MORINGA oleifera

A large number of the plants are claimed to possess the antibiotic properties in the traditional system and are also used extensively by the tribal people throughout the world. It is now mostly thought that nature has given the cure of every disease in one form or another. Plants have been known to cure people from various diseases in Ayurveda. Effects of crude extracts of the petals of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, cucurbita maxima, leaves of Moringa oliefera , aerial parts of C. leucanthemum and rhizome of Acorus calamus were studied for the antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The research showed that the methanolic extract were more effective than the aqueous extract. The antioxidant activity of the five samples were carried out using DPPH which showed that out of the five plants Moringa oliefera and Acorus Calamus has better antioxidant properties which could be very useful against reactive oxygen species that are formed during oxidative stress.

Moringa oleifera (Mo) belong to the family Moringaceae with 14species, originated from South America, Africa and Indian Subcontinent. The kernel can be used for oil production, medicine, food supplement and water purification. In this study, four different types of extraction methods; namely cold pressing (CP), enzyme assisted cold pressing (EACP), enzyme assisted aqueous extraction (EAAE) and solvent extraction (SE) were used to produce oil from Mo kernel. The oil yield and oil recovery obtained were 8% and 23% for CP, 12% and 36% for EACP, 23% and 70% for EAAE and 23% and 99% for SE, respectively. The influence of different extraction methods on the microstructure of Mo kernel and flake were investigated. The physicochemical properties, antioxidant properties, oxidative activities and storage stability of the extracted oil were assessed. The fatty acid profile of the extracted oil was analysed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS), which reveal the monounsaturated fatt...

For over two decades, Benin has experienced a steady rise in market gardening production. However, this growth has not translated into selfsufficiency, as the country continues to rely on imports from neighboring nations during lean seasons. Analyzing the factors influencing the choice of local market garden crops could provide valuable insights for addressing this issue. This study employed a multivariate probit model to identify the determinants influencing the adoption of specific market garden crops, namely tomato, pepper, onion, krinkrin, and okra, on farms in southern Benin. The research was conducted using a randomly selected sample of 474 market gardeners. Findings revealed interdependence and complementarity in the adoption of the various crops studied. Notably, most surveyed producers preferred adopting combinations of either two (27.43%) or four (25.74%) crops at a time. Moreover, key factors influencing crop adoption included the presence of a local market, the farmers' level of education, access to a telephone network, the nature of the area, particularly its proximity to the water table, and the security of farming sites.

a los 10,25 días. La curva de crecimiento estuvo representada por un modelo cuadrático (y = 0,1238x 2 -0,3990x + 2,1052) con un mayor crecimiento a partir del día 56. Las diferencias para la altura, y número de hojas fueron significativas (P < 0,05) entre los intervalos evaluados, no así para el grosor del tallo que presentó diferencias a partir del día 77. El peso seco de la raíz (56,17 g) a los 90 días fue mayor (P < 0,05) que el de la parte aérea (41,59 g). Se debe considerar en estudios posteriores períodos mayores en la fase de vivero.

My supervisors Prof Simiso Dube and Prof Mathew M.M Nindi for affording me the opportunity to join their research group. I truly appreciate their mentorship, the constant support throughout my studies and for bearing with my complaints. My greatest gratitude is for affording me the opportunity of learning how to work independently and to take control of my own work. My cousins who helped me to grind the seeds. My fellow postgraduate students from the UNISA Chemistry Department that contributed towards my work in anyway. Your contributions were too many for me to mention individually. A special thank you to Dr Vimbai Mhuka for the editorial work on my dissertation. Mark Smith, Vusi Masilela and Dr K. Wellington of CSIR for helping with the interpretation of the FTIR and NMR data. A special acknowledgement to UNISA Grow Your Own Timber and NRF for the financial support. Without these funds completing this work would have been impossible. v SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION Conference presentations  "Methodology development for quality control and quality assurance for Moringa oleifera seeds" School of Science Postgraduates' Symposium, UNISA, Florida, 12 September 2014, oral presentation.  "Methodology development for quality control and quality assurance for Moringa oleifera seeds" School of Science Postgraduates' Symposium, UNISA, Florida, 30 September 2015, oral presentation.  "Methodology development for quality control and quality assurance for Moringa oleifera seeds using Liquid chromatography" South Africa Chemical Institute (SACI)

Protease inhibitors are well known to have several applications in medicine and biotechnology. Several plant sources are known to return potential protease inhibitors. In this study plants belonging to different families of Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Graminae and Moringaceae were screened for the protease inhibitor. Among them Moringa oleifera, belonging to the family Moringaceae, recorded high level of protease inhibitor activity after ammonium sulfate fractionation. M. oleifera, which grows throughout most of the tropics and having several industrial and medicinal uses, was selected as a source of protease inhibitor since so far no reports were made on isolation of the protease inhibitor. Among the different parts of M. oleifera tested, the crude extract isolated from the mature leaves and seeds showed the highest level of inhibition against trypsin. Among the various extraction media evaluated, the crude extract prepared in phosphate buffer showed maximum recovery of the protease inhibitor. The protease inhibitor recorded high inhibitory activity toward the serine proteases thrombin, elastase, chymotrypsin and the cysteine

Purpose: This study evaluated effect of Moringa Oleifera (MO) gel and Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) in treatment of bone defect. Methods:16 defects were produced in 8 rabbits and divided randomly into 2 groups; group (1) buccal bone defect treated with MO hydrogel and PRF , group (2) buccal bone defect treated with PRF. Immunological and histological examination were assessed at 14 and 28 days. Results: After 14 days, PCNA and TGF-β1 showed moderate increased expression of cells in proliferating fibroblast as well as in the organized tissue with ill-defined new bone trabeculae in group 1 while, in group 2 there was mild positive expression in the proliferating fibrous tissue that was filling the defect area and to lesser extent in the proliferating fibroblast. After 28 days, there was increased expression of both PCNA and TGF-β1 of both groups. TGF-β1 was significantly higher in group 2 than group1.Masson's trichrome stained sections revealed that after 14 days, group(1)showed increased amount of collagen than group-2. After 28 days, there was an increased amount of osteoid tissue in group-2 than in group-1. Conclusion: MO gel + PRF has a promising effect in increasing bone regeneration .

