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Figure 6.15: Improved sweet pepper variety beds in Tuunayili Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015

Figure 6 15: Improved sweet pepper variety beds in Tuunayili Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015

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Figure 3.1: Map of Tamale, Northern Region of Ghana Source: Nchanji et al. (2017)
Figure 3.1: Map of Tamale, Northern Region of Ghana Source: Nchanji et al. (2017)
Figure 3.2: Population trend of Tamale between 1907 and 2010 Source: Ghana Statistical Service (2005), Ghana Statistical Service (2013), Gyasi et a (2014), MacGaffey (2006) and Staniland (1975) lependence, Ghanaian towns and cities like Tamale experienced a bump in population cotton industry was due to the concentration of free manual labour on road networks during
Figure 3.2: Population trend of Tamale between 1907 and 2010 Source: Ghana Statistical Service (2005), Ghana Statistical Service (2013), Gyasi et a (2014), MacGaffey (2006) and Staniland (1975) lependence, Ghanaian towns and cities like Tamale experienced a bump in population cotton industry was due to the concentration of free manual labour on road networks during
Figure 3.3: Different water sources used for vegetable gardening Source: Author’s fieldwork 2014/15
Figure 3.3: Different water sources used for vegetable gardening Source: Author’s fieldwork 2014/15
Table 3.1: Climatic data of Tamale The vegetation in this area is characterised by guinea savannah woodlands, tall grasses, and drought-resistant trees like Azadirachta indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia bi- globosa and Ceiba pentandra, with a ground cover of perennial grasses such as Andropogon gayanus. The four trees listed above form part of resources that women use in meeting their traditional provisioning responsibilities as explained in Nchanji and Bellwood-Howad (2016a). Wood, especially Azadirachta indica, is used for charcoal production. Charcoal production is an important source of livelihood for women in the region, enabling them to provide for basic
Table 3.1: Climatic data of Tamale The vegetation in this area is characterised by guinea savannah woodlands, tall grasses, and drought-resistant trees like Azadirachta indica, Vitellaria paradoxa, Parkia bi- globosa and Ceiba pentandra, with a ground cover of perennial grasses such as Andropogon gayanus. The four trees listed above form part of resources that women use in meeting their traditional provisioning responsibilities as explained in Nchanji and Bellwood-Howad (2016a). Wood, especially Azadirachta indica, is used for charcoal production. Charcoal production is an important source of livelihood for women in the region, enabling them to provide for basic
Figure 3.4: Effects of land commodification on cultivated land area at Buipela site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 The current land administration system in Ghana is the product of power dynamics
Figure 3.4: Effects of land commodification on cultivated land area at Buipela site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 The current land administration system in Ghana is the product of power dynamics
governmental organisations amongst others as shown in (Table 3.2).
governmental organisations amongst others as shown in (Table 3.2).
do shape how individuals react to questions (Farnsworth and Boon, 2010). standings, which was better understood after in-depth interviews were later conducted. Focus group discussion also gives an idea of how different people understand phenomena and it also helps to mitigate problems of clarity (Moravcsik, 2014). For example, a question could easily produce two different answers, with each answer justifying the answer. Probing this further can produce information which is relevant to the research. This method was useful at explaining why some farmers choose different actors or institutions in their search for re- sources or why they used a particular discourse instead of another. A weakness of FGD is that some individuals react differently in public than they do in private. Some “exaggerate, minimize or withhold experiences” (Hollander, 2004: 626). This implies that group dynamics An erhnnn haar IAAKTA ala KARAT TA Ai inetinnea (LCarrnniaAKnrkh nnA Danan OF f\\
