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intensity factor. The top figure is a density model with units displayed in g/cm?

Figure 72 intensity factor. The top figure is a density model with units displayed in g/cm?

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reference model, w/(r) is the depth weighting function, and @ are spatially dependent
reference model, w/(r) is the depth weighting function, and @ are spatially dependent
Figure 2.3: Cross-section of the Nechalacho deposit from current geological
Figure 2.3: Cross-section of the Nechalacho deposit from current geological
concentrated in this area (Figure 2.4).
concentrated in this area (Figure 2.4).
Figure 2.5: Program workflow for MAG3D. GRAV3D follows a similar workflow Figure 2.5: Frogram worktilow for MAGSD. GRAVSD Iollows a similar WOrkKIlow by substituting the gravity programs for their magnetic counterparts (UBC-GIF, 2013).
Figure 2.5: Program workflow for MAG3D. GRAV3D follows a similar workflow Figure 2.5: Frogram worktilow for MAGSD. GRAVSD Iollows a similar WOrkKIlow by substituting the gravity programs for their magnetic counterparts (UBC-GIF, 2013).
Figure 2.7: A north-south (N-S) cross-section for the preliminary, unconstrained
Figure 2.7: A north-south (N-S) cross-section for the preliminary, unconstrained
Figure 2.8: Mesh grid in the x and y directions and the locations of the drillholes. Drillhole locations from Avalon Rare Metals (2014). Northing and Easting are a ee: fe) ae Se of Figure 2.8: Mesh grid in the x and y directions and the locations of the drillholes.
Figure 2.8: Mesh grid in the x and y directions and the locations of the drillholes. Drillhole locations from Avalon Rare Metals (2014). Northing and Easting are a ee: fe) ae Se of Figure 2.8: Mesh grid in the x and y directions and the locations of the drillholes.
Figure 2.10: Magnetic inversion constrained using maximum and minimum inversion is obtained (Figure 2.10).
Figure 2.10: Magnetic inversion constrained using maximum and minimum inversion is obtained (Figure 2.10).
Figure 2.13: Magnetic model (N-S line 416550 Easting (UTM), looking west) with
Figure 2.13: Magnetic model (N-S line 416550 Easting (UTM), looking west) with
Figure 2.14: Plan view of the inversion area comparing the data (a) to the forward Figure 2.14: Plan view of the inversion area comparing the data (a) to the forware modeled data from the model (b). The residuals at the bottom (c). Units are in nanoTeslas.
Figure 2.14: Plan view of the inversion area comparing the data (a) to the forward Figure 2.14: Plan view of the inversion area comparing the data (a) to the forware modeled data from the model (b). The residuals at the bottom (c). Units are in nanoTeslas.
HREE are associated with magnetite (Sheard et al., 2012). Figure 2.15: Comparison of the current geological model (top, along line 416800
HREE are associated with magnetite (Sheard et al., 2012). Figure 2.15: Comparison of the current geological model (top, along line 416800
Figure 2.16: A projection looking north of a smoothed isosurface of the high
Figure 2.16: A projection looking north of a smoothed isosurface of the high
constraints at N-S line 416550 Easting (UTM), facing west. Units are in g/em: yet, a preliminary model without any constraints or boundary conditions has been
constraints at N-S line 416550 Easting (UTM), facing west. Units are in g/em: yet, a preliminary model without any constraints or boundary conditions has been
figures Al-A20.
figures Al-A20.
Figure 2.20: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6885400 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent aw ®a P| — a sp me 7 4e 7 7 sw saaowmmuN.e Figure 2.20: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line metres.
Figure 2.20: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6885400 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent aw ®a P| — a sp me 7 4e 7 7 sw saaowmmuN.e Figure 2.20: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line metres.
