Papers by Muh'd Idris Misau
Optimization of reaction condition for biodiesel production from microalgae
In this paper, the optimum condition for the production of biodiesel from microalgae was reported... more In this paper, the optimum condition for the production of biodiesel from microalgae was reported. A base catalyzed method was successfully used in the synthesis of biodiesel from microalgae. This study satisfied the objectives of base (NaOH) catalyzed transesterification. Characterization of methyl ester and determination of optimum condition such as alcohol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature were the best strategy for the yield of biodiesel. The results obtained for both oil and biodiesel properties were; specific gravity 0.916 and 0.892, iodine value 120.30 and 119.0 gI2/g, pH 7.32 and 7.85, heating value 39.95 kJ/g, saponification value 187.52 and 187.50, acid value 2.58, flash point 372.86°C and Cetane number 48.63 and were compared with ASTMD6751 standards for biodiesel. Based on the amount of microalgae oil used (50 g), maximum yields were obtained at the following conditions; 6:1 methanol to oil ratio, 0.7 g catalyst, 60°C reaction temperature.
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
This study was carried out to investigate the potential of oil-free-cake dry seed kernels of dese... more This study was carried out to investigate the potential of oil-free-cake dry seed kernels of desert date (Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile) for simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions from Battery Industry Effluent using standard methods in a batch sorption process.. The battery effluent was mimicked by dissolving known concentration of metal ions in distilled water. The optimum conditions for the simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions were: pH (6), contact time (105 min) and adsorbent dosage (6.5 g). The results obtained showed that the biosorbent was effective for the simultaneous removal of Pb (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions with removal efficiencies of up to 87.7%, 78.6% and 61.6% respectively. The consistency of the model-predicted optimum conditions were confirmed by conducting experiments under those conditions. It was found that the experimental removal efficiencies under optimum conditions were very close (less than a 5% error) to the mo...
Crude oil production is accompanied by generation of large volumes of produced water. The produc... more Crude oil production is accompanied by generation of large volumes of produced water. The produced water contains both dissolved and dispersed oil and these pose health hazards to human health and contamination of the environment. In this work, banana peel, an agricultural waste was used to remove the oil component from produced water. The peel samples were dried, size-reduced and characterized for functional groups, surface morphology, elemental composition and surface area using FTIR, SEM, EDS, and BET analytical equipment respectively. Standard methods were employed for the production of biosorbent and removal of oil using batch process. The result of EDS spectroscopy revealed that the peel contained 88.52% C; 5.69% O; 2.19% Si; 2.80% K; and 0.80% Ca. Biosorption study with the peel showed that it can be used in the removal of oil (dissolved and dispersed oil) from produced water providing almost complete removal at an equivalent dosage of 267 mg banana peel per litter produced ...
Particulate Science and Technology, 2020
Chitosan synthesized from the Pessu river crab shell was screened to coarse (CC, 600 mm), medium ... more Chitosan synthesized from the Pessu river crab shell was screened to coarse (CC, 600 mm), medium (MC, 300 mm) and fine (FC, 150 mm) aggregate for phenol removal. The aggregates were characterized for surface chemistry, surface morphology, thermal behavior, and surface texture. The surface chemistry showed the characteristics primary and secondary amine/amide groups of chitosan. The values of specific surface area are 191, 226, and 209 m 2 /g for CC, MC, and FC, respectively. The effects of initial concentration (10-300 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.5-2.0 g/L), contact time (0-100 min), temperature (20-70 C) and solution pH (2.6-8.7) were evaluated in phenol removal. Coarse chitosan displayed a maximum adsorption capacity of 59.3 mg/g, in which mesopore filling and ionic interactions are the possible adsorption mechanisms. Sips isotherm model fitted well with the equilibrium data (R 2 ¼ 0.988 and SSE ¼ 33.74), suggesting the adsorption onto a heterogeneous surface through adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Kinetics data are best described by the pseudo-first-order model (R 2 ! 0.98 and SSE 2.88), indicating that external diffusion is the significant step in phenol adsorption. Chitosan derived from crab shell is a promising adsorbent for the removal of phenol from wastewater.