do shape how individuals react to questions (Farnsworth and Boon, 2010). standings, which was better understood after in-depth interviews were later conducted. Focus group discussion also gives an idea of how different people understand phenomena and it also helps to mitigate problems of clarity (Moravcsik, 2014). For example, a question could easily produce two different answers, with each answer justifying the answer. Probing this further can produce information which is relevant to the research. This method was useful at explaining why some farmers choose different actors or institutions in their search for re- sources or why they used a particular discourse instead of another. A weakness of FGD is that some individuals react differently in public than they do in private. Some “exaggerate, minimize or withhold experiences” (Hollander, 2004: 626). This implies that group dynamics An erhnnn haar IAAKTA ala KARAT TA Ai inetinnea (LCarrnniaAKnrkh nnA Danan OF f\\
Table 3.3: Focus group discussions conducted during fieldwork by the researcher to know how they were first introduced to farming on irrigation sites. Three sets of focus group discussions were carried out. The first round of discussio! was to understand the general agricultural practice of vegetable farmers and their social rela tions and networks. The second set of focus group discussion was carried out to measure surface area of urban and peri-urban vegetable fields in the past six years, to triangulate an Validate data from interviews which indica es that land used for vegetable farming has con uously been shrinking over the years. The last set of focus group discussion was participa py female vegetable farmers and the goa of the discussion was to understand how they gc access to lands for farming and how they maintained control over it. In addition, | also wan to know how they were first introduced to arming on irrigation sites. hi in e el
Table 3.3: Focus group discussions conducted during fieldwork by the researcher to know how they were first introduced to farming on irrigation sites. Three sets of focus group discussions were carried out. The first round of discussio! was to understand the general agricultural practice of vegetable farmers and their social rela tions and networks. The second set of focus group discussion was carried out to measure surface area of urban and peri-urban vegetable fields in the past six years, to triangulate an Validate data from interviews which indica es that land used for vegetable farming has con uously been shrinking over the years. The last set of focus group discussion was participa py female vegetable farmers and the goa of the discussion was to understand how they gc access to lands for farming and how they maintained control over it. In addition, | also wan to know how they were first introduced to arming on irrigation sites. hi in e el
3.4.3.4 Participatory photography he proliferation of smartphones with cameras over the past decade has allowed people t apture their everyday realities and environment through photography. (Luttrell and Chalfer 010). This method asks informants for their stories and perspectives through the productio f photographs and the interpretations they attach to them. It also gives participants an oppo Jnity to tell their stories in their own ways (Yates, 2010). Informants were equipped with carr rasby the author through which they could document their social landscapes. After the photo re taken, the next step is reflecting on the meanings behind them (Packard, 2008). Photoc aphy as a data collection is a mechanism that makes the informant and the researcher cc reators of knowledge (Coronel et al., 2013).
3.4.3.4 Participatory photography he proliferation of smartphones with cameras over the past decade has allowed people t apture their everyday realities and environment through photography. (Luttrell and Chalfer 010). This method asks informants for their stories and perspectives through the productio f photographs and the interpretations they attach to them. It also gives participants an oppo Jnity to tell their stories in their own ways (Yates, 2010). Informants were equipped with carr rasby the author through which they could document their social landscapes. After the photo re taken, the next step is reflecting on the meanings behind them (Packard, 2008). Photoc aphy as a data collection is a mechanism that makes the informant and the researcher cc reators of knowledge (Coronel et al., 2013).
Top right — women are good helpers on the field but cannot be trusted with technical respon-
Top right — women are good helpers on the field but cannot be trusted with technical respon-
Figure 3.7: How data was analysed Source: Adapted from Miles and Huberman, 1994 Source: Adapted from Miles and Huberman, 1994
Figure 3.7: How data was analysed Source: Adapted from Miles and Huberman, 1994 Source: Adapted from Miles and Huberman, 1994
Tamale Metropolis. Its population density is noted to be the lowest in the country.
Tamale Metropolis. Its population density is noted to be the lowest in the country.