Figure 2.21: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6885600 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent cnecentihilitv in ST nnitc. Scale an the left is elevation ahove cea level (AST) in
Figure 2.21: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6885600 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent cnecentihilitv in ST nnitc. Scale an the left is elevation ahove cea level (AST) in
Figure 2.23: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6886000 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent uate hited, te ST aeeeast4cs 6A we Aw Shiva LACE 2h AlA~seteaw aclhkaAccn cha LAs] CA COT \ Oem
Figure 2.23: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6886000 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent uate hited, te ST aeeeast4cs 6A we Aw Shiva LACE 2h AlA~seteaw aclhkaAccn cha LAs] CA COT \ Oem
Figure 2.25: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
Figure 2.25: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
Figure 2.27: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
Figure 2.27: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
metres. Figure 2.28: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6887000 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent Figure 2.28: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
metres. Figure 2.28: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6887000 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent Figure 2.28: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
Figure 2.29: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
Figure 2.29: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
metres. Figure 2.30: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6887400 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent Figure 2.30: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
metres. Figure 2.30: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6887400 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent Figure 2.30: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
igure 2.31: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
igure 2.31: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
metres. Figure 2.32: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6887800 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent Figure 2.32: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line susceptibility in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in
metres. Figure 2.32: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6887800 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent Figure 2.32: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line susceptibility in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in
Figure 2.35: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6888400 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent fey eye, e lob a ee, a it. 7. a, a ya ee 4e ie ee oe trhbearnwnre Figure 2.35: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
Figure 2.35: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line 6888400 Northing (UTM), looking north. Units on the right side represent fey eye, e lob a ee, a it. 7. a, a ya ee 4e ie ee oe trhbearnwnre Figure 2.35: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
igure 2.36: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line metres.
igure 2.36: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line metres.
igure 2.37: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
igure 2.37: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along E-W line
figures A21-A37. ‘igure 2.39: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line Figure 2.39: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 414800 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit: Im OT write) Crala an tha laft tc alawatinn ahnwa caa Jawal (A CT \ Im matrac
figures A21-A37. ‘igure 2.39: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line Figure 2.39: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 414800 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit: Im OT write) Crala an tha laft tc alawatinn ahnwa caa Jawal (A CT \ Im matrac
Figure 2.40: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415000 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit Figure 2.40: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.40: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415000 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit Figure 2.40: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.41: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility Figure 2.41: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility
Figure 2.41: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility Figure 2.41: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility
Figure 2.42: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415400 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit Figure 2.42: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.42: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415400 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit Figure 2.42: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.43: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415600 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility im GT pmnite Gepala nn tha laft ic alawatinn ahnwa caq Jawal (A ST \ Im matrac Figure 2.43: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 115600 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in metres.
Figure 2.43: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 415600 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility im GT pmnite Gepala nn tha laft ic alawatinn ahnwa caq Jawal (A ST \ Im matrac Figure 2.43: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 115600 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in metres.
Figure 2.46: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility ow ‘iu om 7 uh sme — .e _ 7 mp eocaaonmenure Figure 2.46: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 6200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility
Figure 2.46: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility ow ‘iu om 7 uh sme — .e _ 7 mp eocaaonmenure Figure 2.46: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 6200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility
Figure 2.47: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416400 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility Figure 2.47: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416400 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility
Figure 2.47: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416400 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility Figure 2.47: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416400 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility
figure 2.48: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in metres.
figure 2.48: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in metres.
Figure 2.49: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416800 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit S.. £7 2... Bs. io ae: ee oe ot ae, ee . ee a, Se) Me a ay a ee, cee oa er Figure 2.49: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in metres.
Figure 2.49: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 416800 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibilit S.. £7 2... Bs. io ae: ee oe ot ae, ee . ee a, Se) Me a ay a ee, cee oa er Figure 2.49: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation above sea level (ASL) in metres.
Figure 2.51: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 417200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility 5 OE i) Cee 2 en 2 a en > Se oe YO a Sec 6 ee) a: Ce ae a Se ik Te. Smee ey een Figure 2.51: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.51: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line 417200 Easting (UTM), looking west. Units on the right side represent susceptibility 5 OE i) Cee 2 en 2 a en > Se oe YO a Sec 6 ee) a: Ce ae a Se ik Te. Smee ey een Figure 2.51: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.55: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 2.55: Cross-section of the best current geophysical model along N-S line
Figure 3.1: A north-south (N-S) cross-section of the best magnetic susceptibility
Figure 3.1: A north-south (N-S) cross-section of the best magnetic susceptibility
deposit, one of the world’s largest undeveloped heavy rare earth element deposits.
deposit, one of the world’s largest undeveloped heavy rare earth element deposits.