Adsorption dynamics of phenol by crab shell chitosan
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2020
The performance of crab shell chitosan (600 µm) as prospective adsorbent for phenol removal was s... more The performance of crab shell chitosan (600 µm) as prospective adsorbent for phenol removal was studied in dynamics mode. The chitosan adsorbent had specific surface area of 191 m2/g and showed the surface characteristics linked to amine/amide groups. The effects of operating conditions on phenol adsorption at different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L), flow rates (2.17 and 2.90 mL/min) and bed heights (1.75 and 3.5 cm) were evaluated. Results showed that the maximum phenol adsorption capacity by the crab shell chitosan was recorded at 190 mg/g. Thomas, Yoon–Nelson and Adam–Bohart models displayed good correlation with experimental data, hence best described the dynamics breakthrough of phenol removal. External and internal diffusion were the rate controlling mechanism, while the entire system was predominated by a simultaneous steady state process of intraparticle diffusion and ionic interactions. The crab shell chitosan shows a promising potential as adsorbent for wastewater trea...
Water Practice and Technology, 2020
The aim of this study was to evaluate the adsorption dynamics of crab shell chitosan/neem leaf co... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the adsorption dynamics of crab shell chitosan/neem leaf composite against methylene blue dye at varying concentrations (50 and 200 mg/L), bed depths (2.5 and 5.0 cm), and flow rates (2.17 and 2.90 mL/min). The chitosan composite has a specific surface of 258 m2/g. Its surface is rich in amine/amide groups. The results reflect better dye adsorption at higher operating conditions. The maximum dye adsorption capacity observed was almost 77 mg/g. The kinetics models showed good correlation with the experimental data and described the breakthrough behaviour of dye removal. The Thomas model predicts external and internal diffusion as the rate controlling mechanisms, while the Adams-Bohart model indicates a simultaneous steady state process of intraparticle diffusion and ionic interaction. Chitosan composite is a promising adsorbent candidate for dye wastewater treatment.
Path of Science, 2019
Polystyrene is extensively used in building and construction industry, packaging and transportati... more Polystyrene is extensively used in building and construction industry, packaging and transportation of fragile equipment due its low density, high melting point, low thermal conductivity, low water absorption, etc. Polystyrene after usage is usually discarded thereby causing environmental problems. The post-usage of polystyrene has, therefore, been a subject of intense research in recent times. The aim of this work is to produce adhesive from polystyrene wastes. Polystyrene waste (PS) was collected, processed and dissolved in tackifyer and formulated with diphnyle amine and diethylene glycol dibenzoate additives to produce adhesive using 3 levels variables factors and 4 levels testing factors of design expert optimization software. The produced adhesive was further characterized for viscosity, pH, percentages solid and moisture contents for their response surfaces. The results showed that the best fit viscosity for each run was Run 1B> Run 5A > Run 5D> Run 5B>Run 4D based on the regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pH values obtained ranged from 4.0 to 6.3; percentage moisture content was in the order of Run 1B < 5A<4D<4B and percentage solid content was in the order of Run 1B<5A<4D. The best fitted adhesive was run 1B with 5.93 % moisture content; 5A has 7.57 % moisture content and 4D with 8.76% moisture content. The percentage solid content; Run 1B has 67.19 %, 5A has 68.16 % and 4D has 75.50 %. The produced adhesives were found within the standard range of adhesives used in production of particleboard.
Path of Science, 2019
Water pollution is one of the major challenges in cities and industrialized areas of the world. T... more Water pollution is one of the major challenges in cities and industrialized areas of the world. The effluent from Gombe ternary wastewater pollutes the surrounding waters thereby constituting health threat to the populace within its vicinity. In view of the above, a bio-sorption study of zinc and lead ions from Gombe ternary wastewater using doum palm seed kernel was carried out. The wastewater was characterized and was found to contain 0.03 mg/l lead metal ion and 0.81 mg/l zinc ion. The doum palm kernel bio-sorbent was obtained after oil extraction from the seed and processed as contained in the method mentioned in this paper. The kernel residue was characterized for functional groups using FTIR, surface morphology using SEM, surface area using BET, and elemental composition using XRF. The results indicated that the doum palm kernel is harmless, and possesses functional groups on its surface, which may be substituted with the metallic ions present in the wastewater. This gives the kernel the ability to adsorb positively charged ions on its surface by simple chemisorption. This mechanism is supported by the rough surface observed in the scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption and desorption of nitrogen was made at STP and the curve indicated very high correlation of close to unity. The surface area measured by multi BET method was recorded as 13.464 m 2 /g. This value is not high enough to adsorb metals by physical adsorption.
