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Studying a map of their portion of the world, a third people group connecting the Andronovo Culture and the Austronesians in the Philippines becomes apparent. With the Andronovo Culture in the Northwest and the Philippines in the Southeast, China lies directly between the two (fig. 1). During the period of time in antiquity when their cultures overlapped, the Shang dynasty governed the *Land within the Four Seas’ —the most ancient name of the Chinese nation. It was the second dynasty to come to power in Chinese history, beginning Classical China’s Bronze Age with advancements in ceramics, bronze casting and military technologies. Archaeologists have found the earliest evidence of Chinese written characters in the oracle bone scripts on tortoise shells, used for a divination practiced by the Shang Royal House. “Chinese is one of the oldest continually-used writing-systems still in use, The earliest generally accepted examples of Chinese writing date back to the reign of the Shang king Wu Ding (1250-1192 BCE).”3

Figure 1 Studying a map of their portion of the world, a third people group connecting the Andronovo Culture and the Austronesians in the Philippines becomes apparent. With the Andronovo Culture in the Northwest and the Philippines in the Southeast, China lies directly between the two (fig. 1). During the period of time in antiquity when their cultures overlapped, the Shang dynasty governed the *Land within the Four Seas’ —the most ancient name of the Chinese nation. It was the second dynasty to come to power in Chinese history, beginning Classical China’s Bronze Age with advancements in ceramics, bronze casting and military technologies. Archaeologists have found the earliest evidence of Chinese written characters in the oracle bone scripts on tortoise shells, used for a divination practiced by the Shang Royal House. “Chinese is one of the oldest continually-used writing-systems still in use, The earliest generally accepted examples of Chinese writing date back to the reign of the Shang king Wu Ding (1250-1192 BCE).”3

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Bordering the North of the Westernmost portion of China, the Andronovo Culture would have fallen under the general categor of the Western Rong 3% tribes. Within the larger group of the Rong 7% tribes were a nomadic pastoral people known as the Qiang %€. The ancient dictionary Shuowen Jie Zi tells us, “Qiang are shepherds of the Western tribes, hence the character 76 i: developed from + (sheep) and A (human) meaning they are shepherds.” Aside from cultural descriptions such as this that match what has been discovered about the Andronovo Culture, physical details in Oracle bone script has described the Qiang as BA ‘white people’. When DNA of ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in Southern Siberia were surveyed, “only tw« (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being light-skinned with predominantly light eyes and light hair.”4 Xinjiang #18, where evidence of Andronovo Culture presence has been discovered, played a major role in the Silk Road that opened up trade with the West during the Han dynasty in 130 BC. Bordered by the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, the territory of Xinjiang connects China to the nations of the world. Xinjiang #7 which literally means ‘New Frontier/Borderland territory” was also known to ancient China as Xiyu (P41), meanina "Usectarn RPacinnc" <
Bordering the North of the Westernmost portion of China, the Andronovo Culture would have fallen under the general categor of the Western Rong 3% tribes. Within the larger group of the Rong 7% tribes were a nomadic pastoral people known as the Qiang %€. The ancient dictionary Shuowen Jie Zi tells us, “Qiang are shepherds of the Western tribes, hence the character 76 i: developed from + (sheep) and A (human) meaning they are shepherds.” Aside from cultural descriptions such as this that match what has been discovered about the Andronovo Culture, physical details in Oracle bone script has described the Qiang as BA ‘white people’. When DNA of ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in Southern Siberia were surveyed, “only tw« (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being light-skinned with predominantly light eyes and light hair.”4 Xinjiang #18, where evidence of Andronovo Culture presence has been discovered, played a major role in the Silk Road that opened up trade with the West during the Han dynasty in 130 BC. Bordered by the countries of Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, the territory of Xinjiang connects China to the nations of the world. Xinjiang #7 which literally means ‘New Frontier/Borderland territory” was also known to ancient China as Xiyu (P41), meanina "Usectarn RPacinnc" <
Karl Jettmar concluded that this “indicates that in the Minusinsk Region an invasion had taken place which was limited in tim and place.”32 And that “a migration over far distances must have taken place.”32 Could these Southeast Asian genetic influences have been caused by the migration of Austronesian warriors tasked to militant conquer and maintain order in the Western Regions as they resided with the Karasuk Culture communities? Austronesians, who had been cultivating the land from Neolithic times, would have had no problem introducing the local communities to farming the lands.
