Table 1 Tab. 1 Characteristics of the included trials Tab. 1 Charakteristika der in die Untersuchung aufgenommenen Studi« M male; F female; RCTpa, parallel randomized controlled trial; FPA fully programmed edgewise appliance; PFA partly programmed edgewise appliance; PAR Peer Assessment Rating; CPITN The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs; G/ Gingival Index; PJ Plaque Index; ITRI Ideal Tooth Relationship Index; AFDC Armed Forces Dental Clinic; PEA Preadjusted edgewise appliance; NR not reported; G group; 3D- BMDA Three-dimensional bimetric maxillary distalization arches; MBIDS modified Begg intraoral distalization system; MBT McLaughlin— Bennett—Trevisi, Tx treatment; Clin clinical outcome; LCeph lateral cephalometric outcome; Rad. radiographic outcome