Path of Science, 2021
The paper reported on the characterization of CTS oil-based biodiesel-diesel blends. The study... more The paper reported on the characterization of CTS oil-based biodiesel-diesel blends. The study's primary objective are the physicochemical characterization of oil and biodiesel from Cassia Tora seed (CTS) oil, characterization of CTS oil-based biodiesel using FTIR and GCMS analysis. Extraction revealed the pres-ence of 8.8% oil in Cassia Tora seed. The CTS biodiesel's viscosity was found to be 0.9092, which is well above the petroleum diesel. The physiochemical characterization showed that 5, 12.5 and 20 % CTS oil-based biodiesel-diesel blends are within acceptable limit for combustion engine without modification having viscosities of 0.8744, 0.8764, and 0.8787 respec-tively while 100% CTS oil-based biodiesel would require upgrading to meet up with the recommended standard for fuel used as diesel in internal combustion engines. FTIR and GCMS analysis showed functional groups and characteristic peaks of fatty acids and methyl ester with carbon range from C13–C17, C16 constitu...
Global Journal of Research In Engineering, 2015
T his paper reports the potential of watermelon seed as a natural coagulant for water treatment. ... more T his paper reports the potential of watermelon seed as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It was aimed at identifying watermelon seed as a possible replacement for alum and other synthetic polyelectrolytes in treating water. Laboratory scale studies using jar test experiments were performed on medium turbid water to determine the effect of dosage, pH stirring time and speed on coagulation. Results obtained showed that at dosage of 0.1g/L, pH of 7.0, stirring time of 8 minutes and mixing speed of 100rpm, optimal removal of turbidity was obtained. The reduction in turbidity was below the world health organizations (WHO) recommended value of 5NTU, however the best colour removal was not up to the WHO recommended value of 40TCU. When used in combination with alum, it caused unfavourable changes in the pH of the treated water howeverwith 20% alum as coagulant aid, the best colour and turbidity removal at acceptable pH was obtained, with residual turbidity of 0.89 NTU and residual ...
Produced water discharged into surrounding waters and/or oil spillage during transportation, stor... more Produced water discharged into surrounding waters and/or oil spillage during transportation, storage, and handling poses a major threat to aquatic life and causes havoc to the environment. This paper aims at reporting a low-cost waste material replacing the expensive chemical dispersant in the removal of oil from oil polluted waters. Eggshell was used as the treating agent by surface treatment or modification with hexadecyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide surfactant solution (HDTMA-Br). The surface modified eggshell (SMES) was used in the removal of oil from laboratory synthesized oil-water mixture. At an equilibrium dose of 1600 mg/L, the SMES was able to remove 91.21% of the oil within the first five minutes and the total oil (194mg/L) in 25 minutes. The effect of contact time on oil removal using SMES by batch biosorption was also investigated at constant pH (7.4), stirring speed (700rpm) and temperature (28 o C). From the batch sorption study using SMES, data generated were tested on...
Physicochemical modification of chitosan adsorbent: a perspective
Chitosan is a low-cost natural adsorbent. Its derivatives from chemical and physical modification... more Chitosan is a low-cost natural adsorbent. Its derivatives from chemical and physical modification processes possess superior properties for wide applications to meet the growing demands. The chemical modification includes replacement reactions, chain elongation and depolymerization, while the physical modification is to obtain polymeric forms such as powders, nanoparticles and gels. This paper is aimed to highlight the present trends in chitosan preparation and modification, the enhancement in adsorptive properties and the remarks into future directions. The mechanisms involved in adsorption by chitosan derivatives and how the spent adsorbent can be regenerated were also discussed. Meanwhile, for the adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater, chitosan modified with activated carbon showed a better adsorption capacity of 90.90 mg g−1 for Cr(VI) and 50.50 mg g−1 for Cd(II), and for dye adsorption, chitosan modified with activated neem leave showed better adsorption capacity of 90.8 m...
