlikleri: Hekimbaşı, Çavuşbaşı ve Alemdağ Örnekleri". İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İktisat Tarihi ABD. Tez Dnş: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Eercüment BALCI.
BA (2005-2011). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İktisat Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü.
Phone: +90 228 214 12 12
Address: Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, İktisat Bölümü, Merkez-Bilecik, Türkiye.
less
InterestsView All (39)
Uploads
Articles by Ertuğrul ÇAM
The dataset for our investigation was sourced from the Temettüat registries of central Thessaloniki neighbourhoods. Based on these data, we have determined the number of taxpayer households in the Greek and Muslim districts of central Thessaloniki in 1844, the occupational distribution of registered taxpayers, the nature and material value of income sources, and the tax obligations associated with these income sources. Furthermore, information regarding the quantity of jizya documents and the allocation of Muste'men within Greek neighbourhoods has been acquired. This work offers a novel contribution to Ottoman economic history by analysing the socio-economic structure of Greek and Muslim neighbourhoods in Thessaloniki during 1844, utilising a comparative and quantitative examination of the Temettüat registers. The study systematically discloses the number of households, occupational distribution, sources of income, and tax obligations of two distinct religious groups within the same city, while also uncovering infrequently addressed data on jizya liability and the distribution of muste'men (non-Muslim foreigners under temporary protection), particularly in Greek neighbourhoods. This methodology offers a micro-historical lens on the urban economic conditions of the era, allowing for the analysis of the interplay between local economic dynamics and ethno-religious identity, as well as the operation of the Ottoman tax system at the neighbourhood level, supported by empirical data.
The idea of household serves as a tax base and family unit in Ottoman demographic research; nonetheless, the inquiry into the number of individuals residing in a household has incited scholarly disagreements. The household is typically documented in the tahrir registers as a "family," although the size of this family fluctuates according on geography, time period, and socio-economic factors. While Ömer Lütfi Barkan's household coefficient of 5 individuals was long regarded as the primary reference, further research has demonstrated that this number can fluctuate between 3 and 9 based on local dynamics. In the 16th-century sanjak of Semendire, the average was 3.57 persons per household; in Segedin, it was 4.59; and in D'Ula, 5.26. Halil İnalcık proposed averages of 9 persons in 15th-century Bursa and 3-4 persons in 19th-century Istanbul. These disparities can be elucidated by tax exemptions, migratory patterns, and alterations in the economic framework. The selection of household coefficients (3-5) can alter overall population estimates by ±40%, highlighting the necessity for an adaptable methodology in demographic study. Taxpayer statistics are an essential dataset for analysing economic disparities within the city and the constraints of the state's population control strategies, while underscoring the significance of methodological discussions about household coefficients.
This study intends to analyse the distribution of tax burdens in Greek and Muslim neighbourhoods of Thessaloniki in 1844, employing a comparative viewpoint based on total revenues and “vergi-i mahsusa” rates. Tax burden estimations are derived from taxpayers whose “vergi-i mahsusa” rates are expressly recorded in archival documents; those who are deceased, relocated to different neighbourhoods during the census, double-registered due to property, or classified as fugitives are eliminated. The tax profiles of the neighbourhoods are examined in three dimensions: "lowest," "highest," and "general rate." The study offers a vital dataset for comprehending the dynamics of tax justice and economic inequality among ethno-religious groups during the Tanzimat period, while also illuminating the manifestations of the socio-economic hierarchy in Ottoman cities at the neighbourhood level.
The diverse urban structure of the Ottoman Empire serves as a dynamic framework where social and economic activities were influenced by the division of labour among religious and ethnic communities. This study seeks to analyse the economic characteristics of Greek and Muslim neighbourhoods in 19th-century Thessaloniki via a comparative examination of dividend registers, aiming to elucidate how religious affiliation influenced occupational distribution and the dimensions of similarity and divergence within the urban economy. Temettüat records serve as a statistical repository that elucidates the occupation, income, and production relations of taxpayers at a micro level, enabling an analysis of both individual lifestyles and collective economic identities within neighbourhoods. The choice of these sources for Thessaloniki is driven by their provision of a multifaceted sociological perspective that illustrates the city's commercial dynamism as a port and the demographic equilibrium between Muslim and non-Muslim populations.