Figure 4.2: Drawing of a Dagomba compound with the different traditional houses Source: Author’s construct, with her assistant Mr. Baako, 2014 Figure 4.2: Drawing of a Dagomba compound with the different traditional houses
Figure 4.2: Drawing of a Dagomba compound with the different traditional houses Source: Author’s construct, with her assistant Mr. Baako, 2014 Figure 4.2: Drawing of a Dagomba compound with the different traditional houses
Figure 4.3: The partition of the Dagomba area Source: Staniland, 1975
Figure 4.3: The partition of the Dagomba area Source: Staniland, 1975
Figure 4.4: Gold coast, 1907, showing the Northern Territories Source: Bening, 1999
Figure 4.4: Gold coast, 1907, showing the Northern Territories Source: Bening, 1999
Other districts affected were the Western Dagomba district where the District Commis- sioner, Cardinall, was horrified as “hoppers were all over the district” (Weiss, 2004). Here Jestructions of cereals farms were also reported. Farmers got tired of the locust destroying heir crops and decided to stop sowing cereals as long as the locust abounded. The District commissioner advised the chiefs to inform their communities to alternatively start growing yams and beans following food shortage and famine that plagued the district. Commissioner advised the chiefs to inform their communities to alternatively start growing
Other districts affected were the Western Dagomba district where the District Commis- sioner, Cardinall, was horrified as “hoppers were all over the district” (Weiss, 2004). Here Jestructions of cereals farms were also reported. Farmers got tired of the locust destroying heir crops and decided to stop sowing cereals as long as the locust abounded. The District commissioner advised the chiefs to inform their communities to alternatively start growing yams and beans following food shortage and famine that plagued the district. Commissioner advised the chiefs to inform their communities to alternatively start growing
Figure 4.5: Center and periphery relationship between the Northern and Southern re- gion in the Gold Coast veloped countries. Sutton uses the center-periphery relationship of Gunder-Frank to explain
Figure 4.5: Center and periphery relationship between the Northern and Southern re- gion in the Gold Coast veloped countries. Sutton uses the center-periphery relationship of Gunder-Frank to explain
Table 4.2: An urban farming survey carried out in Accra The data presented in Table 4.2 above was collected in 1966 by Obusu-Mensah (2002) urban agriculture for everyone due to health and hygiene reasons (Obusu-Mensah, 2002).
Table 4.2: An urban farming survey carried out in Accra The data presented in Table 4.2 above was collected in 1966 by Obusu-Mensah (2002) urban agriculture for everyone due to health and hygiene reasons (Obusu-Mensah, 2002).
Figure 4.6: Graphs showing different land use patterns over a period of six years in ar urban and peri-urban vegetable site in Tamale Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 cultivation in the Datoiyili site, for example, as shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6: Graphs showing different land use patterns over a period of six years in ar urban and peri-urban vegetable site in Tamale Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 cultivation in the Datoiyili site, for example, as shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.7: Land use changes of Urban Tamale from 1984 to 2013 Source: Erfurt, 2014
Figure 4.7: Land use changes of Urban Tamale from 1984 to 2013 Source: Erfurt, 2014
Figure 4.8: A diagrammatic illustration of governmental interventions Source: Author’s construct, 2016
Figure 4.8: A diagrammatic illustration of governmental interventions Source: Author’s construct, 2016
Table 5.1: Incorporation of Chiefs and Non-Chiefs into the Legislative Council
Table 5.1: Incorporation of Chiefs and Non-Chiefs into the Legislative Council
In 1942 Ghana took the lead amongst all British colonies in Africa and the Caribbean shen, in response to incessant demands made by the people, the governor, Sir Alan Burns,
In 1942 Ghana took the lead amongst all British colonies in Africa and the Caribbean shen, in response to incessant demands made by the people, the governor, Sir Alan Burns,
Figure 5.1: Procedure for securing a land title in Accra, Greater Accra and part of Ku- masi usually involves the following process detailed in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1: Procedure for securing a land title in Accra, Greater Accra and part of Ku- masi usually involves the following process detailed in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.2: Historical relations between chiefs and different state authorities Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015
Figure 5.2: Historical relations between chiefs and different state authorities Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015
This allodial right gives them a trusteeship position in the community, where they are expected
This allodial right gives them a trusteeship position in the community, where they are expected
Figure 6.2: Access to communal farmland by local indigenes Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014
Figure 6.2: Access to communal farmland by local indigenes Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014
Figure 6.3: Process of getting a lease on customary land Source: Fieldwork, 2015 process has been diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 6.3 below.
Figure 6.3: Process of getting a lease on customary land Source: Fieldwork, 2015 process has been diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 6.3 below.