Moringa oleifera (family Moringaceae) is the only genus which is cultivated most widely. Moringa is commonly known as drumstick tree, horseradish tree, benzoil tree etc. Moringa oleifera is very resistant, fast growing and requires very less amount of water to grow, i.e. it can grow also in drought conditions. Drumstick tree is a native of southern foothills of the Himalayas in north-west India, and it is widely cultivated in India in tropical and subtropical regions were the seed pods are used as a part of the diet. Moringa is used since the ancient times in India and is also a native from India. Moringa is having very high nutritional values with around 40 antioxidants and is rich in vitamins A, B, C, D, E and K. Not only vitamins but the plant is also very rich in mineral contents and contains Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn and Zn. The properties and contents of Moringa can cure a number of deficiencies and diseases. The consumption of moringa can control blood pressure, eyesight, prepare...

In recent years, biological extracts have emerged as promising agents for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibiting strong antibacterial properties. This study was designed to synthesize and optimize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. Fresh M. oleifera leaves were boiled to prepare aqueous extracts, which were mixed with 1 mM AgNO₃ solution under direct sunlight to drive nanoparticle formation. A distinct color change from pale yellow to dark brown within 30 minutes indicated AgNPs synthesis, which was confirmed using UV-Vis spectroscopy (SPR peak at 434 nm). The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using well diffusion and disc diffusion assays. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial potential. In well diffusion, inhibition zones were 15.0±0.5, 17.8±0.7, and 20.2±0.8mm at 25, 50, and 100µg/mL, respectively. In disc diffusion, inhibition zones were 21.5±1.5mm (50µg/disc) and 27.3±2.0mm (100µg/disc). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) analysis revealed complete inhibition of E. coli growth at 5.0mM AgNP concentration, showing a clear dose-dependent effect. This study demonstrates a green, cost-effective, and efficient method for AgNP synthesis using M. oleifera leaf extract. The nanoparticles displayed significant antimicrobial activity, suggesting their potential application as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents in biomedical and environmental domains.

Salah satu masalah utama penambangan tanah liat adalah tidak efisiennya pemanfaatan lahan pascatambang yang sudah tidak produktif lagi, misalnya pada lahan quarry di Kabupaten Tuban yang memiliki potensi sumber air yang belum termanfaatkan, sedangkan kegiatan masyarakat disekitar lahan kuari adalah bertani padi. Sehingga perlu adanya studi untuk menentukan jenis kegiatan yang menggabungkan aktivitas pertanian, perikanan dan penambangan, salah satunya Rice-Fish Culture System (RFCS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian lahan bekas tambang tanah liat sebagai media budidaya berdasarkan analisis produktivitas ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dalam Rice-Fish Culture System. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap, terdapat 3 perlakuan pada media budidaya yaitu penggunaan Tanah lahan Bekas Tambang (TLBT) dan Tanah Permukaan (TP) dengan masing masing perbandingan setiap perlakuan yaitu 1:0 (A), 1:1 (B), dan 0:1 (C/Kontrol) dengan 3 kali ...

The present study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activities of the methanol extract of three edible plants, namely Xanthosoma mafaffa, Moringa oleifera and Passiflora edulis and their synergistic effects with some commonly used antibiotics against MDR Gram-negative bacteria expressing active efflux pumps. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of the extracts, as well as those of antibiotics in association with the extracts. The phytochemical test indicate that all tested crude extracts contained polyphenols, triterpenes and steroids whilst other phytochemical classes were selectively distributed. Extracts showed antibacterial activities with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 128-1024 μg/mL on the majority of the 19 tested Gram-negative bacterial strains. Extract from the pericarp of P. edulis inhibited the growth of 89.5% of the 19 tested bacterial s...

The scarcity of water has become a growing problem worldwide. The search for new sources has therefore intensified, and one of these sources is greywater. The objective of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of three different coagulants obtained from Moringa oleifera seed (seed husk, ground seed, and degreased) in synthetic greywater. The methodology is planned in stages; in the first stage, these seeds were selected, unsheathed, and dried in the sun for 24 hours, and the coagulant was synthesized by a 1 M NaCl solution. In the second stage, the synthetic greywater was prepared in a laboratory and included personal cleaning products and additional chemical components. Finally, a statistical test was employed to evaluate the removal of turbidity and the incidence and behavior of the turbidity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen over seven periods and the type of coagulant. It was found that the coagulant degreased obtained the highest percentage of removal (85%) and the coagulant from seed husk had the lowest efficiency with 75%. On the other hand, it was found that parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen depend on the type of coagulant, while conductivity and alkalinity do not depend on time or the type of coagulant.

INTRODUCTION Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in controlling non-linear, flexible, and parallel systems (Alvarez, 2006). They have been successfully applied in various fields, including photogrammetry (Li et al.

Despite the recognized efficiency of natural coagulants, their widespread adoption in the water treatment industry remains low. Our study evaluates the effectiveness of three natural coagulants-Moringa Oleifera, Yausa (Abutilon Insigne Planch), and Breadfruit (Artocarpus Altilis)-in reducing water turbidity levels of 40-50 NTU. Among these, two are native plant species potentially applicable in rural Colombian areas, where there are evident disparities in water infrastructure. This research contributes to the development of these coagulants, exploring their integration with existing water treatment methods, determining their optimal concentrations, and efficiencies in turbidity removal. Our findings reveal significant turbidity removal efficiencies: 88.9% for Moringa Oleifera, 83.3% for Yausa, and 67.2% for Breadfruit. These results indicate the feasibility of these agents as sustainable replacements for traditional chemical coagulants, exhibiting a level of effectiveness alike to that observed in Moringa Oleifera. However, challenges in practical implementation and sustainability, covering technical, environmental, economic, and social aspects, are notable obstacles. The aim of this study is to not only demonstrate the effectiveness of these natural coagulants but also to encourage their broader acceptance and integration into sustainable water treatment practices incorporating two unstudied plant species, such as Yausa and Breadfruit, furthering research to overcome existing challenges.

Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) treatment has alleviated the drastic effect of salinity in growth parameters (leaf area, dry weight of grains and photosynthetic pigments) and chemical constituents (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and proline content in two wheat cultivars (Sohag 3 and Giza 168). The effect of GA 3 on alleviation of damaging effects of different levels of salinity was studied in view of, wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L. Sohag 3 and Giza 168) were screened for germination and growth responses to different NaCl concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). After four weeks, two groups; each of pots were sprayed with GA 3 (100 mg L - 1 synthetic plant growth regulators). The result in this report reveals that the wheat cv. Sohag 3 was the most sensitive to salinity, while cv. Giza 168 was the most tolerant. Thus salinity stress had no effect on leaf area, photosynthetic pigment and consequently crop yield at mild salinity (100 mM), while in cv. Sohag 3, there was a marked and progressive reduction in these parameters by increasing the salinity stress even at the lowest salinity (50 mM) level used. Carbohydrate and proline content increased significantly by salinity stress in the different organs of the two wheat cultivars except for Giza 168 stem where carbohydrates were significant declined by salinity stress. Soluble protein content varied not only between the two wheat cultivars but also between the different organs. While salinity stress induced a significant increase in the soluble protein content in root and leaf, on the other hand it declined the soluble protein in stem of Giza 168. In cv. Sohag 3, the soluble protein content in root and stem decreased slightly by increasing salinity in the soil, this reduction was obvious only at higher salinization. While in leaves the soluble protein content increased markedly by salinity stress. Proline concentration in root, stem and leaf of both cultivars significantly increased with increasing salinity in soil. The accumulation was greater in the salt sensitive cv. Sohag 3 compared to the salt tolerant cv. Giza 168 especially at higher salinity concentration. GA 3 treatments (100 ppm) improved the growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments and consequently the crop yield of two wheats cultivars. This was injudged with the observable increase in protein content in the different organs of the two wheat cultivars.

There is an increasing incidence of obesity in the world. It is associated with an increased risk of many chronic diseases, from diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, strokes and cancers, to many digestive diseases. The World Health Organisation projects that, by 2015, approximately 2.3 billion adults will be overweight globally, and that at least 700 million people will be obese. Evidence supports the contribution of both excess energy intake and decreased energy expenditure as major contributing factors in the obesity epidemic. Research also suggests that a personʼs risk of becoming obese increased by 57% if a friend became obese.

The 13 species of medicinal plants in the genus Moringa have long been used to cure a variety of conditions, such as diabetes, colds, and wounds. Originating in tropical areas, Moringa Oleifera is a nutrient-dense plant that provides a wealth of vitamins and minerals, important amino acids, and high-quality protein. Functional ingredients like as proteins, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, and carbohydrates are abundant in its leaves, roots, seeds, and green pods. This study highlights the medicinal potential of moringa, including its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antioxidant, and antidiabetic qualities, while summarizing the body of research on the plant's traditional usage, chemical makeup, biological effects, and safety profile. Moringa Oleifera is a useful resource for correcting nutritional deficiencies and increasing overall well-being because of its widespread cultivation and minimal invasive potential.

Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) treatment has alleviated the drastic effect of salinity in growth parameters (leaf area, dry weight of grains and photosynthetic pigments) and chemical constituents (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and proline content in two wheat cultivars (Sohag 3 and Giza 168). The effect of GA 3 on alleviation of damaging effects of different levels of salinity was studied in view of, wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L. Sohag 3 and Giza 168) were screened for germination and growth responses to different NaCl concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). After four weeks, two groups; each of pots were sprayed with GA 3 (100 mg L - 1 synthetic plant growth regulators). The result in this report reveals that the wheat cv. Sohag 3 was the most sensitive to salinity, while cv. Giza 168 was the most tolerant. Thus salinity stress had no effect on leaf area, photosynthetic pigment and consequently crop yield at mild salinity (100 mM), while in cv. Sohag 3, there was a marked and progressive reduction in these parameters by increasing the salinity stress even at the lowest salinity (50 mM) level used. Carbohydrate and proline content increased significantly by salinity stress in the different organs of the two wheat cultivars except for Giza 168 stem where carbohydrates were significant declined by salinity stress. Soluble protein content varied not only between the two wheat cultivars but also between the different organs. While salinity stress induced a significant increase in the soluble protein content in root and leaf, on the other hand it declined the soluble protein in stem of Giza 168. In cv. Sohag 3, the soluble protein content in root and stem decreased slightly by increasing salinity in the soil, this reduction was obvious only at higher salinization. While in leaves the soluble protein content increased markedly by salinity stress. Proline concentration in root, stem and leaf of both cultivars significantly increased with increasing salinity in soil. The accumulation was greater in the salt sensitive cv. Sohag 3 compared to the salt tolerant cv. Giza 168 especially at higher salinity concentration. GA 3 treatments (100 ppm) improved the growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments and consequently the crop yield of two wheats cultivars. This was injudged with the observable increase in protein content in the different organs of the two wheat cultivars.