Karl Jettmar concluded that this “indicates that in the Minusinsk Region an invasion had taken place which was limited in tim and place.”32 And that “a migration over far distances must have taken place.”32 Could these Southeast Asian genetic influences have been caused by the migration of Austronesian warriors tasked to militant conquer and maintain order in the Western Regions as they resided with the Karasuk Culture communities? Austronesians, who had been cultivating the land from Neolithic times, would have had no problem introducing the local communities to farming the lands.
#$8H#EFZ Bang ti ké which would be similarly pronounced as Pumtek, may have been a name given to this type of beads durin the Early Western Zhou dynasty when numerous bronze inscriptions wrote of the #$ ‘State/Country/Nation’. The Shi Qiang Pan $842 tells of King Wu’s military campaigns to the foreign Four Quarters in order to consolidate the myriads into the newly established #8 ‘State/Country/Nation’. The Da Yu Ding Aaa H# records how the Zhou dynasty’s King Wu made a ne\ #8 *State/Country/Nation’ by making the people of the Four Quarters lie prostrate. Even modern day use of #6 *State/Countr: Nation’ refers to neighboring countries or foreign lands. #2 means to hold in your hand and lift up, while 52 was also a character often used in Western Zhou inscriptions meaning to subdue and conquer. Thus, the name #8252 Bang ti ke would seem to indicate that these ancient beads were used as a type of reward or treasure for their service to the new State in firmly holding on and lifting up what had been conquered. These first generation beads are said to have been first made 3,000 years aco. coincidine with the start of the Zhou dvnastv. aa
#$8H#EFZ Bang ti ké which would be similarly pronounced as Pumtek, may have been a name given to this type of beads durin the Early Western Zhou dynasty when numerous bronze inscriptions wrote of the #$ ‘State/Country/Nation’. The Shi Qiang Pan $842 tells of King Wu’s military campaigns to the foreign Four Quarters in order to consolidate the myriads into the newly established #8 ‘State/Country/Nation’. The Da Yu Ding Aaa H# records how the Zhou dynasty’s King Wu made a ne\ #8 *State/Country/Nation’ by making the people of the Four Quarters lie prostrate. Even modern day use of #6 *State/Countr: Nation’ refers to neighboring countries or foreign lands. #2 means to hold in your hand and lift up, while 52 was also a character often used in Western Zhou inscriptions meaning to subdue and conquer. Thus, the name #8252 Bang ti ke would seem to indicate that these ancient beads were used as a type of reward or treasure for their service to the new State in firmly holding on and lifting up what had been conquered. These first generation beads are said to have been first made 3,000 years aco. coincidine with the start of the Zhou dvnastv. aa
Description: First generation #$#£5e Bang ti ké / Pumtek beads. Fine craftsmanship of stone beads in shaping and polishing may be observed as well as the sophisticated skill and technology used to make the intricate symmetrical designs and geometric patterns. The beautiful white wood stone revered by the Qiang 3€ in their legends reveals more of itself than when these were newly made, as the dye seems to have faded away in some places over the millennia. Age of the beads may be seen in the slow abrasion on its perforations as friction with the string and its neighboring beads slowly abraded them as they were lovingly worn generation after generation. Many of the shapes and designs on the beads may be found in Stephen Moxey’s Heirloom Beads and Bronze Plates of the Burmese Chin, which he claims to be First generation Qiang ¥¢ beads. The early dat for these beads was reinforced by the discovery of a Nephrite Jade Bi disk found alongside them, the significance of which shall be discussed. Evidence of Andronovo Culture in Philippine Artifacts © J.G.Cheock, May 2024
Description: First generation #$#£5e Bang ti ké / Pumtek beads. Fine craftsmanship of stone beads in shaping and polishing may be observed as well as the sophisticated skill and technology used to make the intricate symmetrical designs and geometric patterns. The beautiful white wood stone revered by the Qiang 3€ in their legends reveals more of itself than when these were newly made, as the dye seems to have faded away in some places over the millennia. Age of the beads may be seen in the slow abrasion on its perforations as friction with the string and its neighboring beads slowly abraded them as they were lovingly worn generation after generation. Many of the shapes and designs on the beads may be found in Stephen Moxey’s Heirloom Beads and Bronze Plates of the Burmese Chin, which he claims to be First generation Qiang ¥¢ beads. The early dat for these beads was reinforced by the discovery of a Nephrite Jade Bi disk found alongside them, the significance of which shall be discussed. Evidence of Andronovo Culture in Philippine Artifacts © J.G.Cheock, May 2024
vidence of Andronovo Culture in Philippine Artifacts © J.G.Cheock, May 202.
vidence of Andronovo Culture in Philippine Artifacts © J.G.Cheock, May 202.