Water purification is a process used to enhance water quality and make it more acceptable for spe... more Water purification is a process used to enhance water quality and make it more acceptable for specific end-use. The rising increase for portable drinking water has made natural coagulant application for water purification a welcome development. Most reported researches were on the use of natural coagulants in a laboratory batch scale. Because of those above, a bench-scale laboratory study was carried out on the application of Balanites Aegyptiaca seed as a natural coagulant. The outcome showed its usefulness toward water purification. This paper reported the developed bench-scale water treatment plant's performance utilising Balanites Aegyptiaca seed stock solution and the powdered kennel as bio-coagulant. Some design equations were adopted. The treatment units considered include coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration. The total tank design capacity was 20 litres with the overflow area's actual size for sedimentation of 7.46 litres. 0.5 Hp electric motor wit...
Crude oil production is accompanied by generation of large volumes of produced water. The produc... more Crude oil production is accompanied by generation of large volumes of produced water. The produced water contains both dissolved and dispersed oil and these pose health hazards to human health and contamination of the environment. In this work, banana peel, an agricultural waste was used to remove the oil component from produced water. The peel samples were dried, size-reduced and characterized for functional groups, surface morphology, elemental composition and surface area using FTIR, SEM, EDS, and BET analytical equipment respectively. Standard methods were employed for the production of biosorbent and removal of oil using batch process. The result of EDS spectroscopy revealed that the peel contained 88.52% C; 5.69% O; 2.19% Si; 2.80% K; and 0.80% Ca. Biosorption study with the peel showed that it can be used in the removal of oil (dissolved and dispersed oil) from produced water providing almost complete removal at an equivalent dosage of 267 mg banana peel per litter produced ...
Particulate Science and Technology, 2020
Chitosan synthesized from the Pessu river crab shell was screened to coarse (CC, 600 mm), medium ... more Chitosan synthesized from the Pessu river crab shell was screened to coarse (CC, 600 mm), medium (MC, 300 mm) and fine (FC, 150 mm) aggregate for phenol removal. The aggregates were characterized for surface chemistry, surface morphology, thermal behavior, and surface texture. The surface chemistry showed the characteristics primary and secondary amine/amide groups of chitosan. The values of specific surface area are 191, 226, and 209 m 2 /g for CC, MC, and FC, respectively. The effects of initial concentration (10-300 mg/L), adsorbent dosage (0.5-2.0 g/L), contact time (0-100 min), temperature (20-70 C) and solution pH (2.6-8.7) were evaluated in phenol removal. Coarse chitosan displayed a maximum adsorption capacity of 59.3 mg/g, in which mesopore filling and ionic interactions are the possible adsorption mechanisms. Sips isotherm model fitted well with the equilibrium data (R 2 ¼ 0.988 and SSE ¼ 33.74), suggesting the adsorption onto a heterogeneous surface through adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Kinetics data are best described by the pseudo-first-order model (R 2 ! 0.98 and SSE 2.88), indicating that external diffusion is the significant step in phenol adsorption. Chitosan derived from crab shell is a promising adsorbent for the removal of phenol from wastewater.
Adsorption dynamics of phenol by crab shell chitosan
International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, 2020
The performance of crab shell chitosan (600 µm) as prospective adsorbent for phenol removal was s... more The performance of crab shell chitosan (600 µm) as prospective adsorbent for phenol removal was studied in dynamics mode. The chitosan adsorbent had specific surface area of 191 m2/g and showed the surface characteristics linked to amine/amide groups. The effects of operating conditions on phenol adsorption at different concentrations (100 and 200 mg/L), flow rates (2.17 and 2.90 mL/min) and bed heights (1.75 and 3.5 cm) were evaluated. Results showed that the maximum phenol adsorption capacity by the crab shell chitosan was recorded at 190 mg/g. Thomas, Yoon–Nelson and Adam–Bohart models displayed good correlation with experimental data, hence best described the dynamics breakthrough of phenol removal. External and internal diffusion were the rate controlling mechanism, while the entire system was predominated by a simultaneous steady state process of intraparticle diffusion and ionic interactions. The crab shell chitosan shows a promising potential as adsorbent for wastewater trea...