Metabolic disturbances are sometimes due to alterations in some biochemical parameters and thereby become an indicator for the assessment of metabolic syndrome. The present study evaluates the comparative effects of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina on some biochemical indices in male adult Wister rats. Thirty-two adult male Wister rats of average weight of 152 g. Rats were randomly assigned into four groups of eight each. Group one served as the control and each rat in this group received 2ml of distilled water orally and daily. Groups two and three received 2.5 g/ml of M. oleifera and V. amygdalina per body weight orally and daily. Group four received 2.5g/ml of M. oleifera with 2.5g of V. amygdalina per body weight orally and daily. Administration of the extract was done for 28 days. All the animals were sacrificed on the 29 th day by jugular puncture; part of their blood was collected into plain bottle and spun to obtain serum, and part into EDTA bottle for other analyses. It was observed that a significant increase in total protein was recorded for the group administered V. amygdalina and the combination of M. oleifera with V. amygdalina. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in globulin concentration was observed in the group administered only V. amygdalina as well as the group administered the combination. M. oleifera increased serum albumin compared to V. amygdalina and the combination, but decreased the serum bilirubin and creatinine concentration relative to V. amygdalina and the combination. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in urea level was observed in the group administered the combination of M. oleifera and V. amygdalina and the group administered only M. oleifera when compared to the control value. It is therefore inferred that, aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina has effects on biochemical indices of rats and can be exploited for adjustment purposes when imbalances in these biochemical indices exist and for monitoring some metabolic disturbances.

The excessive sun exposure, coupled with lack of sun protection represents one of the biggest risks to the occurrence of skin cancer and photoaging. Recent strategies for photoprotection have included the incorporation of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, into sunscreens, and the oral administration of natural antioxidant extracts. In this work, we use Brazilian red propolis extract because its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sun protection factor and antioxidant activity of different hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis (70% and 75%) prepared from lyophilized red propolis at room and high temperatures. The sun protection factor in vitro was determined by a spectrophotometric method developed by Mansur. The hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis incorporated with Filter UVA-UVB 5% Gel Permulem TR-1 presented absorption in the UVB region. Also, the in vitro capacity of the hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis to increase photoprotective activity of Filter UVA-UVB 5% Gel was evaluated. The hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis incorporated presented higher values of sun protection factor and showed synergism in the photoprotective activity of Filter UVA-UVB 5% Gel Permulem TR-1. The antioxidant activity and sun protection factor are correlated with total phenolics content of the extracts and the hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis 75% at room temperature was choosen. The formulation developed with Filter UVA-UVB 5% Gel Permulem TR-1 with this hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis showed safe to be applied on the skin according HET-CAM test. Suggests indication of hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis (75% -room temperature) associated to photoprotective formulations for use in photoprotective products.

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Jatropha curcas were investigated in mice and rats respectively. The phytochemical screening of the extract was also carried out. The analgesic effect was determined by acetic acid -induced writhing test in mice. While the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by egg albumin -induced oedema of the rat paw. Phytochemical screening was done by standard procedures. Jatropha curcas leaf extract (10-80mg/kg) caused a statistically significant inhibition on the egg albumin -induced eodema or inflammation in Wister albino rats with P < 0.001 (ANOVA). This effect was comparable to the observed effect with Piroxicam (0.5mg/kg) which was used as a standard. The effect was also dose-dependent. Furthermore, Jatropha curcas extract caused a statistically significant reduction in the number of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, with P < 0.001 (ANOVA). These effects were also dose-dependent and comparable to the analgesic effects obtained with paracetamol which was used as a reference drug. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids Alkaloids, tannins and saponins in Jatropha curcas leaf extract. Jatropha curcas can be recommended for acute inflammatory disorders and diseases associated with pains. This also supports its use traditionally as an anti-snake bite, rheumatism and anti-cancer or anti-tumor agent. Further study is on the way to find out the mechanism of its action and also to isolate, identify and characterize the active agent responsible for these effects in this plant. @ JASEM

The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae on the proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties of banana peel flour using the solid-state fermentation method in a tray bioreactor at 30°C for 96 h. Throughout fermentation, samples were obtained at different times (0/NF, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h), and analysed using standard procedures to determine the proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties. Based on the results, there were significant differences observed (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate content decreased by 3.35%, while the crude protein, fat, ash, and crude fibre contents increased by 11.12, 2.43, 10.99, and 3.50%, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide, saponin, oxalate, and phytate contents decreased by 42.59, 25, 23.83, and 43.82%, respectively. Water absorption capacity (WAC) and the water solubility index (WSI) increased by 3.94 and 37.14%, respectively, while oil absorption capacity (OAC) decreased by 4.48%. These results showed that the fermentation of banana peel flour by R. oryzae has potential benefits for the food industry due to its effect on chemical composition and functional properties.

The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of fermentation by Rhizopus oryzae on the proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties of banana peel flour using the solid-state fermentation method in a tray bioreactor at 30°C for 96 h. Throughout fermentation, samples were obtained at different times (0/NF, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h), and analysed using standard procedures to determine the proximate composition, anti-nutrient contents, and functional properties. Based on the results, there were significant differences observed (p &lt; 0.05). Carbohydrate content decreased by 3.35%, while the crude protein, fat, ash, and crude fibre contents increased by 11.12, 2.43, 10.99, and 3.50%, respectively. Hydrogen cyanide, saponin, oxalate, and phytate contents decreased by 42.59, 25, 23.83, and 43.82%, respectively. Water absorption capacity (WAC) and the water solubility index (WSI) increased by 3.94 and 37.14%, respectively, while oil absorption capacity (OAC) decre...