Be RENEE BNP SEEN CORE EER WERE PE Nh g NH SEEEEE BAUS SEER g COSENS Be pil © BEDIEE COLLENIESE, MICER WE ee ctl SEE ESERIES SACOM He TE CARERS 2 SEE WEEE SN Afghanistan 2800-2000 BC."37 Not only does this bead shape indicate a very ancient time of production, but also points to a Central Asiatic connection durin, that distant time. Bactria was a Central Asian civilization that began around 2500 BC, whose geographical scope included Northern Afghanistan, parts of Southwestern Tajikistan, and Southeastern Uzbekistan. Could these beads have been brought along by Qiang 3€ ancestors or recreated in their new Southeastern lands by the homesick immigrants? Fine craftsmanship of stone beads in shaping and polishing may be observed as well as the sophisticated skill of the intricate symmetrical designs and cqanmetrir natternc
Be RENEE BNP SEEN CORE EER WERE PE Nh g NH SEEEEE BAUS SEER g COSENS Be pil © BEDIEE COLLENIESE, MICER WE ee ctl SEE ESERIES SACOM He TE CARERS 2 SEE WEEE SN Afghanistan 2800-2000 BC."37 Not only does this bead shape indicate a very ancient time of production, but also points to a Central Asiatic connection durin, that distant time. Bactria was a Central Asian civilization that began around 2500 BC, whose geographical scope included Northern Afghanistan, parts of Southwestern Tajikistan, and Southeastern Uzbekistan. Could these beads have been brought along by Qiang 3€ ancestors or recreated in their new Southeastern lands by the homesick immigrants? Fine craftsmanship of stone beads in shaping and polishing may be observed as well as the sophisticated skill of the intricate symmetrical designs and cqanmetrir natternc
The Austronesian-Liangzhu Culture Bi disk was an important ritual form that may have represented the ‘Will of Heaven’ for the bearer of the object. With the central Solar disk, represented by the hole in the Middle, the surface of the Bi disk becomes * All Under heaven’. Thus, the three animals, real or mythical, in their eyes could have symbolized the three people zroups Who were given the responsibility to rule the world.
The Austronesian-Liangzhu Culture Bi disk was an important ritual form that may have represented the ‘Will of Heaven’ for the bearer of the object. With the central Solar disk, represented by the hole in the Middle, the surface of the Bi disk becomes * All Under heaven’. Thus, the three animals, real or mythical, in their eyes could have symbolized the three people zroups Who were given the responsibility to rule the world.
Figure 18. Documentation No. ACQ0002-B, White Nephrite Jade Bi disk, Stained Red. Decorated with Monkey, Elk, & Bat/Bird motifs (obverse). Diameter: 30 cm, Width: .8 cm, Hole Diameter: 6 cm, Weight: 1,284 g. Bohol, Philippines. The Monkey seems to be holding a curving stick, possibly bamboo that had some kind of flexible material attached to the end. This may represent a type of whip-like weapon used to keep the other people groups under control, or it may represent a kind of colored flag that may be used to communicate a message to the troops.
Figure 18. Documentation No. ACQ0002-B, White Nephrite Jade Bi disk, Stained Red. Decorated with Monkey, Elk, & Bat/Bird motifs (obverse). Diameter: 30 cm, Width: .8 cm, Hole Diameter: 6 cm, Weight: 1,284 g. Bohol, Philippines. The Monkey seems to be holding a curving stick, possibly bamboo that had some kind of flexible material attached to the end. This may represent a type of whip-like weapon used to keep the other people groups under control, or it may represent a kind of colored flag that may be used to communicate a message to the troops.
Evidence of Andronovo Culture in Philippine Artifacts © J.G.Cheock, May 202. During the Han dynasty, the coalition between China and the foreign lands of the Yi 38 and the Qiang 7 may have worn thin Images such as this could have been used to try to rekindle ancient allegiances. However, the cultural strength of ancestral traditions like the use of the Bi disk were probably lost to the new generations who no longer identified with it.
Evidence of Andronovo Culture in Philippine Artifacts © J.G.Cheock, May 202. During the Han dynasty, the coalition between China and the foreign lands of the Yi 38 and the Qiang 7 may have worn thin Images such as this could have been used to try to rekindle ancient allegiances. However, the cultural strength of ancestral traditions like the use of the Bi disk were probably lost to the new generations who no longer identified with it.
Related topics:
Rock Art (Archaeology)Rock Arthorses in the Bronze AgePhilippine prehistoryBronze Inscriptions
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