Figure 6.4: Open space dry season vegetable production sites in Tamale Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 carried out on land use and ownership in urban and peri-urban Tamale will be used. Farmers have opted for alternative routes of access to land for vegetable cultivation in Tamale. Figure 6.4 shows all open space vegetable sites in urban and peri-urban Tamale identified by the researcher. Within this context, five different open space vegetable sites from urban and peri-urban areas will be selected, and | will explain the process through which farmers access lands in these areas for their agricultural practice. Primary data from different case studies | carried out on land use and ownership in urban and peri-urban Tamale will be used.
Figure 6.4: Open space dry season vegetable production sites in Tamale Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 carried out on land use and ownership in urban and peri-urban Tamale will be used. Farmers have opted for alternative routes of access to land for vegetable cultivation in Tamale. Figure 6.4 shows all open space vegetable sites in urban and peri-urban Tamale identified by the researcher. Within this context, five different open space vegetable sites from urban and peri-urban areas will be selected, and | will explain the process through which farmers access lands in these areas for their agricultural practice. Primary data from different case studies | carried out on land use and ownership in urban and peri-urban Tamale will be used.
Figure 6.5: Sangani vegetable site with a newly constructed mosque Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 land where traditional rituals still take place. hosts a mosque constructed for Islamic worship by the community, as seen in Figure 6.5, on
Figure 6.5: Sangani vegetable site with a newly constructed mosque Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 land where traditional rituals still take place. hosts a mosque constructed for Islamic worship by the community, as seen in Figure 6.5, on
Figure 6.6: Vegetable site in around uncompleted buildings in Choggu Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014
Figure 6.6: Vegetable site in around uncompleted buildings in Choggu Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014
Figure 6.7: Vegetable site in Sahapalegt Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 farm whichever vegetable he was interested in.
Figure 6.7: Vegetable site in Sahapalegt Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 farm whichever vegetable he was interested in.
Figure 6.8: Female farmers at Golinga irrigation site Source: Author’s field work, 2015
Figure 6.8: Female farmers at Golinga irrigation site Source: Author’s field work, 2015
23 https ://www.modernghana.com/news/200279/qtz-rehabilitates-dams-in-northern-ghana.html. Re- trieved on the 9.11.2016. lifferent ways in which farmers access water to irrigate their dry season vegetable fields. vegetable sites in Tamale. | will use five of these different sites as examples to explain the
23 https ://www.modernghana.com/news/200279/qtz-rehabilitates-dams-in-northern-ghana.html. Re- trieved on the 9.11.2016. lifferent ways in which farmers access water to irrigate their dry season vegetable fields. vegetable sites in Tamale. | will use five of these different sites as examples to explain the
6.3.1 Accessing community water
6.3.1 Accessing community water
Farmers’ acceptance of using pipe-borne water was also a strategy used to sway pub-
Farmers’ acceptance of using pipe-borne water was also a strategy used to sway pub-
Figure 6.10: Water source at Gumbihini waterworks Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 sandbags to block the water in one place for easy irrigation as shown in Figure 6.10 below. For example, to reduce competition from other water users, farmers leave the waterway dirty
Figure 6.10: Water source at Gumbihini waterworks Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 sandbags to block the water in one place for easy irrigation as shown in Figure 6.10 below. For example, to reduce competition from other water users, farmers leave the waterway dirty
Figure 6.11: Well installed by New Energy in Zagyuri vegetable site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 built two wells, as shown in Figure 6.11, from funding provided by WaterAid Ghana.
Figure 6.11: Well installed by New Energy in Zagyuri vegetable site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 built two wells, as shown in Figure 6.11, from funding provided by WaterAid Ghana.
Figure 6.12: Solar powered and drip irrigation facilities in Fooshegu and Datoiyili Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015
Figure 6.12: Solar powered and drip irrigation facilities in Fooshegu and Datoiyili Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015
Figure 6.13: Hand-dug shallow well in Kabonayili Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 crops, before the introduction of the solar powered irrigation plant.
Figure 6.13: Hand-dug shallow well in Kabonayili Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 crops, before the introduction of the solar powered irrigation plant.