Background and Objectives: Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is a bioactive feed additive that frequently improves broiler growth performance and may therefore replace antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). To improve our understanding of SDP mechanisms of action, a 2-week experiment was conducted to compare the potency of porcine SDP and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) antibiotic to stimulate intestinal development in neonate chicks. Materials and Methods: Day-old (288) Ross 708 broiler male chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery and randomly assigned to 6 treatments in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of chicks given unmedicated corn-soybean meal basal diet containing no BMD or SDP (CX), at 0.055 g kgG 1 diet (MX), SDP at 10 g kgG 1 diet (SP1), SDP at 20 g kgG 1 diet (SP2), SDP at 30 g kgG 1 diet (SP3) and SDP at 40 g kgG 1 diet (SP4). On day 3, 7 and 14 of experiment, intestinal maltase activity was determined. Villi morphometrics was also measured in the jejunum (d 7). Results: On day 7, all chicks that consumed SDP and BMD had lower villus: crypt ratio (p = 0.0006) and higher goblet cell density (p < 0.0001) compared to CX. Furthermore, on day 14, ileal maltase activity was higher for all chicks that consumed SDP (3.036-3.065 µg glucose/min/mL/µg protein, p < 0.0001) compared to CX (3.025 µg glucose/min/mL/µg protein). Conclusion: Like BMD antibiotic, dietary SDP at 30 or 40 g kgG 1 diet improves feed conversion ratio in chicks in-part, by increasing ileal maltase activity, reducing intestinal villus/crypt ratio (indicative of ongoing villi renewal/regeneration) and increasing goblet cell density.

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the reproductive performance of rabbits fed Moringa oleifera leaves meal and Moringa oleifera twig meal at 0% 5% and 10% leaves meal (MLM) and 10% twigs meal (MTM). Method: Twenty Female grower rabbits of mixed breed with mean Initial weight of 2323.25 +33.12 and five New Zealand White buck. The animals were randomly allocated in completely randomized design. The data collected includes feed intake, conception rate, litter size, litter weight, weaning weight, and average daily weight gain and litter survival rate. Data were analysed using descriptive statistic and ANOVA at α0.05. Result and discussion: The results obtained reveals that feed intake, litter size and average daily weight gained were not significantly different. However conception rate was significantly (P&gt; 0.05) affected. The litter weight after birth was significantly higher in rabbits fed 10% MLM with least litter weight in rabbits fed no MLM/MTM. The weaning weigh...

This study investigates the effectiveness of natural materials, particularly Moringa oleifera seed
extract, in treating greywater for non-potable applications such as gardening, irrigation, and toilet
flushing. Given the increasing global water scarcity and the rising demand for sustainable water
management, greywater reuse is a promising alternative to alleviate the burden on freshwater
resources. The research evaluates the performance of Moringa oleifera in greywater treatment by
analyzing the impact of different variables such as mixing time, pH, coagulant dosage, and mixing
speed on water quality parameters including turbidity, pH, and microbial load.
Experimental results showed that Moringa oleifera seed extract significantly reduced turbidity and
microbial contaminants, making it an eco-friendly, low-cost treatment option. The treated water
quality met the requirements for non-potable reuse, demonstrating the feasibility of using Moringa
oleifera as a natural coagulant in decentralized greywater treatment systems. These findings
provide valuable insights into the application of natural coagulants for enhancing water clarity and
safety, supporting sustainable water management strategies in regions experiencing water stress.
The research also underscores the broader environmental benefits of greywater reuse, including
reduced freshwater demand and decreased environmental pollution. Overall, this study advances
the understanding of using Moringa oleifera in greywater treatment, highlighting its potential for
practical application in water purification and contributing to the global push for sustainable water
management solutions.

Moringa oleifera seeds are a promising resource for food and non-food applications, due to their content of monounsaturated fatty acids with a high monounsaturated/saturated fatty acids (MUFA/SFA) ratio, sterols and tocopherols, as well as proteins rich in sulfated amino acids. The rapid growth of Moringa trees in subtropical and tropical areas, even under conditions of prolonged drought, makes this plant a reliable resource to enhance the nutritional status of local populations and, if rationalized cultivation practices are exploited, their economy, given that a biodiesel fuel could be produced from a source not in competition with human food crops. Despite the relatively diffuse use of Moringa seeds and their oil in traditional medicine, no pharmacological activity study has been conducted on humans. Some encouraging evidence, however, justifies new efforts to obtain clear and definitive information on the benefits to human health arising from seed consumption. A critical review of literature data concerning the composition of Moringa oil has set in motion a plan for future investigations. Such investigations, using the seeds and oil, will focus on cultivation conditions to improve plant production, and will study the health effects on human consumers of Moringa seeds and their oil.

Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. In this manuscript, we review studies concerning the cultivation and production of moringa along with genetic diversity among different accessions and populations. Different methods of propagation, establishment and cultivation are discussed. Moringa oleifera shows diversity in many characters and extensive morphological variability, which may provide a resource for its improvement. Great genetic variability is present in the natural and cultivated accessions, but no collection of cultivated and wild accessions currently exists. A germplasm bank encompassing the genetic variability present in Moringa is needed to perform breeding programmes and develop elite varieties adapted to local conditions. Alimentary and medicinal uses of moringa are reviewed, alongside the production of biodiesel. Finally, being that the leaves are the most used part of the plant, their contents in terms of bioactive compounds and their pharmacological properties are discussed. Many studies conducted on cell lines and animals seem concordant in their support for these properties. However, there are still too few studies on humans to

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of replacing soybean meal in fish diets with the cheaper alternative plant protein moringa meal (Moringa oleifera) on growth and body composition of Labeo rohita fingerlings. L. rohita (average weight 190.25±00g) were stocked randomly in glass aquaria for a 90 day feeding trial. Fish were fed twice daily with four different iso-nitrogenous diets at a feeding level of 3% of total biomass. The diets contained 26% crude protein in which moringa meal substituted soybean meal at 0% (control), 10%, 20% and 30%, with the groups fed these diets designated as T 0 , T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , respectively. The highest weight gain (254.00±4.24 g) was recorded in T 3 and lowest in T 0 (80.97±17.80 g). Significant differences (P < 0.01) were observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) between T 3 (1.81±0.06) and T 1 (2.70±0.13) and specific growth rate (SGR) of T 3 (0.42±00) and T 1 (0.25±0.01). These findings indicated that M. oleifera meal has good potential to substitute soybean meal as a relatively cheap and good quality plant protein source without any harmful effects on fish body composition.