‘igure 3.3: A basic geological model of the Nechalacho deposit (modified from
‘igure 3.3: A basic geological model of the Nechalacho deposit (modified from
Figure 3.4: Map of the airborne magnetic field anomaly for the inversion area. UTM coordinates shown in all figures and cross sections are NAD 83, Zone 11N Figure 3.4: Map of the airborne magnetic field anomaly for the inversion area. second potential field dataset. UTM coordinates shown in all figures and cross sections are NAD 83, Zone 11N. purpose of this study is to improve and refine the magnetic susceptibility model using a
Figure 3.4: Map of the airborne magnetic field anomaly for the inversion area. UTM coordinates shown in all figures and cross sections are NAD 83, Zone 11N Figure 3.4: Map of the airborne magnetic field anomaly for the inversion area. second potential field dataset. UTM coordinates shown in all figures and cross sections are NAD 83, Zone 11N. purpose of this study is to improve and refine the magnetic susceptibility model using a
265 data points. A gravitational high can be seen in the centre of the region, likely
265 data points. A gravitational high can be seen in the centre of the region, likely
Figure 3.6: The mesh for the geophysical inversion, shown here, spans 4000 metres
Figure 3.6: The mesh for the geophysical inversion, shown here, spans 4000 metres
Figure 3.7: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
Figure 3.7: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
assigned a value of two. The final third ring of cells are assigned a value of one.
assigned a value of two. The final third ring of cells are assigned a value of one.
Figure 3.9: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
Figure 3.9: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
the Thor Lake study area (northing line 6885890, facing north). Units on the right
the Thor Lake study area (northing line 6885890, facing north). Units on the right
Figure 3.11: Cross-section of the constrained gravity inversion for the Thor Lake model was used in the inversion. Units on the right side represent density in g/cm?
Figure 3.11: Cross-section of the constrained gravity inversion for the Thor Lake model was used in the inversion. Units on the right side represent density in g/cm?
Figure 3.12: A density isosurface of the shallow, high density anomaly. The figure this is through the representation of the anomaly as an isosurface (Figure 3.12).
Figure 3.12: A density isosurface of the shallow, high density anomaly. The figure this is through the representation of the anomaly as an isosurface (Figure 3.12).
potential increase in REE mineralization to the north.
potential increase in REE mineralization to the north.
‘igure 3.14: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
‘igure 3.14: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
Figure 3.15: Cross-section of the new constrained magnetic inversion for the Tho Lake study area (northing line 6885890, facing north). A laterally interpolated a, , rr. a a a a} 4t.te a Wye, 44%. ee Pe OF. Figure 3.15: Cross-section of the new constrained magnetic inversion for the Thor magnetic susceptibility in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation ASL in metres.
Figure 3.15: Cross-section of the new constrained magnetic inversion for the Tho Lake study area (northing line 6885890, facing north). A laterally interpolated a, , rr. a a a a} 4t.te a Wye, 44%. ee Pe OF. Figure 3.15: Cross-section of the new constrained magnetic inversion for the Thor magnetic susceptibility in SI units. Scale on the left is elevation ASL in metres.
Figure 3.16: An isosurface of the shallow high magnetic susceptibility anomaly. The figure displays susceptibilities greater than 0.04 SI within the top 400 metres. Units on the richt side renresent macnetic suscentibilitv in ST units. Figure 3.16: An isosurface of the shallow high magnetic susceptibility anomaly.
Figure 3.16: An isosurface of the shallow high magnetic susceptibility anomaly. The figure displays susceptibilities greater than 0.04 SI within the top 400 metres. Units on the richt side renresent macnetic suscentibilitv in ST units. Figure 3.16: An isosurface of the shallow high magnetic susceptibility anomaly.
Figure 3.17: A view of the new magnetic susceptibility model from above, looking at the surface. There are northeast trending lines in the centre of the model and a SS LS Le Ee. | ef ee. en a Le ee. On as) ee! | ee: a: ne Figure 3.17: A view of the new magnetic susceptibility model from above, looking at magnetic signatures were evident in the airborne data (Kouhi and Tiampo, 2016) northwest trending line north of the deposit which may delineate subsurface dykes.