Figure 7.1: Map showing the location of the Gumbihini sites Source: Chagomoka et al. (2015b) From an interview with one of the members of the Alhassan family, known as Karim,
Figure 7.1: Map showing the location of the Gumbihini sites Source: Chagomoka et al. (2015b) From an interview with one of the members of the Alhassan family, known as Karim,
This case study will focus on how farmers maintain control over the above-disputed state lands mentioned in Table 7.1. According to an interview with the Regional Director of the Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD), the Gumbihini areas had a planning scheme drawn up in 1958 by the TCPD in accordance with a request by the then-chiefs in charge of these lands. A planning scheme is a legal document that confers rights to land by specifying how this land may be used and developed. In the planning scheme, these sites were declared not suitable for residential use and were planned as a green belt or buffer zone because they were and are still prone to flooding. This meant that whoever owns these lands could not assign them to residential purposes but could use them for farming or any other activity that
This case study will focus on how farmers maintain control over the above-disputed state lands mentioned in Table 7.1. According to an interview with the Regional Director of the Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD), the Gumbihini areas had a planning scheme drawn up in 1958 by the TCPD in accordance with a request by the then-chiefs in charge of these lands. A planning scheme is a legal document that confers rights to land by specifying how this land may be used and developed. In the planning scheme, these sites were declared not suitable for residential use and were planned as a green belt or buffer zone because they were and are still prone to flooding. This meant that whoever owns these lands could not assign them to residential purposes but could use them for farming or any other activity that
Figure 7.2: Allocation note issued for checking the validity of this plot Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 owner of such an allocation note cannot obtain a lease for these plots of land. The assemblyman advised Alhaji Alhassan to buy the plot of land he was farming an by so doing secure it from the ‘sales’ of land organised by the chief. The assemblyman als advised Saleman’s father to stop fighting a “lost cause,” because the chiefs will eventually se all the plots of land on this site. Alhaji Alhassan, the Saleman’s father, took heed to this advic and bought the three plots of land he was farming on. ‘Selling’ or allocating land implies bein issued an allocation note from the local chief, which one needs in applying for a lease fror the Lands Commission as illustrated in Figure 6.3 in Chapter 6. Later, the sale was terme illegal after a team was sent to the field when the receipt and allocation note in Figure 7. given to Saleman’s father were presented to the Lands Commission for a lease. The report came back that these plots of land are not zoned for residential purposes. This means th came back that these plots of land are not zoned for residential purposes. This means the
Figure 7.2: Allocation note issued for checking the validity of this plot Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 owner of such an allocation note cannot obtain a lease for these plots of land. The assemblyman advised Alhaji Alhassan to buy the plot of land he was farming an by so doing secure it from the ‘sales’ of land organised by the chief. The assemblyman als advised Saleman’s father to stop fighting a “lost cause,” because the chiefs will eventually se all the plots of land on this site. Alhaji Alhassan, the Saleman’s father, took heed to this advic and bought the three plots of land he was farming on. ‘Selling’ or allocating land implies bein issued an allocation note from the local chief, which one needs in applying for a lease fror the Lands Commission as illustrated in Figure 6.3 in Chapter 6. Later, the sale was terme illegal after a team was sent to the field when the receipt and allocation note in Figure 7. given to Saleman’s father were presented to the Lands Commission for a lease. The report came back that these plots of land are not zoned for residential purposes. This means th came back that these plots of land are not zoned for residential purposes. This means the
Figure 7.3: A pillar, a symbol of land ownership at the Gumbihini site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 The Gumbihini chief, after witnessing farmers challenge his authority by removing the
Figure 7.3: A pillar, a symbol of land ownership at the Gumbihini site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 The Gumbihini chief, after witnessing farmers challenge his authority by removing the
Figure 7.4: An example of chieftaincy hierarchy relevant to this case study Source: Author’s construct, 2015 In respect of traditional authorities, the farmers mobilised and went to see the Choggu
Figure 7.4: An example of chieftaincy hierarchy relevant to this case study Source: Author’s construct, 2015 In respect of traditional authorities, the farmers mobilised and went to see the Choggu
Figure 7.5: An example of the farmers’ networks and relationships farmers use to main- tain to access land
Figure 7.5: An example of the farmers’ networks and relationships farmers use to main- tain to access land
Figure 7.6: An example of farmers’ networks and relationships in maintaining access to land at the new dam site are meant for public services to serve the community.
Figure 7.6: An example of farmers’ networks and relationships in maintaining access to land at the new dam site are meant for public services to serve the community.