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author BL designed the study, carried out the laboratory work and performed the statistical analysis. He equally wrote the first draft of the manuscript and undertook the final editing of the paper. Authors OPC and SOK took part in the laboratory work, part of the draft and undertook in the initial editing of the paper. Authors AAN and CT carried out most of the literature searches and participated in designing the experiment.

Moringa oleifera represents a convergence of traditional knowledge and contemporary science, presenting significant potential in pharmacological, nutraceutical, and preventive healthcare domains. Despite its broad acceptance for safety and efficacy in traditional medicine, there is an urgent requirement for standardized formulations, extensive clinical trials, and strong regulatory frameworks to fully realize its therapeutic promise. Coordinated global research initiatives may enable Moringa to play a substantial role in the future of plant-based pharmacological discovery and integrative medicine.

The goal of this work was to study the bioremoval process of Pb(II) ions from aqueous dilute solutions by cork granulates (1-2 mm) from a Portuguese cork processing company. The effect of physical-chemical parameters, such as initial pH metal solution, initial metal and biosorbent concentrations and cork pre-treatments on the metal removal efficiency were investigated. The results showed that the optimum initial pH for Pb(II) removal was in the range 3-3.5, leading to removal yields of about 90-100% for initial metal concentrations of 10-100 mg/L. Cork granultes without treatment provided a higher removal yield (93%) than the biomass submitted to previous extraction with deionised water (80%), ethyl acetate (83%) and ethanol (88 %). The Langmuir model showed a very good correlation with experimental results (r 2 =0.995) and the Q max was determined as being 5.3 mg Pb(II)/g cork. The optimisation of a continuous processes for Pb(II) (10 mg/L) bioremoval was performed using the factorial design methodology. On the best operating conditions, two tubular reactors running in sequential mode, in order to achieve a higher effluent volume with [Pb(II)] ≤ 1 (MAV). Chemical characterization of the effluent before discharge in terms of COD, TOC and phenolic compounds showed values lower than the ones allowed by environmental legislation.

The extract from Moringa oleifera seeds is used worldwide, especially in rural areas of developing countries, to treat drinking water. M. oleifera seeds contain the lectins cmol and WSMoL, which are carbohydratebinding proteins that are able to reduce water turbidity because of their coagulant activity. Studies investigating the ability of natural products to damage normal cells are essential for the safe use of these substances. This study evaluated the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous seed extract, the extract used by population to treat water (named diluted seed extract in this work), and the isolated lectins cmol and WSMoL. The data showed that the aqueous seed extract and cmol were potentially cytotoxic to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while WSMoL and diluted seed extract were not cytotoxic. The M. oleifera aqueous seed extract and the lectins cmol and WSMoL were weakly/moderately cytotoxic to the NCI-H292, HT-29 and HEp-2 cancer cell lines and were not hemolytic to murine erythrocytes. Evaluation of acute toxicity in mice revealed that the aqueous seed extract (2.000 mg/kg) did not cause systemic toxicity. The aqueous seed extract, cmol and WSMoL (6.25 µg/mL) and diluted seed extract at 50 µg/mL exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on lipopolyssaccharide-stimulated murine macrophages by regulating the production of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-1β. The aqueous seed extract reduced leukocyte migration in a mouse model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy; the myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-1β levels were similarly reduced. Histological analysis of the lungs showed that the extract reduced the number of leukocytes. This study shows that the extract prepared according to folk use and WSMoL may be non-toxic to mammalian cells; however, the aqueous seed extract and cmol may be cytotoxic to immune cells which may explain the immunosuppressive potential of the extract.

Las hojas de moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) se cosechan, y almacenan previo a su comercialización. Hay dudas respecto a la calidad bromatológica después de almacenar las hojas. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue comparar las propiedades bromatológicas de las hojas de esta especie almacenadas en un periodo, para verificar si ocurren cambios bioquímicos durante el almacenamiento. Se colectaron hojas maduras de moringa en muestreos sucesivos en la huerta “Kio-Komukai” en Escuintla, Chiapas, México. Se determinó el contenido de humedad, proteína, grasa, fibra cruda y cenizas en cada muestra para cada una de las fechas de cosecha. Los resultados del análisis de la prueba t de Student, indican que no hubo diferencias en la calidad nutrimental (P &gt; 0.05) de las hojas en las fechas de cosecha respecto al tiempo de almacenamiento. Los valores obtenidos de las cosechas de hoja en el análisis bromatológico son similares a los reportados en trabajos previos; grasa (%): 9.36 ± 1.05...

Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) treatment has alleviated the drastic effect of salinity in growth parameters (leaf area, dry weight of grains and photosynthetic pigments) and chemical constituents (carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids and proline content in two wheat cultivars (Sohag 3 and Giza 168). The effect of GA 3 on alleviation of damaging effects of different levels of salinity was studied in view of, wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L. Sohag 3 and Giza 168) were screened for germination and growth responses to different NaCl concentrations (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM). After four weeks, two groups; each of pots were sprayed with GA 3 (100 mg L - 1 synthetic plant growth regulators). The result in this report reveals that the wheat cv. Sohag 3 was the most sensitive to salinity, while cv. Giza 168 was the most tolerant. Thus salinity stress had no effect on leaf area, photosynthetic pigment and consequently crop yield at mild salinity (100 mM), while in cv. Sohag 3, there was a marked and progressive reduction in these parameters by increasing the salinity stress even at the lowest salinity (50 mM) level used. Carbohydrate and proline content increased significantly by salinity stress in the different organs of the two wheat cultivars except for Giza 168 stem where carbohydrates were significant declined by salinity stress. Soluble protein content varied not only between the two wheat cultivars but also between the different organs. While salinity stress induced a significant increase in the soluble protein content in root and leaf, on the other hand it declined the soluble protein in stem of Giza 168. In cv. Sohag 3, the soluble protein content in root and stem decreased slightly by increasing salinity in the soil, this reduction was obvious only at higher salinization. While in leaves the soluble protein content increased markedly by salinity stress. Proline concentration in root, stem and leaf of both cultivars significantly increased with increasing salinity in soil. The accumulation was greater in the salt sensitive cv. Sohag 3 compared to the salt tolerant cv. Giza 168 especially at higher salinity concentration. GA 3 treatments (100 ppm) improved the growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments and consequently the crop yield of two wheats cultivars. This was injudged with the observable increase in protein content in the different organs of the two wheat cultivars.