Figure 3.17: A view of the new magnetic susceptibility model from above, looking at the surface. There are northeast trending lines in the centre of the model and a SS LS Le Ee. | ef ee. en a Le ee. On as) ee! | ee: a: ne Figure 3.17: A view of the new magnetic susceptibility model from above, looking at magnetic signatures were evident in the airborne data (Kouhi and Tiampo, 2016) northwest trending line north of the deposit which may delineate subsurface dykes.
intensity factor. The top figure is a density model with units displayed in g/cm?
intensity factor. The top figure is a density model with units displayed in g/cm?
Figure 3.20: Cross-sections of the northing line 6885890 [UTM] obtained through
Figure 3.20: Cross-sections of the northing line 6885890 [UTM] obtained through
forcing the cells closer to the reference model. Figure 3.21: An isosurface of the shallow high magnetic susceptibility anomaly
forcing the cells closer to the reference model. Figure 3.21: An isosurface of the shallow high magnetic susceptibility anomaly
Figure 3.22: Cross-section from the joint inversion using only the top 400 metres,
Figure 3.22: Cross-section from the joint inversion using only the top 400 metres,
representing a more realistic model. metres with a threshold of 0.25 and a high intensity factor. The figure is a magneti but, the issue resulting from the negative susceptibilities has now been removed,
representing a more realistic model. metres with a threshold of 0.25 and a high intensity factor. The figure is a magneti but, the issue resulting from the negative susceptibilities has now been removed,
Figure 3.24: A sample variogram showing the fit of the data to a Gaussian trend. reasonably well, there will be some error contributed from this part of the process.
Figure 3.24: A sample variogram showing the fit of the data to a Gaussian trend. reasonably well, there will be some error contributed from this part of the process.
Figure 3.25: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
Figure 3.25: Sample cross-section from the three-dimensional reference model for
Figure 3.26: Comparison cross-sections of constrained gravity inversions for the
Figure 3.26: Comparison cross-sections of constrained gravity inversions for the
Figure 4.1: Comparison of the magnetic susceptibilities measured on the core fror drillhole L09-160 by Avalon (2013) and Nichols (2014) using KT-9 and KT-10 ‘igure 4.1: Comparison of the magnetic susceptibilities measured on the core from Otherwise, the original measurements by Avalon appear to be of reasonable quality.
Figure 4.1: Comparison of the magnetic susceptibilities measured on the core fror drillhole L09-160 by Avalon (2013) and Nichols (2014) using KT-9 and KT-10 ‘igure 4.1: Comparison of the magnetic susceptibilities measured on the core from Otherwise, the original measurements by Avalon appear to be of reasonable quality.
Table 4.1: Brief summary of off-cut samples from drillhole L09-194
Table 4.1: Brief summary of off-cut samples from drillhole L09-194
Figure 4.2: Mass-based magnetic susceptibilities measured using the in-lab
Figure 4.2: Mass-based magnetic susceptibilities measured using the in-lab
Figure 4.5: A moderately susceptible sample from 1044.9 metres depth that shows
Figure 4.5: A moderately susceptible sample from 1044.9 metres depth that shows
Figure 4.6: Plot of density versus volume-based magnetic susceptibility for each sample. The approximate REE concentrations are represented by the sizes of the
Figure 4.6: Plot of density versus volume-based magnetic susceptibility for each sample. The approximate REE concentrations are represented by the sizes of the
Figure 4.7: Volume-based magnetic susceptibilities measured using the in-lab
Figure 4.7: Volume-based magnetic susceptibilities measured using the in-lab
depth corresponds to the highest concentrations of REE (Figure 4.9). values more than 3 times higher. Magnetite can be identified by visual inspection.
depth corresponds to the highest concentrations of REE (Figure 4.9). values more than 3 times higher. Magnetite can be identified by visual inspection.
Figure 4.9: Scaled down volume-based susceptibility measurements with REE abundance overlain below (modified from Méller and Williams-Jones (2016)).
Figure 4.9: Scaled down volume-based susceptibility measurements with REE abundance overlain below (modified from Méller and Williams-Jones (2016)).
Table 4.2: A summary of the minerals included in RGB colour analysis methods.
Table 4.2: A summary of the minerals included in RGB colour analysis methods.
Related topics:
GeologyGeophysicsRare Earth Element MineralizationJoint inversionInverse TheoryGeophysical Modelling
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