This 1844 comparative study of the Greek and Muslim districts of Thessaloniki provides a significant insight into the socio-economic structure of Ottoman cities. This study, informed by the Temettüat Registers, elucidates the constraints of the Tanzimat reforms in centralising the provincial economy, the influence of religious identities on economic activity, and the intertwining of urban geography with ethno-religious affiliation. The occupational distribution, tax obligations, and demographic makeup of Greek and Muslim neighbourhoods illustrate the achievements and inconsistencies of the Ottoman Empire's approach to managing diversity. The correlation between religious identification and the economic division of labour is distinctly reflected in the occupational profiles of the neighbourhoods. The significance of traditional crafts, including Pabuçculuk/Kunduracılık (Shoemaking) (9.23%), Abacılık (a form of woollen weaving) (6.51%), and Meyhanecilik (Tavern keeping) (4.08%) within Greek neighbourhoods, alongside commercial endeavours unique to Christian communities, indicates that religious norms directly influenced market dynamics. Conversely, the prevalence of vocations such as servant (20.21%) and debbag (10.64%) in Muslim neighbourhoods demonstrates that Islamic rituals (halal production, mosque services) and the Ottoman bureaucracy were integral to the economic framework. This division indicates that religious affiliation served as both a social and economic boundary. The influence of the Tanzimat reforms on the urban economy displayed a dual nature. Notwithstanding the objectives of centralisation, the “vergi-i mahsusa” registers exhibit remnants of the ancient distribution system. The restriction of the jizya tax in Greek neighbourhoods (7% of which were affluent) and the imposition of taxes like the agnam tax in Muslim neighbourhoods implies that tax equity varied among ethno-religious groupings. The concentration of 97% of muste'men (foreigners under temporary protection) in Greek neighbourhoods indicates that the state's measures for integrating foreigners were confined to community-based networks. This encapsulates the conflict between the Tanzimat principle of "equal citizenship" and the conventional millet system. The socio-economic hierarchy of urban space was intricately ingrained in the physical and administrative framework of neighbourhoods. The church-centered organisation of Greek neighbourhoods (Aya Nikola, Panagouda) and the mosque/madrasa-centered structure of Muslim neighbourhoods (Hamza Bey, İshak Paşa) demonstrate that religious institutions served as both places of worship and hubs for economic and social solidarity networks.
This work provides a novel viewpoint on Ottoman economic history and urban sociology in three primary domains. Initially, employing a comparison methodology at the neighbourhood level via micro-historical data analysis renders the empire's multifaceted urban identity discernible through empirical data. The comprehensive occupation, income, and tax records from the Temettüat registers elucidate economic strategies within the Greek and Muslim neighbourhoods of Thessaloniki, both quantitatively and in relation to social status, religious norms, and state policy. The neighborhood-specific distribution of foreigners classified as muste'men and the breakdown of jizya obligations by income brackets systematically elucidate, for the first time, the effects of Ottoman temporary protection policies and discussions on tax equity at the neighbourhood level. Secondly, by chronicling the inconsistencies of the Tanzimat in regional finance, it elucidates the conflict between modernisation narratives and traditional frameworks. Records of "vergii mahsusa" indicate practices reflecting the tevzi' system, such as tax/income ratios reaching 50% in Muslim neighbourhoods, despite objectives of centralisation, highlighting the constrained regulatory capability of the Ottoman bureaucracy in urban areas. The third original contribution is his interpretation of the constraints of urban cosmopolitanism concerning the muste'men. The concentration of 97% of the Müste'men in Gre...
differences between two or more countries. This concept is used in economics, international relations,
security and other fields and generally refers to differences in power or development. Economic
asymmetry occurs when there are differences in economic power, resources and welfare levels between
countries. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the economic performances of Turkey and Greece for the
years 1991-2023 within the framework of economic asymmetry, within the framework of CRITIC
(Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation) and MARCOS (Measurement of Alternatives
and Ranking according to Compromise Solution) methods. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the
economic performances of Turkey and Greece for the years 1991-2023 within the framework of CRITIC
and MARCOS methods.
The study employed eight specific economic evaluation criteria to assess the economic performance of
countries, including Gross Domestic Product (Current US Dollar), Gross Domestic Product per capita
(Current US Dollar), Inflation (Consumer Prices, Annual %), Total Unemployment (% of total labor
force), Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), and
Imports of goods and services (Current US Dollar). The reason for choosing these two countries is that
one could be a member of the EU at the same time but the other could not, both are members of NATO
and OECD, and it is desired to compare the changes in their economic performances between 1991-
2023 as two neighboring countries. In the study, the most important performance criterion for Turkey
was found as Gross Domestic Product per capita (% of total labor force) using the CRITIC method,
while the Unemployment Total (% of total labor force) criterion was found for Greece. In addition,
according to the findings obtained with the MARCOS method, the highest economic performance of
Turkey was in 2013, while the lowest economic performance was in 1993. The highest economic
performance of Greece was in 2008, while the lowest economic performance was in 1998. The rapid
economic growth of Greece in the early 2000s is remarkable. This period is a period when Greece
accelerated its economic growth in connection with its accession to the European Union and the
transition to the European currency, the Euro. Turkey’s economic growth has generally been more stable.
Despite the 2001 economic crisis, recovery and growth have taken place afterwards. Turkey has shown
remarkable growth since the beginning of the 2000s with economic reforms and an increase in foreign
trade volume. However, it is seen that Turkey has exhibited more stable economic growth during the
period when Greece experienced a sharp decline starting with the 2008-2009 financial crisis. Greece
experienced a significant increase in unemployment with its economic crisis and struggled with high
unemployment rates for a long time. It can be said that Turkey has also experienced increases in inflation
and unemployment rates from time to time, but these fluctuations are more limited compared to the
crisis periods in Greece. Although it is known that inflation in Turkey was high especially in the late
1990s and early 2000s, attempts to control these rates have attracted attention over time. Turkey has achieved significant growth in exports especially since the 2000s. This has also had a positive impact
on its economic growth. The increase in Turkey's foreign trade volume and diversified export structure
have contributed to its economic stability. Greece's trade volume was seriously affected during the crisis,
with declines in exports and imports. However, a certain balancing is observed in the recovery process.