The seeds of C. cleomifolia (locally known as kacang hantu) collected along Simpang Pulai -Berinchang road, Cameron Highlands, was defatted with hexane and the resulting oil was analyzed for their physicochemical properties such as acid value (4.3), iodine value (85) and peroxide value (0.6). Using the gas chromatography (GC) method, linoleic acid (57.59%) and oleic acid (28.60%) were detected as major polyunsaturated fatty acids while palmitic acid (5.07%) and behenic acid (1.63%) were major saturated fatty acids found in the kacang hantu seed oil. Polyunsaturated triacylglycerol (TAG) in kacang hantu seed oil were PLL (18.04%) followed by POL + SLL (11.92%), OOL (7.04%) and PLLn (6.31%).

Background: A wealth of research has reported on the anti-obesity effects of green tea extract (GTE). Although browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) has been reported to attenuate obesity, no study has disclosed the effects of GTE on browning in Sprague Dawley rats. Objectives: The aims of the study were to investigate the effects of GTE on anti-obesity and browning, and their underlying mechanisms. Methods: Four groups of rats (n=10/group) were used including a normal diet with vehicle treatment, and a high-energy diet (HED) with vehicle or GTE by oral gavage at 77.5 or 155 mg/kg/ day for 8 weeks. Body weight, fat accumulation, and serum biochemical parameters were used to evaluate obesity. The gene expressions were analyzed using RT-qPCR and western blotting. Results: GTE modulated HED-induced body weight, fat accumulation, and serum levels of triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, free fatty acids, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase. Moreover, GTE enhanced the serum high-density lipoprotein. Most importantly, the biomarkers of beige adipose tissue were up-regulated in WAT in GTE-given groups. GTE induced genes involved in different pathways of browning, and reduced transducinlike enhancer protein-3 in WAT. Conclusion: Our results suggest that GTE may improve obesity through inducing browning in HED-fed rats.

This study was conducted to find out the effect of feeding Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal on growth performance and digestibility of nutrients in growing rabbit and to know the cost of rabbit production. For this purpose, a total of twelve unsexed New Zealand White rabbits at 42 days of age were distributed randomly in three treatment groups, i.e. control (T0), adding 10% Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (T1) in concentrate diet and adding 15% Leucaena leucocephala  leaf meal (T2) in concentrate diet. All diets were iso-energic and iso-nitrogenous. Various aspects of the study, measurements taken in a 56 days experimental period were final body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and feeding cost of rabbit production. Results show that the final body weight of rabbits was 1200±30, 1325±85 and 1114±136g, for the treatments of T0, T1 and T2, respectively. The body weights of rabbits were significantly higher in T1 over T2 and T0 groups. The average daily feed intake and fe...

This paper reviewed researches on the use of Moringa oleiferain poultry diets. As the price of compound feed continues to escalate due to the high expense of conventional protein sources such as fishmeal and soybean meal there is an urgent need to look for alternative sources of protein and Moringa is one of such protein sources. Moringa has excellent nutritive value and therapeutic properties. The crude protein (CP) content of Moringa ranges from 71.2 to 391.7 g/kg and varies across the plant parts with the seeds having the highest CP content followed by flowers, leaves, whole plant, stems and pods. However, Moringa contains anti-nutritional factors such as tannins, phytates, trypsin inhibitors, saponins, oxalates and cyanide, which affect protein and mineral metabolism and availability to the animal.The availability of phosphorus to the birds can be enhanced through addition of phytase to break down phytate that binds phosphorus. It is apparent from the previous studies that inclusion of Moringa in poultry diets improves performance of chickens in terms of growth rate and egg production. As the cost of Moringa can be prohibitively high in some countries, economically inclusion levels should be determined.

Context: The purpose of human nutrition is to provide exogenous nutrients useful to the body to maintain good metabolism and prevent health disorders. However, some food products of plant origin can be toxic due to their intrinsic chemical composition, degradation during production and storage or adulteration. Therefore, it is essential to assess the quality and the safety of plant-based products marketed for safe nutrition. Methods: Data on food product availability were collected using collection files. The phytochemical characteristics. were analysied by observation and application of colorimetric and thin layer chromatographic tests. Results: About 1020 plant-based products were analysed, mainly as herbal tea for infusions (81.37%). Leaves were the most plant part frequently used (49.47%) compare to roots (6.32%). Based on botanical names, we found 55 species from 28 families. Among them 27.07% of plant-based products were from France. Only Combretum micrantum, Hibiscus sabdarifa and Moringa oleifera were found to be from Burkina Faso. Organoleptic analyses indicate that the raw material samples were similar for the same species. Phytochemical screening of plant-based products raw material indicated the presence of phenolic and terpenic compounds and absence of alkaloids. The HPTLC profiles of samples preparations showed qualitative and semi-quantitative similarities. Conclusion: The plant-based products found in food from the market were mixted-type combining both food and medicinal purposes. Plant species found as raw materials did not exhibit any known toxicity; however, botanical and pharmacognosical characteristics of certain products indicate the presence of some degradations.

folic acid that play important role in pregnancy, but are also sources of bioactive compounds and high fiber diets that are directly associated with the prevention of disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal carcinoma. 10 However, with the increase in the use of medicinal plants globally, either for primary treatment or as complementary and alternative medicine, safety and efficacy of these medicinal plants have become a public health concern. 11 Hence, the toxicity assessment of plants with proven therapeutic use is of ultimate importance. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the safety of methanol leaf extract of Leptadenia hastata (LHME) through acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies.