Table 7.2: Summary of different actors and the intermediaries they used to access and
Table 7.2: Summary of different actors and the intermediaries they used to access and
not get a lease for the land by the Lands Commission. The reverend, as shown in Figure 7.8,
not get a lease for the land by the Lands Commission. The reverend, as shown in Figure 7.8,
Figure 7.8: Reverend’s network to get back the plot of land he bought or monetary re- wards Figure 7.8: Reverend’s network to get back the plot of land he bought or monetary re- about the monetary rewards he had to pay Luguterah according to the court's judgement. any way to get another land for Luguterah or reimburse his money. He did not also bothe ever, was still not enrolled in Luguterah’s network as he neither appeared in court nor tried in
Figure 7.8: Reverend’s network to get back the plot of land he bought or monetary re- wards Figure 7.8: Reverend’s network to get back the plot of land he bought or monetary re- about the monetary rewards he had to pay Luguterah according to the court's judgement. any way to get another land for Luguterah or reimburse his money. He did not also bothe ever, was still not enrolled in Luguterah’s network as he neither appeared in court nor tried in
Figure 7.9: A judgment sign post indicating this land has been sold Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 lawyer has driven prospective buyers from this site, according to information revealed through interviews with farmers on this site.
Figure 7.9: A judgment sign post indicating this land has been sold Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015 lawyer has driven prospective buyers from this site, according to information revealed through interviews with farmers on this site.
When Prof. Abukari heard the court’s decision to sell these lands to pay back Luguterah, h suggested that he pay off the chief's debt to Luguterah, so, according to tradition, all the lanc on this site would now belong to his family, and he would let the vegetable farmers continu arming. The newly enskinned Gumbihini chief refused this suggestion because acceptin would mean forfeiting land traditionally under his control. The chief was also keen that th nterest on this land would not change to private ownership, where access is closed, and wou ‘emain public, so access could always be contested. He preferred the land contestation 1 stay between the skin and the government and not a private owner, like Prof. Abukari, who o0litical and traditional elite. The present Gumbihini chief then decided to pay back Luguteré or the land sold to him in 2007. Figure 7.11: Luguterah’s network to get back his money/Land from the chief Source: Author’s fieldwork 2014/15 From this extended case study, we see that different socio-political institutions are im-
When Prof. Abukari heard the court’s decision to sell these lands to pay back Luguterah, h suggested that he pay off the chief's debt to Luguterah, so, according to tradition, all the lanc on this site would now belong to his family, and he would let the vegetable farmers continu arming. The newly enskinned Gumbihini chief refused this suggestion because acceptin would mean forfeiting land traditionally under his control. The chief was also keen that th nterest on this land would not change to private ownership, where access is closed, and wou ‘emain public, so access could always be contested. He preferred the land contestation 1 stay between the skin and the government and not a private owner, like Prof. Abukari, who o0litical and traditional elite. The present Gumbihini chief then decided to pay back Luguteré or the land sold to him in 2007. Figure 7.11: Luguterah’s network to get back his money/Land from the chief Source: Author’s fieldwork 2014/15 From this extended case study, we see that different socio-political institutions are im-
Figure 7.12: Fooshegu reservoir in the height of the dry season Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 xcept in the late dry season when the reservoir starts drying out, as shown in Figure 7.12. Vegetable gardening relies mainly on water from dugouts and reservoirs, especially in peri- urban areas. In Fooshegu, like other peri-urban communities, water from the reservoir is used mainly for domestic activities like washing clothes, cooking and drinking. It is also used for agricultural purposes, such as dry season vegetable cultivation, and as a drinking source by small ruminants and cattle. These competing water users manage this resource quite well except in the late drv season when the reservoir starts drvina out. ag shown in Figure 7.12.
Figure 7.12: Fooshegu reservoir in the height of the dry season Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 xcept in the late dry season when the reservoir starts drying out, as shown in Figure 7.12. Vegetable gardening relies mainly on water from dugouts and reservoirs, especially in peri- urban areas. In Fooshegu, like other peri-urban communities, water from the reservoir is used mainly for domestic activities like washing clothes, cooking and drinking. It is also used for agricultural purposes, such as dry season vegetable cultivation, and as a drinking source by small ruminants and cattle. These competing water users manage this resource quite well except in the late drv season when the reservoir starts drvina out. ag shown in Figure 7.12.