This study provides a significant contribution to the literature on Turkey-Greece studies in the evaluation
of their economic performance using MCDM methods. In previous studies, these two countries were
included in country groups of studies such as OECD and European countries' evaluation.
This study uniquely evaluates the economic criteria of Turkey and Greece through the application of
CRITIC and MARCOS methods. This study is constrained by the MCDM methods, normalization
techniques, and data types employed. Testing the obtained results with alternative methods or techniques
may yield improved outcomes. Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that the results obtained are
applicable to economic data, and variations may occur with different datasets. The evaluation
methodology presented in this study is robust and applicable. It is important to note that successful
methods and techniques may vary across different scenarios. The purposes of the MCDM evaluation
methodology and MCDM methods are distinct from one another. Researchers aiming to enhance the
MCDM evaluation methodology may assess data sets across various domains and MCDM methods
utilizing the approach outlined in this study.
Papers by Ertuğrul ÇAM
yararlanarak devletin kendini güçlendirmesinde önemli birer araç konumundadır. Söz konusu fabrikalar birer kamu
iktisadi teşekkülü şeklinde faaliyet göstermektedirler. Fabrikalardaki üretim genel itibariyle İmparatorluğun stratejik
ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasına yöneliktir. Bu fabrikaların finansmanı padişaha ait gelir ve giderlerin yürütülmesinden
sorumlu olan Hazine-i Hassa tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Aynı şekilde söz konusu fabrikaların hammadde ihtiyacı
yine Hazine-i Hassa tarafından idare edilen ve finansmanı sağlanan Hassa Çiftliklerinden tedarik edilmektedir. Söz
konusu çiftliklerin ana üretimin konusu İmparatorluk dahilindeki devlet fabrikalarının hammadde ihtiyacının
karşılanması ve bu ihtiyacın karşılanmasında sürekliliğin sağlanmasıdır. Aynı mantıkla faaliyet gösteren Beşiktaş Süt
Fabrikası bu çalışmamızın ana eksenini oluşturmaktadır. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Hazine-i Hassa defterleri
yardımıyla Hicri 1294-1296 / Miladi 1877-1879 arasında Beşiktaş Süt Fabrikası’nda gerçekleşen üretimin niceliği ve
niteliği aylık veriler gözlemlenerek incelenmiştir. Beşiktaş Süt Fabrikası’nın ana üretim konusunu İstanbul’daki Saray
ve Saray efradına ait matbahların süt ve süt ürünleri ihtiyacının karşılanması oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu fabrikanın
ana hammaddesi olan süt ise İstanbul’daki Hazine-i Hassa tarafından idare edilip finansmanı sağlanan çiftliklerden
karşılanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Beşiktaş, Çiftlik, Devlet Fabrikası, Hazine-i Hassa, Süt.
Key Words: Farm, Hazine-i Hassa, Istanbul, Servant.
Özet: Osmanlı devri çiftlikleri, ekonominin esasen tarıma dayalı olduğu devirlerde önemli birer iktisadi işletme örneğidir. Anadolu’da bu çiftlikler timar sistemi içinde umumi bir yekûn tutarken; İstanbul ve yakın hinterlandında kurulmuş olan birçok çiftlik bizzat padişaha ve saray efradına tahsis edilmiş hassa çiftliklerden oluşmakta ve Hazine-i Hassa İdaresi’ne bağlı olarak işletilmekteydi. Hazine-i Hassa İdaresi’ne bağlı ve müşterek idare altında işletilen bu çiftliklerden Hekimbaşı, Çavuşbaşı ve Alemdağ Çiftlikleri üzerinde ayrıntılı verilerin gün yüzüne çıkarılması; güncel metotlarla bunların idare ve işletme faaliyetleri üzerinde istatistiki analizler yapılması bu çalışmamızın birincil amacını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Hazine-i Hassa Defterleri yardımıyla, ilgili çiftliklerde 1848 – 1874 tarihleri arasında meydana gelmiş olan zirai üretim faaliyetleri, hizmetkâr ücretleri ve kira gelirleri gibi iktisadi ve sosyal hayatın temel alanlarıyla ilgili olarak ayrıntılı bilgilere ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çiftliklerde, istihdam edilen idari personel için ücretli işçiliğin, zirai faaliyetleri yürüten söz konusu işçiler için ise ortakçılığın varlığı tespit edilmiştir. İlgili çiftliklerin piyasaya yönelik üretim yapmadıkları, İmparatorluk dahilindeki fabrikaların hammadde kaynaklarının temini ve bu kaynakların temininde sürekliliğin sağlanması amacıyla kuruldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.
Books by Ertuğrul ÇAM
Thesis Chapters by Ertuğrul ÇAM