International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 2018
The combination of Irish potato waste (IPW) and poultry waste (PW) can form a synergy resulting i... more The combination of Irish potato waste (IPW) and poultry waste (PW) can form a synergy resulting into an effective substrate for a better biogas production due to some materials they contain. In this work, optimization and kinetic study of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of IPW and PW was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize conditions such as initial pH, solids concentrations and waste ratios. The anaerobic digestion of the two wastes was carried out in the mesophilic condition and Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to develop and analyze a predictive model which describes the biogas yield. The results revealed that there is a good fit between the experimental and the predicted biogas yield as revealed by the coefficient of determination (R2) value of 97.93%. Optimization using quadratic RSM predicts biogas yield of 19.75% at the optimal conditions of initial pH value 7.28, solids concentration (w/v) 9.85% and waste ratio (IPW:PW) 45:55%...
Water Practice and Technology, 2020
The aim of this study was to evaluate the adsorption dynamics of crab shell chitosan/neem leaf co... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the adsorption dynamics of crab shell chitosan/neem leaf composite against methylene blue dye at varying concentrations (50 and 200 mg/L), bed depths (2.5 and 5.0 cm), and flow rates (2.17 and 2.90 mL/min). The chitosan composite has a specific surface of 258 m2/g. Its surface is rich in amine/amide groups. The results reflect better dye adsorption at higher operating conditions. The maximum dye adsorption capacity observed was almost 77 mg/g. The kinetics models showed good correlation with the experimental data and described the breakthrough behaviour of dye removal. The Thomas model predicts external and internal diffusion as the rate controlling mechanisms, while the Adams-Bohart model indicates a simultaneous steady state process of intraparticle diffusion and ionic interaction. Chitosan composite is a promising adsorbent candidate for dye wastewater treatment.
Path of Science, 2019
Polystyrene is extensively used in building and construction industry, packaging and transportati... more Polystyrene is extensively used in building and construction industry, packaging and transportation of fragile equipment due its low density, high melting point, low thermal conductivity, low water absorption, etc. Polystyrene after usage is usually discarded thereby causing environmental problems. The post-usage of polystyrene has, therefore, been a subject of intense research in recent times. The aim of this work is to produce adhesive from polystyrene wastes. Polystyrene waste (PS) was collected, processed and dissolved in tackifyer and formulated with diphnyle amine and diethylene glycol dibenzoate additives to produce adhesive using 3 levels variables factors and 4 levels testing factors of design expert optimization software. The produced adhesive was further characterized for viscosity, pH, percentages solid and moisture contents for their response surfaces. The results showed that the best fit viscosity for each run was Run 1B> Run 5A > Run 5D> Run 5B>Run 4D based on the regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pH values obtained ranged from 4.0 to 6.3; percentage moisture content was in the order of Run 1B < 5A<4D<4B and percentage solid content was in the order of Run 1B<5A<4D. The best fitted adhesive was run 1B with 5.93 % moisture content; 5A has 7.57 % moisture content and 4D with 8.76% moisture content. The percentage solid content; Run 1B has 67.19 %, 5A has 68.16 % and 4D has 75.50 %. The produced adhesives were found within the standard range of adhesives used in production of particleboard.
Path of Science, 2019
In diversifying the economies of most oil producing countries especially in regions with arable l... more In diversifying the economies of most oil producing countries especially in regions with arable lands, Agriculture becomes the next choice aside mineral deposits. This has led to a search for an alternative to inorganic fertilizers, the alternatives are the biofertilizers. The paper discussed the classification of the anaerobic co-digestion process based on the application of inoculants to the biodigester feedstock to speed up the digestion process and the absence of inoculants. Biodigester feedstock also looked at the various mechanisms in the digestion process which includes hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis, the pathways were illustrated with chemical equations and various microorganisms that take part in the anaerobic process were mentioned and tabulated. The types of biofertilizers, merits, and demerits, the difference between biofertilizers and organic fertilizers were comprehensively discussed. Current trends on the application of the co-digestion technique to improve the yield, nutrient, and safety of biofertilizers and also the recent progression on the technique were mentioned.
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Papers by Muh'd Idris Misau