The effects of Moringa stenopetala leaf meal (MSLM) on nutrient intake and weight gain (WG) were evaluated. Forty unsexed Rhode Island Red chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups. The control diet (T1) (MSLM 0%), the experimental diets contained MSML at a rate of 2% (T2), 4% (T3), and 6% (T4) of the diets (as fed basis) to replace 3%, 5.9% and 8.8% of the crude protein (CP) of the control diet. Daily feed, dry matter and CP intake of the chicks fed MSLM diets were higher (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. Average weight gain (AWG) of birds fed MSLM diets were higher (p<0.05) than those fed the control diet. Chicks fed T4 showed higher (p<0.05) AWG than those on T2 and T3. Feed efficiency ratio (FER, g gain/g feed intake) and protein efficiency ratio (PER, g gain/g CP intake) were higher for chicks fed MSLM. MSLM elicited no deleterious effects in the birds. The results indicated that MSLM is a potential plant protein supplement and could be included to 6% in the diet of grower chicks to substitute expensive conventional protein sources.

A downward roughing filter unit consisting of silica sand as the filter medium was optimized for performance towards removal of turbidity and suspended solids from handwashing wastewater. Design-Expert software was employed to optimize media particle size, filter depth, and flowrate. Linear and quadratic models were found to best fit the responses of turbidity and suspended solids removal, respectively. Particle size and flow rate were the only parameters with significant effects on removal of turbidity and suspended solids. Optimal conditions were found to be media particle size 0.6 mm, filter depth 12 cm, and flow rate 0.3 Lmin−1, corresponding to removal efficiencies of 62 and 67% for turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), respectively, as predicted by the model. Validation of model at optimal conditions resulted in turbidity and TSS removal of 55 and 53%, respectively. Additionally, removal efficiencies of the roughing filter towards apparent colour, true colour, biochemica...

KETIN, S., M. IMAMOVIC, D. NIKOLIC and R. BIOCANIN, 2015 Technology for the remediation of soil, Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 935–939 This paper presents the importance of soil remediation technology in large process systems (oil and petrochemical industry, electricity production). Various types of technology have been compared and presented with all their advantages and shortcomings. Some solutions for specific examples when the soil remediation is required are suggested. The examples are used to present all the problems and their solutions when a contaminated soil requires remediation.

Biscuits enjoy widespread popularity among diverse populations worldwide, including our country. These food items are crafted from soft wheat flour, boasting an enticing flavor and aroma for consumers. While they boast high sugar, fat, and energy content, they tend to lack in other nutritional values. Against this backdrop, the present study endeavors to augment the nutritional profile of biscuits. This is achieved by substituting wheat flour with locally sourced bean flour at varying proportions: 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The study further aims to uphold or enhance sensory and textural attributes. The analysis of nutritional components was conducted using established methods. Sensory evaluations were undertaken by a panel of 12 assessors, employing a scoring system ranging from 1 to 5 points, which were subsequently corrected using a correction factor. Additionally, textural properties were assessed using the TA. XT plus from Stable Micro Systems P-36. Findings reveal that, on the whole, nutritional values of biscuits exhibit an increase with escalated proportions of bean flour, excluding carbohydrates, which experience a decline. For instance, biscuits with 40% bean flour (M5) exhibit heightened mineral and protein content. Conversely, those with 30% bean flour (M4) demonstrate elevated fat and invert sugar content. In terms of sensory attributes, biscuits with 10% bean flour (M1) display superior structural and mouthfeel qualities, accumulating a commendable total point score of 17.10. Of the textural properties scrutinized, biscuits with 20% bean flour (M3) showcase improved attributes like hardness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience. In conclusion, the incorporation of bean flour has a discernible impact on sensory and textural characteristics. Consequently, its addition is viable only up to a certain threshold-no more than 20%-to preserve the desired sensory and textural qualities in biscuit production

Aluminium chloride (AlCl3) occurs ubiquitously in the environment contaminating water and food sources. Although donepezil enhances cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, it does not rectify structural damage. Quercetin, recognised for its ability to mitigate oxidative stress, is inadequately researched regarding its effects in isolation or in conjunction with donepezil. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of quercetin and donepezil co-administration on AlCl3-induced alterations in rat cerebral cortex. Seventy female rats (120-150g) were divided into seven groups (10 rats each). Group A (control) received normal saline (10ml/kg). Groups B and C received quercetin (200mg/kg) and donepezil (3mg/kg) orally. Group D received AlCl3 (100mg/kg). Groups E, F, and G received AlCl3 plus quercetin, donepezil, or their combination. AlCl3 was administered on days 1-14, while quercetin and/or donepezil were given from days 15-28. Normal saline was given to the control group throughout. The results showed a significant decrease in body weight in groups D-G compared to A (p<0.005). There was also a significant increase in locomotion and rearing in groups E and F compared to D, while self-grooming increased significantly in groups E and G compared to D. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 decreased significantly in groups E, F and G compared to D. Result of cerebrocortical histomorphology revealed variable degrees of preservation of the neurons in group E, F and G compared to D. The results show that the combination of quercetin and donepezil could give protection against AlCl3-induced toxicity, necessitating more investigation for the management of human neurodegeneration.