Figure 7.13: A greenhouse and water solar plant in Fooshegu Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 grated into this exercise, and if successful it will be upscaled later. meat L VwVeAoVIil WN CARS ENS: TCAD Os, Tt Bl ECAR ECCARL AED Eg Lit QW eoV WY CAPA UO YI VV OTE the reservoir in Fooshegu, have joined forces with non-governmental organisations like Nev Energy, who have provided them with solar water irrigation facilities and equipment for dri irrigation. These technologies are meant to reduce labour and ration the quantity of water usec for irrigation, especially in the dry months. According to officials from New Energy, these tech nologies promote sustainable water management practices and reduce water competition anc conflicts between different water users in the dry season. In addition, a pilot study is being carried out on how to grow vegetables in a greenhouse using drip irrigation, as shown in Figure 7.13. The community development officer at New Energy also said farmers had been inte Nratad intn thie avarrica and if ciinrnacefii! twill ha rineralad latar
Figure 7.13: A greenhouse and water solar plant in Fooshegu Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 grated into this exercise, and if successful it will be upscaled later. meat L VwVeAoVIil WN CARS ENS: TCAD Os, Tt Bl ECAR ECCARL AED Eg Lit QW eoV WY CAPA UO YI VV OTE the reservoir in Fooshegu, have joined forces with non-governmental organisations like Nev Energy, who have provided them with solar water irrigation facilities and equipment for dri irrigation. These technologies are meant to reduce labour and ration the quantity of water usec for irrigation, especially in the dry months. According to officials from New Energy, these tech nologies promote sustainable water management practices and reduce water competition anc conflicts between different water users in the dry season. In addition, a pilot study is being carried out on how to grow vegetables in a greenhouse using drip irrigation, as shown in Figure 7.13. The community development officer at New Energy also said farmers had been inte Nratad intn thie avarrica and if ciinrnacefii! twill ha rineralad latar
Figure 7.14: Drip irrigation site in Datoiyili with cattle herd close by Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 In the section above, access to water is maintained through farmers’ cooperation and are brought over during the dry season by Fulani for pasture and water, as shown in Figure 7 4A,/
Figure 7.14: Drip irrigation site in Datoiyili with cattle herd close by Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 In the section above, access to water is maintained through farmers’ cooperation and are brought over during the dry season by Fulani for pasture and water, as shown in Figure 7 4A,/
Figure 7.15: Bontanga Irrigation water sources Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 additional bonus, but one that attracts a fee. This fee is usually used for general maintenance of water pipes and pumps, which carry water to all plots of lands on this site. Maintaining water access in irrigation sites in Tamale like Golinga and Bontanga requires a joint collaboration between the farmers-based organisations formed at the irrigation site and the irrigation offic- ers. This collaboration between the farmers and the government, as explained in the previous chapter, came as a result of a redundancy exercise by the Government Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA). This led to a hybrid irrigation governance system in which farmers were trained to work with irrigation officers in order for these reservoirs to remain functional. trained to work with irrigation officers in order for these reservoirs to remain functional.
Figure 7.15: Bontanga Irrigation water sources Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014 additional bonus, but one that attracts a fee. This fee is usually used for general maintenance of water pipes and pumps, which carry water to all plots of lands on this site. Maintaining water access in irrigation sites in Tamale like Golinga and Bontanga requires a joint collaboration between the farmers-based organisations formed at the irrigation site and the irrigation offic- ers. This collaboration between the farmers and the government, as explained in the previous chapter, came as a result of a redundancy exercise by the Government Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA). This led to a hybrid irrigation governance system in which farmers were trained to work with irrigation officers in order for these reservoirs to remain functional. trained to work with irrigation officers in order for these reservoirs to remain functional.
Figure 7.16: An experimental plot in Gumbihini new dam site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015
Figure 7.16: An experimental plot in Gumbihini new dam site Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2015
Figure 8.1: Total cultivated open space vegetable sites in Tamale over the past six year: Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014/2015
Figure 8.1: Total cultivated open space vegetable sites in Tamale over the past six year: Source: Author’s fieldwork, 2014/2015
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